Fuel cells

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FUEL CELLS AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

Fuel Cells In The Automobile Industry

The best pollution-free alternative to batteries while still using clean electric motors is the hydrogen fuel cell. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells hold enormous promise as a power source for a future generation of cars (Zygmont 0).

Three groups, General Motors, Toyota and the Daimler-Chrysler consortium in cooperation with Ford, which together produce nearly 40 % of all automobiles worldwide, have already invested billions of dollars in research and development on fuel cell powered vehicles.

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And as recently as 17.01.00, a manufacturer in collaboration with a local university has developed a hydrogen fuel cell car in Shanghai. The car is able to travel up to 110km/h. Pretty impressive!

The industry expects that hydrogen fuel cells are perfect alternative to gasoline. Automotive manufacturers expect that, by 015, fuel cells will be able to cover a market segment corresponding to that of the diesel engine today.

FUEL CELLS PROS/CONS

Advantages

Hydrogen-fuel-cell-powered cars are the best alternatives to polluting, gasoline-powered cars for several reasons

The cars are completely emission free, which means zero pollution.

Hydrogen, the fuel, is abundant and inexhaustible.

Cells are compact and lightweight, an important factor for efficient cars.

About times as efficient as combustion engines.

It is safe & it dissipates quickly if it leaks

Problems facing large scale implementation

Storage Current gasoline-powered cars have capacity to store fuel for up to 00miles on road. Manufacturers will have to discover ways to store amounts of hydrogen needed for high mileages. Researching has been done on the possibility of using carbon-adsorption systems. These are refrigerated and pressurized tanks that can store massive amounts of hydrogen.

Cost While the cost of fuel cell stacks has decreased tenfold in just three years, the price is still too high to gain commercial support for use in vehicles, homes and businesses. Fuel cells require precious metals for catalysts and expensive polymer membranes.

Infrastructure This poses the biggest challenge for fuel cell commercialisation. While companies are able to produce fuel cell cars, they might not be able to provide the necessary infrastructure needed for re-fuelling cars alone. Much support from governments is needed for building adequate infrastructures for fuel cell commercialisation to realise.

In Summary

From our point of view, the huge impact of the renaissance of the fuel cell technology on our lives is definite. Fuel cells are most likely the power source of the future. They are clean, efficient ways of producing electricity. Its going to be hugely popular with the increasingly health conscious people in the world.

POWER IN THE DISTANT FUTURE

Fusion

This is a clean energy source that may influence our lives in the distant future. This energy is basically created by the conversion of matter into energy. This occurs when hydrogen atoms are heated to very high temperatures forming a special gas called plasma. In this plasma, hydrogen atoms combine, or fuse, to form a heavier atom, helium. In the process of fusing, some of the hydrogen involved is converted directly into large amounts of energy.

Fusion energy could complement renewable energy technologies that may not have the capacity to power large cities and industries in the future. Fusion fuels, for example hydrogen, are abundant and readily available. Using fusion energy to generate electricity will not contribute to global warming or air pollution, as it does not produce any greenhouse gases. Currently, fusion research is expensive but the prospects of developing usable fusion energy are realistic and the potential of cleaner, inexhaustible power is too great to avoid.

Matter - Antimatter Energy Generation

This method, involves the collision of matter and antimatter molecules, releasing amounts of energy many orders greater than nuclear fission. For example, 1 gram of antimatter produces energy equivalent to 0.015 Megatons of TNT ( x 101 Joules). Clearly the main problem is - where do we get the antimatter?

There exist many theories, involving symmetry in the universe, and the existence of antimatter stars which are an opposite of our sun. Plasma Cosmology is a branch of science which attempts to explain this symmetry. An interesting recent discovery is that comets are in fact made up of antimatter. Could this be a new source of fuel for us?

Cold Fusion

The central claim of cold fusion adherents is that a nuclear reaction (fusion of deuterium) can be initiated and maintained in an electrochemical apparatus not much different from the setup used in a high school chemistry lab. The claim first appeared in the press in March of 18, and provoked considerable public and scientific interest. It was put forward by respectable scientists (Fleishmann and Pons of the University of Utah) and was supported by reports from other respectable scientists that they had been able to replicate those findings. These initial claims, however, were soon met by counterclaims from equally respectable labs and investigators, to the effect that the initial findings could not be replicated. But decades from now, who knows?

Large-Scale Solar

It is not difficult to predict the gradual increase in satellites orbiting the Earth. Futurologists have predicted a future where massive solar panels are attached to geosynchronous satellites. Satellites launched into orbit would have the secondary (or even primary) task of collecting the suns radiation, and beaming it back to Earth. The current view is that this transfer be done via microwaves. There are some problems with this, of course. Microwaves may adversely affect health, and there is some uncertainty whether frequent launches may harm the upper atmosphere. However, most people agree that this would not become feasible at least until the latter half of this century.

OTHER ENERGY ISSUES

Change in Consumption Patterns

The trend will be for increasing energy usage, because development is expected to keep going in undeveloped parts of the world. Developing countries energy usage will greatly exceed those of developed countries, giving global energy a continuous rise in the foreseeable future. This makes it even more important to realize the significance of clean energy in sustainable development plans of any nation.

Change in Distribution Patterns

There is some idea of decentralized generation, where power generation by many small stations becomes efficient. For example, the city of Chicago is building a distributed source of electricity by amassing the capabilities of the emergency backup generators located at city facilities intended to be complete by 010. Together, these generators will be equivalent to one 10-megawatt power plant.

There have also been ideas of a Global Power Grid, where power is bought, sold and exchanged based on demand. This can increase specialization of power generation in countries where power generation has lower costs. In Europe especially, inter-country networks allow certain countries to be net exporters (and vice versa for others) of energy. However, there are many technological barriers, including incompatibilities of national grids and the difficulty of cross-continental connections. But, there is still much that can be done before the end of the century.

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CONCLUSION

The path for growth in the power industry is set. It will be motivated by environmental issues, the need for increasingly large amounts of power & increased urbanization throughout the world. Fuels will become cleaner, generation more efficient. In this case, it is clear that… the future is a gas!

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