Sports

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Over the last two decades the growth of youth sports has reflected the popularity of professional sports in our society. Sporting events and news are available to the public twenty-four hours a day on television and radio sports are an enormous industry. The outstanding popularity of the sports industry has profoundly affected youth sports organizations. An estimated twenty-five million children age six through eighteen participate in at least one school or community based athletic program. These numbers increase exponentially as the age of boys and girls entering sports keeps falling. In order to supervise, teach and manage these athletes about .5 million coaches spend an average of eighty hours a season with them. The majority of these coaches volunteer for programs organized by the community, religious organizations, and recreational facilities. Without a national agency to coordinate sports programs, there exists great variation in the manner in which sponsoring agencies organize their teams, thus leaving plenty of opportunity for too much parental and coach control. Agencies have quickly moved American youth from unstructured play to highly organized competition. This infrastructure (or over structure) of organized youth sports is the backbone for criticism and praise by professional athletes, physicians, and psychologists.

There are many that feel organized sports can be very beneficial. Lyle Micheli, associate professor at Harvard Medical School, strongly supports organized sports for youth. He claims that sports aid in the development of social and interpersonal skills, health fitness and psychological well-being. The more evident benefits involve individual skill development, greater physical fitness, and higher self esteem. Other benefits include development of group cooperation teamwork and friendship-making skills. Many feel that self-esteem and self-image can be greatly improved through sports. Psychologists around the country stress a need for an active life style to develop healthy self-images. Eric Margenau, a psychologist and author, feels that early and frequent exposure to sports is the key to personal growth. Sports introduce children to healthy competition. A child's failure in competition helps them learn to win gracefully and lose with honor. It teaches youngsters that through perseverance and determination they can win next time. These lessons that children learn will stay with them throughout their lifetime.

Some skeptics criticize the very premise of competition is hazardous to a child's psychological and emotional well-being. The critics of sports emphasize the detrimental affects of competition and the negative influence of untrained coaches and pushy parents. There are a huge number of children playing sports, but due to burnout, stress, psychological trauma, and lowered self-esteem as many as seventy-three percent quit sports by the age of thirteen. Rick Wolff, a former professional baseball player and coach, claims there are several factors contributing to this phenomenon such as parents and coaches putting excessive pressure on children, specialization in one sport, over competitiveness, anxiety and loss of interest. This lack of interest may stem from the fact that they are cut from a team, injured, or receive little playing time. Another reason for high dropout rates is the structure of the programs. The sports programs are set up by adults, run by adults, and maintained by adults with a precise date and time. Spontaneous play and creativity are taken out of the equation. Coaches are choosing who plays and who doesn't in an effort to win. A study found that 0% of all children would rather be on a losing team if they got to play. Alfie Kohn, author of "No Contest", claims that competition is the downfall of sports. It is the very core of sports to produce a winner and a loser. Competition forces children to rely on external sources to feel good about themselves. It also causes youth to view others as obstacles to their personal success. Winners' gloat and losers sulk, or quit. The majority will end up losers and this fosters self-doubt, thus a decrease in esteem. Those that do win often rely on competing to define their self worth .It is stressed that children love to compete, but research tells a different story. Dr Orlick found that an astounding 5% of children preferred to participate in noncompetitive activities than structured competition. Dr. Orlick is a huge advocate of noncompetitive play. He wants the stress to be on group cooperation striving toward a common goal. An example of this is musical chairs. However, the game is structured so that children try to get all players on the fewest amount of chairs. Children are still learning skills and strategies, but there are no losers-only winners.

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Women in WW2

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"We interrupt this program to bring you a special news bulletin. The Japanese have attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii by air President Roosevelt just announced."

On an ordinary Sunday, one shocking announcement plunged Americans into war. While men made lines around blocks to sign up to serve their country, the women of this country began wondering when their husband, brother, or father was going to ship out and what could they do to support the war effort.

Women were already playing a vital part in the war effort. At the time Peal Harbor was attacked, there were 8 Army nurses serving at Army Medical facilities. These nurses worked side by side with other Army and Navy nurses as they tried valiantly to treat the men that were brought in suffering from burns to shock.

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The Chief Nurse at Hickam Field, 1st Lt. Annie G. Fox was among the first of many other Army Nurses to receive both the Purple Heart and the Bronze Star.

Four days after the infamous attack and twenty-three years after the idea of women's involvement in the military, women began training at the first WAAC, Women's Army Auxiliary Corp. The name was later shortened to WAC. The Marines, Navy and Coast Guard soon followed and women began training to help serve their country.

Back on the home front, millions of women took to working in factories, offices and at military bases in roles that were typically reserved only for men. Close to 18 million women took jobs to help the war effort and over 77, 000 lost their lives performing dangerous technical jobs. Most of the women were inspired by the iconic Rosie the Riveter, a character portrayed by posters encouraging women to be part of the war efforts. Women who had never worked in a factory, never done anything but housework quickly learned how to build a ship and work together as a team to get the job done. Together these women built 747 cargo ships in Richmond and with every ship or plane they built together they hoped that one day soon it might bring her husband, son or father home.

