Housing at Pompeii and Herculaneum

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a) With reference to source 1 and including your own knowledge, describe housing in Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Housing in Pompeii, by Roman standards, was considered middle to upper class housing, as Pompeii was a city made rich by its wine exports. As Pompeii (pre-eruption geography) and Herculaneum were coastline cities, they have been affirmed as a summer and holiday refuge for the inhabitants of the city. Roman and Pomeiian houses are known to have accomodated in their interiors many rooms. These rooms had such uses as; shops, kitchens, a hallway (atrium), bedrooms, a study, a sitting room, a dining room (triclinium), a pantry and storeroom and a garden. As many of the inhabitants of Pompeii and Herculaneum were wealthy Roman citizens, many of the houses include servants quarters.

Roman cities were laid out similiarly to our own, in blocks (insulas). However, these insulas were shaped according to the position of natural landscapes, and the encompassing city walls, which meant that the insulas were often irregular shapes. The architects of Roman times had to take this into account when designing the houses for the citizens of Rome, and many of the houses found at Pompeii and Herculaneum are of their own original shape or design. This can been seen in the design of the 'House of the surgeon', which is an irregular six sided home, with central rooms in regular squares and rectangles, and the rooms to the rear and right side distorted into different shapes.

However, the basic home consisted of a central courtyard (or hall, called an atrium) surrounded by rooms, with a small garden at the back of the house. The passageway (or fauces) that enabled entry, had a bedroom on either side, at the front of the house. These rooms have commonly been found to have been converted into shops, which would open right at street level. Along the left and right of the atrium, were bedrooms. In the centre of the atrium was a shallow basin, which through a hole in the roof, directly opposite the basin, rainwater fell and was collected in a well, below the basin. The atrium commonly led right through the centre of the house, and met up with the garden that Romans generally kept and tended in a back corner of the house. On either side of the atrium were bedrooms. The rear of the atrium led to two wings, which contained the dining room (triclinium) and study. At the end of the atrium was the sitting room, which opened up onto the garden. On one end of the garden, were the storeroom and (if required) servants quarters.

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Housing had little or no windows at street level. Doors and windows have been found with metal grills barred across them. This is indicative of one of the methods that citizens took to protect their own houses. The difference between the wealthy and the poor is very prominent at sites such as Pompeii and Herculaneum. The poor generally lived in very small rooms, accomodated in the front of houses, often leading up two or three stories high. Other, poorly constructed and dangerously precarious buildings have been found in which it is believed the poorer in Roman society lived.

Roman houses had no toilets or bathroom. Toilets were located in public baths, the baths contained many of the hygeinic funcitons commonly found in a house today. Apart from this, and the fact storefronts were commonly found inside houses, housing in Pompeii and Herculaneum was very similiar to that of our own homes today, and displays remarkable skill and level of civilisation for the people of that time. Coupling that with the size and wealth of Roman cities, it can be deduced that Romans lived in highly organised societies.

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