Other women took to journalism and photography. Dozens of women fought for and won the right to cover the biggest stories on the war front. By the wars end 17 women had secured military accreditation as war correspondents and actually covered front-line battles.

Today, women hold a variety of jobs. In the Army today there are 10, 505 women officers and 5,650 enlisted serving active duty. In the Gulf War alone, over 40,000 women served in key combat support positions. They preformed the same tasks as the men did except engage in ground combat.

Eleanor Roosevelt's motto to women lives on today in the Army, "Be all you can be"

Women continue to make strides still today. We must never forget the extreme bravery and utter sacrifice the women of our past made to get us there.

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Invisable Man - Black Leaders

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At the time that Ralph Ellison writes the novel The Invisible Man there were, as there are today, many ideas on how to improve the black mans status in a segregated nation. Marcus Garvey was a militant black nationalist leader who created a "Back to Africa" movement. On the other side was Booker T. Washington who preached for racial uplift through educational attainments and economic advancement. A man who strayed more on the middle path was W.E.B. Du Bois. He was less militant than Marcus Garvey but was more so than Booker T. Washington. Ellison uses characters from the novel to represent these men. Marcus Garvey is fictionalized as Ras the Exhorter. Booker T. Washington is given voice by the Reverend Barbee. W.E.B. Du Bois is never directly mentioned in the novel. However, the actions and thoughts of W.E.B. Du Bois are very similar to that of the narrator. While all three men were after the same dream they all went about making that dream reality in different ways. There are strengths and weakness that can be found in all three men's philosophies.

The most militant and extreme of the three was Garvey. Marcus Garvey was born Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. on August 17 1887, at Saint Ann's Bay, Jamaica. He was the youngest of eleven children. His father, Malcus (Marcus) Mosiah Garvey, was a stonemason and his mother, Sarah Jane Richards, was a domestic servant and produce grower. He left school at the age of fourteen to serve as a printer's apprentice. After completing his training he took a job with a printing company in Kingston. There he organized and led a strike for higher wages. He then traveled to Central and South America. He moved to London in 11 and became interested in African history and culture. He returned to Jamaica two years later and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and the African Communities League. The UNIA helped found the Black Muslim movement. In 116 Garvey moved to the United States. He went to New York City and set up a branch of the UNIA and began a weekly newspaper called the Negro World. Garvey preached that blacks should be proud of who they are. He called for racial pride. Because of his persuasiveness and his eloquence people started to listen to Garvey. Blacks became proud of who they were. Booker T. Washington said to bow down to the whites and accept being inferior. When they heard Garvey say he was proud of his race and his heritage they listened to him. The black community gathered around him and accepted his message. Here was a man who was happy to be black not only happy but also proud. Garvey's racial pride movement helped the Harlem Renaissance. Blacks started to express their feelings and thoughts through art and music. This was a time when whites really took a look at black art and culture. Garvey's most extreme movement was the "Back to Africa" movement. He called all blacks to return to their true homeland, Africa. To help make this possible Garvey created the Black Star Line in 11 to provide transportation. He also started the Negro Factories Corporation to encourage black economic independence. Garvey attracted thousands of supporters and had two million members for the UNIA. Garvey's rise to fame was amazing; speaking to an audience in Colon, Panama in 11 Garvey said "two years ago in New York nobody paid any attention to us. When I use to speak, even the policeman on the beat never noticed me." Depending on whom you talked to Garvey was the new Moses of blacks or a complete madman. In "After Marcus Garvey---What?" an article in Contemporary Review, Kelly Miller writes that

Marcus Garvey came to the U.S. less than ten years ago, unheralded, unfriended, without acquaintance, relationship, or means of livelihood. This Jamaican immigrant was thirty years old, partially educated, and 100 per cent black. He possessed neither comeliness of appearance nor attractive physical personality. Judged by external appraisement, there was nothing to distinguish him from thousands of West Indian black people who flock to our seaport cities. And yet this ungainly youth by sheer indomitability of will projected a propaganda and commanded a following, within the brief space of a decade, which made the whole nation mark him and write his speeches in their books. (4)

Robert Bagnall in his 1 article in Messenger said, "We may seriously ask, is not Marcus Garvey a paranoiac?" W.E.B. Du Bois in a psychological assessment said Garvey is suffering from "very serious defects of temperament and training," and described him as "dictatorial, domineering, inordinately vain and very suspicious."

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Just as Garvey was at the climax of his following he encountered some economic disasters. In 1 he was arrested for mail fraud and served prison time. His sentence was dropped and he was deported back to Jamaica. He was forgotten and could not win back his supporters. He moved and finally died in London in relative obscurity.

Garvey's racial pride movement helped the black community accept who they were. Before others can accept you, you must learn to accept yourself first. The "Back to Africa" movement was too radical and extreme. Although he did have quite a following, many people did not like the idea. Only a few thousand blacks actually went back to Africa. Garvey's ideas seem to evade the problem, which is segregation. Garvey is saying we can't stop segregation so lets just move back to Africa.

The second black leader was a soft-spoken man named Booker T. Washington. The black child known simply as Booker was born a slave on a farm in Franklin County, Virginia. He chose the last name Washington when he attended school and later learned that his real last name was Taliaferro. He lived a typical slave boy life; he did what his master told him to do. Although he had no education during his time in slavery he was smart enough to know he needed more food, clothes, and love. He later recalls that he had no ill feelings toward his white master. This thought would be the idea that Booker would later preach in his life. With the coming of the Emancipation Proclamation he was set free at the age of eight. Booker had a desire to get himself an education. He was accepted at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. He paid for his education by working as a janitor. After graduation he taught at Malden for two years and studied in Washington D.C. He then became an instructor at Hampton and taught Native Americans and founded a night school. He was then hired to start a school in the city of Tuskegee, Alabama. He built the school up from a shack to an institution of more than forty buildings. Booker T. didn't think teaching blacks how to read and write and memorize from books would really help them. Booker instead taught how to live in a white society. He taught them how to use a tooth bush and how to bathe properly. In the process of building his school he became known for his speaking ability. On September 18, 185, in Atlanta Georgia, Booker made his famous speech. He told blacks that they should accept their inferior social positions. He went on to say that blacks should improve themselves through vocational training and economic independence. This passive stance pleased many whites, because Booker had gained so much respect the black community accepted what he said. The more militant W.E.B. Du Bois objected to such a quiescent approach and strongly opposed Booker. Before he died Booker founded several organizations and wrote several books. He died on November 14, 115, at Tuskegee.

Booker's strong point is that he told blacks that they should get a better education; they should better themselves. Better themselves? What about bettering their position in life? What good does it do to have an education if you can't get a job because of the color of your skin! While Garvey was too extreme, Booker was too laid back. If you don't protest against the status quo then nothing will happen to change it.

The third leader was a man who borrowed a little from both Marcus Garvey and Booker T. Washington. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He was a descendant of African American, French, and Dutch ancestors. He was extremely gifted even at an early age and graduated from high school at the age of sixteen. He was the valedictorian and the only black in his graduating class of twelve. He was abandoned after his graduation and was forced to pay for his college education by himself. He gained a scholarship to Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. At college he finally understood the problem that faced Southern blacks. Growing up Du Bois had never encountered racism. However, at college he kept hearing of the growing number of racial related violence. The desire to help improve the lives of all blacks grew. Du Bois graduated from Fisk and was accepted at Harvard where he had to enroll as an undergraduate. He attained his second BA in 180, his MA and finally his Ph.D. in 185, becoming the first black to attain that degree at Harvard. Du Bois then went on to study the historical and sociological conditions of blacks. His research was published in a series of articles and books. In 187 Du Bois made a speech on the condition of black society he said, "One feels his two-ness an American, a Negro, two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings, two warring ideals in one dark body." With his book The Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois openly challenged Booker T. Washington, who was then the most respected and influential black in America. Du Bois did not like Booker T. stance on compromise and accommodation. In 105 Du Bois helped organize the Niagara Movement, which led the way for the formation the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The NAACP was a group of men who were opposed to the ideals of Booker T. Washington. They named Du Bois as one of the founding officers in 110. Because of his essays on lynching, his positions on the war, and his criticisms of Marcus Garvey, Du Bois gained respect. The head officers of the NAACP were all white. The organization then took a stance that blacks should integrate with whites. Du Bois left the organization, which he helped found, because he was unwilling to advocate racial integration in all aspects of life, a position that was adopted by the NAACP. Du Bois' idea was that blacks should join together, separate from whites, and start businesses and industries that would allow blacks to advance economically. He felt that if whites and blacks were to join then the blacks would be taken advantage of. Du Bois wanted equality with the whites; he did not want racial integration with them though. After he left he wrote many books and fought for world peace and nuclear disarmament. In an act of rebellion he joined the American Communist Party and moved to Ghana. In Ghana he denounced his American citizenship and became a citizen of Ghana. Du Bois lived to the age of ninety-five.

Du Bois' ideals were a blend of both Booker T. and Garvey. Like Garvey, Du Bois wanted to have no part in racial integration. Du Bois also thought that education and economic independent was important for the advancement of black society. Du Bois' ideas were not too radical nor were they too subtle. Du Bois criticized Garvey's black power movement and he looked down upon Booker for having such an emphasis on economic independence. Du Bois only fault, like Garvey, was in his belief in racial separation. He would not compromise with whites.

During the civil rights movements, individuals and organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities. In the forefront of these movements were Marcus Garvey, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. Du Bois. All three of these men had a dream of equality; they lead the way for future leaders such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Marcus Garvey preached for racial pride among his people and told them to return to Africa. Booker T. Washington told his followers to accept the status quo and improve themselves through hard work and economic independence. W.E.B. Du Bois told the black community to separate themselves from whites and to gain economic self-reliance. All three men went after the same goal; they just did it in their own ways. There is a thin line between doing nothing and doing too much

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Angelas ashes

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Angelas Ashes

Angelas Ashes is an exciting book to read. With every turn of a page something new is happening. The setting of the novel is very important and influences many of the events. The main characters are very different and unique in there own ways. The novel is rather simple to read and not too hard to understand.

Angelas Ashes is set in the late 10's and 140's. It takes place only years after Ireland had gained its independence from Britain in 11 (except Northern Ireland) ( Gordon). Therefore in the book they blame a lot of their problems on the British and what they did to them for so long. Many of their houses were old and dilapidated. Many of the poor children wore raggy clothing but there were also some well to do families, whose children dressed nicely. Some of the men had habits of spending their dole money before in the local pubs instead of taking it home to their families. When they talk they use a lot of slurred or slang words which we do a lot of now a days.

The setting influenced their personalities a little bit. When they were up in "Italy" they were all happy together. It was warm and comforting up there. Not like down stairs in Ireland where it was wet and damp. Franks mood changed quite a lot depending on where he was. When he was out in the country he was happy and felt at peace. He had realised why is father liked to take those long walks in the country.

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In the novel some of the events that could happen in real life are, how the dad drinks the dole money and saves none for his starving family. How three of there children (Margaret, Eugene, and Oliver) die. Also how Frank got typhoid fever and was in the hospital for many months. How he ran away to go live with Uncle Pat, and how he went back to America in the end. The whole book is basically a flashback but he writes it in present tense as though all the events were just happening to him. The climax of the novel is when Frank goes to see the priest and he clears him of all his sins so he could go to America with a clear mind. The only thing that seems unsatisfactory to me is that the do not mention anything else about the dad.

The main characters in the novel are Frank, Angela, and Malachy Mcourt. Frank is very intelligent and responsible. He feels a need to support his family because his father does not. Malachy is the father of Frank. He is very proud. He doesn't like them going to dock road to get coal, or when they had a pig's head for christmas, he didn't think It was a proper meal for christmas dinner. Angela is a very humorous loving mother who sacrifices her pride to get food and clothing for her children. All the characters are real people because it's a memoir, but the dad seems a lot like a stereotype because he is a proud Irish dad who drinks a lot. The characters in the book are static characters; they remain the same throughout the book. Franks strengths are that he is very independent and intelligent. His weakness' are that he is too sensitive and is physically weak and prone to sickness. Angelas strength is her love for her children her weakness is her husband. Malachys strength is pride and his weakness is his alcoholism.

The main reason for writing this novel was to criticize. The key point of the novel was to tell of the struggles of his childhood. The river Shannon was a symbol of sickness but it was also a symbol of a way out of Ireland.

The writing in this novel is simple; here is an example paragraph. "Mam is friendly with Bridey Hannon, who lives next door with her mother and father. Mam and Bridey talk all the time. When my father goes for his long walk Bridey comes in and she and Mam sit by the fire drinking tea and smoking cigarettes. If Mam has nothing in the house Bridey brings tea, sugar and milk. Sometimes they use the same tea leaves over and over and Mam says the tea is stewed, coddled, and boiled." The vocabulary of the story is very simple. "I'm thirteen going on fourteen and its June, the last month of school forever. Mam takes me to see the priest, Dr. Cowpar, about getting a job as a telegram boy. The supervisor in the postoffice, Mrs. O'Connell, says, Do you know how to cycle, and I lie that I do. She says I can't start till im fourteen so come back in August." I think the title fits really well because it's about how Angelas whole life is crumbling to ashes.

All and all this was a great book. It gave a very vivid picture of the poor town of limerick and all the people that lived there. The characters were real and life like. The events that happened to Frank McCourt are very likely to happen to anyone else. The writing was extremely simple and easy to read, the words just flow through your head. The book was great.

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Media Violence

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Media violence does not cause children to be violent. If a child is angry, violent movies, television shows, and negative lyrics in music merely add fuel to an already smoldering fire. A violent world contributes to violent children, but is not the cause. That is not to say that television, movies, music, and video games do not hold a tremendous power to influence. They do, and in that respect, they can share the blame, but we must not overlook the deeper cause of violent children, which is an increasing lack of nurturing adult involvement. It is also true that while guns facilitate the act of killing, guns do not create the mindset for the action.

Without question, media violence contributes to the breakdown of inhibitions. The sheer repetition of killing seen on television and in movies, desensitizes our youth, and increases the likelihood that someone will gravitate towards a gun to settle a conflict. But the person has to have a pre-disposition to kill. The issue at hand, which can not be over-emphasized enough, is that we are raising children to have such a disposition. Murderers are trained.

Searching for answers, the world may be quick to find a scapegoat within the media. This would take the blame and ultimate responsibility away from parents, allowing them to continue life as usual. As we have said, to fix their children, they have to fix themselves. This explains why the country is banding together, placing the blame on everything violent outside of the home. It is much more difficult to acknowledge the violence (physical, sexual, verbal abuse, neglect and domination) within the home. How many parents made changes in their homes after Columbine? And if they did, were they long-lasting? Are parents still spending far too much time submerged in their work and away from their families? Are they sincerely interacting and listening to their children?

Currently we are allowing Government interference because no one knows how to handle the problem of violent youth. The American government is all too eager to take charge. President Clinton spearheaded an anti-school-violence campaign. The first mandate was to order a government investigation of how the entertainment business markets violence to children. Clinton said, Our children are being fed a dependable daily dose of violence. And it sells, adding The boundary between fantasy and reality in terms of violence -- which is a clear line for most adults -- can become very blurred for vulnerable children. Clinton sited that thirty years of studies have documented that by the time a typical American child turns eighteen, he or she has seen forty thousand play murders and two hundred thousand dramatized acts of violence.

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Furthermore, how many times have you gone to the movies and seen very young children attending a violent movie with their parents? These adults take their kids with them to see a PG 1, or even R rated film, because it is the film the parent wants to see. The two hours are filled with guns, bombs, sex and vulgar language. Why do parents do this? Mainly for their own convenience, and because they do not care what goes into the minds of their children. If they did, they wouldnt take their kids to see such films. The message kids take away is that their parents are more concerned with their own entertainment. What really hurts them is the indifference of their parents, not the guns, violence, and vulgarity.

Violent programs on television lead to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch those programs.

Thats the word from a 18 report by the National Institute of Mental Health, a report that confirmed and extended an earlier study done by the Surgeon General. As a result of these and other research findings, the American Psychological Association passed a resolution in February 185 informing broadcasters and the public of the potential dangers that viewing violence on television can have for children.

What Does the Research Show?

Psychological research has shown three major effects of seeing violence on television

Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others

Children may be more fearful of the world around them

Children may be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others.

Children who watch a lot of TV are less aroused by violent scenes than are those who only watch a little; in other words, theyre less bothered by violence in general, and less likely to see anything wrong with it. One example in several studies, those who watched a violent program instead of a nonviolent one were slower to intervene or to call for help when, a little later, they saw younger children fighting or playing destructively.

Studies by George Gerbner, Ph.D., at the University of Pennsylvania, have shown that childrens TV shows contain about 0 violent acts each hour and also that children who watch a lot of television are more likely to think that the world is a mean and dangerous place.

Children often behave differently after theyve been watching violent programs on TV. In one study done at Pennsylvania State University, about 100 preschool children were observed both before and after watching television; some watched cartoons that had a lot of aggressive and violent acts in them, and others watched shows that didnt have any kind of violence. The researchers noticed real differences between the kids who watched the violent shows and those who watched nonviolent ones.

Children who watch the violent shows, even just funny cartoons, were more likely to hit out at their playmates, argue, disobey class rules, leave tasks unfinished, and were less willing to wait for things than those who watched the nonviolent programs, says Aletha Huston, Ph.D., now at the University of Kansas.

Real-Life Studies

Findings from the laboratory are further supported by field studies which have shown the long-range effects of televised violence. Leonard Eron, Ph.D., and his associates at the University of Illinois, found that children who watched many hours of TV violence when they were in elementary school tended to also show a higher level of aggressive behavior when they became teenagers. By observing these youngsters until they were 0 years old, Dr. Eron found that the ones whod watched a lot of TV when they were eight years old were more likely to be arrested and prosecuted for criminal acts as adults.

A Continuing Debate

In spite of this accumulated evidence, broadcasters and scientists continue to debate the link between the viewing TV violence and childrens aggressive behavior. Some broadcasters believe that there is not enough evidence to prove that TV violence is harmful. But scientists who have studied this issue say that there is a link between TV violence and aggression, and in 1, the American Psychological Associations Task Force on Television and Society published a report that confirms this view. The report, entitled Big World, Small Screen The Role of Television in American Society, shows that the harmful effects of TV violence do exist.

Does media violence promote violent behavior?

Since 155, about 1,000 studies, reports, and commentaries concerning the impact of television violence have been published. The accumulated research clearly demonstrates a correlation between viewing violence and aggressive behavior.

That statement, made by the American Psychological Association in 1, summarized its comprehensive review of research on the effects of media violence. Other organizations including the American Medical Association, National Institutes of Mental Health, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control came to similar conclusions.

One key study that showed the connection between media violence and real violence was the one by Dr. Leonard D. Eron. He followed a group of young people for years and found that those who watched more television at age eight were more likely, at age 0, to have committed more serious crimes, to be more aggressive when drinking, and to punish their children more harshly than others. Others have repeated Erons study and found similar results throughout the United States and other countries as well.

Another researcher, University of Washington epidemiologist Brandon Centerwall, surveyed young male felons imprisoned for committing violent crimes. Between one-quarter and one-third reported having consciously imitated crime techniques they saw on television.

Laboratory studies, says Ronald Slaby, media-violence expert at the Education Development Center, also show that media violence has an aggressor effect. Children who watch a violent TV show, for example, act more aggressive immediately after the show.

How does TV violence mislead young people?

Children and youth are affected by the sheer quantity of violence on TV and in the movies. But perhaps more damaging are the false messages that media violence sends.

Violence is often rewarded and seldom has negative consequences. According to the 1 National Television Violence Study by Mediascope, perpetrators go unpunished in 7 percent of all violent scenes on television.

Violence is everywhere. Slaby tells the story of a preschooler who was informed of the death of her friends father. Who killed him? she asked. Her question reflected the assumption, drawn from television, that violence was the normal cause of death.

Violence is justified. Much of the violence on television is committed by the hero of the show. The National Television Violence Study found that aggression by good guys is rarely punished; even bad guys are punished only 6 percent of the time. Power Rangers, like countless war movies, teaches that violence by good guys is not only justified but heroic.

Violence is funny. Laugh tracks in shows like The Three Stooges often follow actions like whacking someone over the head. Childrens cartoons are especially likely to present violence as funny.

Violence is pleasurable. Clint Eastwood, in Dirty Harry, finds violence so enjoyable that he encourages people to provoke him -- a violent act would make my day.

Which young people are most susceptible to influence by media violence?

Three factors are strong predictors, according to Slaby

1) Identifying with one of the characters. The response, therefore, depends on which character the viewer identifies with. Since aggressors in the media are usually male and females are usually victims, for example, boys are more likely to respond with aggression and girls with fear.

) Interpreting what they see as realistic and relevant to their own lives. Media violence is more likely to have a strong effect, therefore, on children who see violence in their lives. It also has a stronger effect on young children, who lack the real-life experience to judge whether something they see is realistic.

) Personal fantasizing about the characters on a violent show. Daydream reruns increase the influence of scenes a child has watched.

In addition, says Slaby, the context in which violence is presented is crucial. In Shakespeares tragedies and in TV shows like the popular Civil War series, violence is shown realistically, with its suffering and tragic aftermath. But such realistic, prosocial portrayals of violence account for only about 4 percent of TV programming.

How do most children and young people react to media violence?

Most people, of course, dont become violent when they watch TV or movie violence. But they may be affected in other ways. Slaby lists four effects of media violence

an aggressor effect--encouraging violent behavior

a victim effect--increasing fearfulness

a bystandereffect--leading to callousness, accepting violence as normal

an appetite effect--building a desire to watch more violence.

These effects combine, says media expert George Gerbner of the Annenberg Center for Public Policy, University of Pennsylvania, to create a mean world syndrome, a perception that the community and society in which we live are frightening and crime-ridden.

On a personal level, according to Gerbner, these fears lead to alienation and isolation. On a policy level, they fuel support for repressive policies and increased incarceration. Violence-prevention expert Deborah Prothrow-Stith of the Harvard School of Public Health, says media violence both reflects and contributes to a growing culture of meanness, a fertile ground for real-life violence.

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Are Pretextual stops by the Police Constitutional?

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This issue involved the case of Whren v. United States in which the issue of Pretextual stops by the police are in violation of the constitution's fourth amendment. The case was spurned when undercover narcotics agents stopped two African American men in their vehicle. The officers did not have the probable cause to stop the men for narcotics but did stop them for violating traffic laws and from that stop, narcotics were discovered.

Justice Antonin Scalia wrote the majority opinion that affirmed the trial court and appellate courts decision that the pretextual stop involved in Whren was constitutional. Citing that the officers first must have probable cause or reasonable suspicion in stopping an individual was the main point in the decision. This limitation on the government prevents police from stopping individuals in their vehicles for no reason other than a hunch. With that said, the decision allowed authorities to conduct investigations on suspects that did indeed violate a law. It would be impossible to know that a suspects vehicle contained contraband without first being able to stop the individual.

This issue could not be without controversy if there was not a sizable debate or group opposing the decision. David A Harris, a professor of criminal law and procedure, believes that the Supreme Court overlooked the racial implications. He believes that minorities have and will continually be targets of pretextual stops merely because of their color. He also believes that due to the bumper-to-bumper regulations imposed on motor vehicles, it is next to impossible to not violate the regulations to some extent. That leaves practically everyone in a country that is highly dependent on motor vehicles for transportation.

Personally I accept the Supreme Court's decision that pretextual stops are constitutional. In our modern world, there is a vast array of limits on police powers and the burden of proof is higher now than ever before. I believe the burden of proof is higher because of a constant flow of court decisions and philosophical views on what constitutes a crime. An example is the definition of sex. Prior to the President Clinton and Monica Lewinsky scandal, practically everyone knew what sex was but litigation blurred the line of what we know and what is reasonable doubt.

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The Whren case supports my belief that litigation makes it more difficult for police to catch criminals because afterall, the two men did have in their possession crack cocaine. Rather than simply accept that what they were doing was criminal from the beginning, the attorneys tried to attack the stop itself. It wasn't the officers fault the men were engaged in illegal activity but the stop was legal because a traffic law was broken.

Keeping to the subject, our modern world has become plagued by terrorist cells within our own borders. These cells operate with the utmost secrecy and while the promise of freedom brings in immigrants from war torn countries fleeing to make a better life for themselves, it also attracts people who use the protections of the constitution to shield their activities. A federal investigation into a suspected terrorist may require a considerable amount of time before probable cause could even be established but with the ability to use something as simple as a pretextual stop, an investigation could turn into an arrest.

I reject in part the belief of David Harris that most pretextual stops are race driven. As I have learned in other courses, different races tend to congregate into racial neighborhoods such as China Town's or Black Harlem. If a white officer was to stop a so called minority in one of these neighborhoods, which contains a very high number of a specific race like Chinese in China Town, then it would be called a racial stop. The odds that an officer stops a Chinese citizen are astronomically higher than stopping an African American.

In summary, the balancing of constitutionality in this case is well kept because the government must have probable cause or reasonable suspicion and the public must abide by all laws, not only those involving motor vehicles. As pointed out in the book discussion, Americans use more automobiles than any country in Europe. Along with that fact, we are also victims of convenience. We want to go wherever we want, whenever we want and to be stopped is an inconvenience.

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Ice cream

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Better Society

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In Walden, Henry David Thoreau discusses how society has put a huge emphasis on clothing and people's appearance. "Madam Pfeifer … says she felt the necessity of wearing other than a traveling dress, when she went to meet authorities, for she 'was now in a civilized country, where … people are judged of by their clothes'"(Thoreau 17). I agree with Mr. Thoreau on this point and will further try to prove that the world would be a better place if everyone went around in a state of nakedness, with shaven heads, and no body modifications, such as piercing and tattoos. If this were the case people would save a lot of money, not spend a large portion of their time worrying about how they look, and would be free of first appearance judgments.

People in society today spend a large amount of their money trying to make themselves look nice or different with clothes, piercing, hairstyles, piercing, and tattoos. Clothes and hairstyles go out of style often and it is very costly for a person to stay in style. Also people hoping to look better and raise their social status throw money at more expensive clothes. In a world where these items are not needed, one would save a lot of money to be used elsewhere. In a way I have first hand experience in a similar way of life. I attended a private school where a uniform was required and no body modifications were allowed. So I never really spent money on clothes allowing me to have extra money to use. The money could be used for necessities such as decent food or shelter and also on entertainment. If people are getting more money to spend on items they enjoy they will be happier. People enjoying themselves tend to be nicer to others, which would make a better society. Along with saving money, this kind of society would save people the time and anxiety and worrying how they look.

Many people spent a lot of time worrying about they look, what to wear, how their hair is styled, etc. In attempts to make themselves look perfect, it can take some people hours to prepare themselves for the evening. This is a waste of time and sometimes really stresses people out. People worry about what matches what and if others will like how they look. They are afraid their appearance might not be unsatisfactory to anyone. None of these problems would come about in such a world. We would all have a lot more free time and be less anxious. This was pretty much the way my high school was with the uniforms. No one cared how we looked because we all looked the same and it made everyone jovial and carefree. When everyone looks the same society is less judgmental of them.

In the world we live in first appearance judgments be very important. This is true especially in the cases of job interviews, meeting new people, or any instance where you are trying to make an impression on someone. It is believed that for a job interview one should try to look and dress the part. Many people go out and buy new clothes and get a new haircut to impress the person interviewing them. In many cases if people don't look or dress the part of a job they are likely not to get the job. Thoreau states, "I sometimes try my acquaintances by such tests as this, -Who could wear a patch, or two extra seams only, over the knee? Most behave as if they believed that their prospects for life would be ruined if they should do it"(16). There are also instances where a person won't associate with someone because of the way they look or dress. However, none of these things would be a factor in this ideal society. In high school some of my friends and I got to know a guy in our class that on the weekends had we seen him at a party there is a slim chance we would have talked to him. But since in school we all wore uniforms we were forced to get to know the person because we could not judge him by their clothes since they were in uniform. And we became friends with him and hung out with him even though he was different because he was a fun and nice guy. So if everyone looks the same then it forces us to meet people and get to know them instead of looking at them, seeing that they're not you type, and judging them before you even know who they really are.

College Essays on Better Society

In this paper I have shown that a world where everyone went around in nakedness, with shaven heads, and no body modifications would be a better place. I have discussed how this lifestyle would save people money, time and anxiety, and end first appearance judgments. If each and every person saves money, time, anxiety, and judgment they would be happier and friendlier. With everyone being more happy and friendly than it makes civilization better as a whole.

Please note that this sample paper on Better Society is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Better Society, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Better Society will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

American government and society as portrayed in the novel Ragtime

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E.L. Doctorow's novel "Ragtime" is a discussion on turn of the century American society, government, and ideals. Throughout the novel, Doctorow discusses the intertwining relationships between a number of characters, each coming from various places within society. The Jewish, immigrant, socialist Tateh and his young daughter, the middle-class family of mother, father, mother's younger brother, and the little boy, Coalhouse Porter the social misfit who is a economically rising black man, each of these characters represent a portion of society and the problems both externally and internally afflicting American social consciousness at the time. Interdispersed between these main character stories is the placement of actual historical events and people. Doctorow places well-known events and people to give credence to his discussion of democratic values and liberalist deficiencies in American society.

Throughout the novel Dokorow examines the intertwining relationships between members of varying echelons of American society. Roger Smith's article Multiple Traditions in America concerns the liberal democratic ideals of American life, accompanied with a capitalistic economy foster in theory the possibility for a man below his means to aspire and reach a social standing above his usual place in society. Combining Smith's discussions and Doctorow's stories creates a stunning portrait of the pitfalls of American. Smith points to Toqueville's Democracy in America, which displays the egalitarian and opportunistic tone to settling America. "The vast stretches of land inhabited by wandering tribes who had not thought of exploiting the soil enabled European immigrants to spread out and make their fortune as opposed to nations where most lands formed parts of large hereditary estates." Though he points to the Europeans solely in his analysis, this was mainly due to the fact that immigrants at the time were predominantly, if not completely, European in origin. Toqueville goes on to argue that thought the majority of immigrants were European, they came without "any idea of superiority of some over others." This can be traced to their overwhelming protestant beliefs, and their disdain for the monarchistic, and aristocratic nature of European society. Instead, America was built on a "middle-class, democratic freedom." This ideal is conducive to republican idealism, and liberal ideals. Equality and opportunity abound for those who are searching for freedom in American society.

The so-called egalitarian rights and opportunities, however, were not extended to those of "new" immigrants, nor to blacks. It can be argued that at the time the thought was prevalent that white and blacks could never be held on equal footings due to the overwhelming physical and intellectual differences. Yet, Coalhouse Porter, a high aspiring and successful black musician (could afford to buy a car) cannot reach the equality he knows and desires, and in the end he is doomed to tragedy. The American ideal is just a dream that not a true constant to American society. Between racial, gender and social inequalities, the American ideal is only attainable to a chosen few. Coalhouse attempted to reach a higher plain in American life. He could afford to buy a car, he dressed as a man accustomed to success, and he tried to be an upright figure in his doomed fianc e's life. If the color of his skin would have been white, Coalhouse's life most likely not have taken the violent and revolutionary turn that it did. The Irish firemen singled him out based on the color of his skin, and the success he had achieved relative to the white Anglo-Saxon immigrants surrounding him.

Write a research paper on American government and society as portrayed in the novel Ragtime

At same time there is the character of Tateh and the little girl who not only went through the ultimate pain of the infidelity of the mother, but also with the desperation of poverty being immigrants with nothing to claim for their own they lived in filthy tenements, worked in dangerous factories, and tried to survive of meager pay checks. The immigrants of the day were forced to deal with a capitalistic world, ripe with labor problems, and social inequalities that had plagued the United States throughout the industrial revolution. Immigrants who entered the United States came with great dreams of the possibilities that existed for them. Yet, the reality of the situation was that the life that was available to the immigrants was often far from their dreams. They entered a society bent on exploiting the immigrants' shortcomings, a society that refused to accept them as equals, and barely saw them as human beings. "Many people believed that fifth and starvation and disease was what the immigrant got for his moral degeneracy." Immigrants were a lower form of life, with no morality, and were comparable to animals. The fact that Tateh was a Jewish immigrant placed him at the back of the social pecking order amongst his fellow Americans.

"They [immigrants] were despised by New Yorkers. They were filthy and illiterate…they had no honor and worked for nest to nothing. They stole. They drank. They raped their own daughters…among those who despised them the most were the second-generation Irish, whose fathers had seem guilty of the same crimes." American society saw immigrants as a sub-level of humanity. They ascribed to them characteristics and qualities one would expect from animals, and thought of their entrance into the United States as unacceptable. They were amoral and naturally prone to crime and violence. In his article "Multiple Traditions in America", Roger Smith quickly outlined the plight of the Chinese immigrant during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He stated that according to California senator John Miller the Chinese were "automatic engines of flesh and blood, of obtuse nerve, marked by degradation and demoralization, and thus far below the Anglo-Saxon..." This view of non-northern European immigrants was common not only throughout American society, but also throughout the American government. Though the prejudices against the Chinese were taken to a new level, when the state of California, and later the entire United States, restricted the immigration of Chinese into America. The government turned to laws inorder to "maintain an inclusive feature of American law while sharply reducing the resident Chinese population."

"…Women may not vote, they may not love whom they want, they may not develop their minds and their spirits…"

"…like all whores you value propriety. You are a creature of capitalism, the ethics of which are so totally corrupt and hypocritical that your beauty is no more than the beauty of gold, which is to say false and cold and useless."

The Eskimos that father comes upon during his voyage to the North Pole, again are seen as animals. They are primitive in comparison to their white leaders. The Eskimos, according to father, are barely human, the men are constantly trying to restrain from killing themselves, while the women have no restraint nor decency, exhibited by their blatant disregard for propriety during sexual intercourse. Peary, the leader of the expedition to the North Pole, refereed to the Eskimos in paternalistic phrases "Our little brown brothers have to be taught a lesson…" Father refers to them as "primitive" "animal"; these are monikers that American society has placed upon "lesser" races. Yet, the liberal and republican traditions of America itself stress that "…ordinary men and women are entitled to representative self-governance, that all who live in the political community should be able to participate in public life as equals, and that citizens should have freedom for different religious outlooks and other sorts of pursuits in their private lives." This view of American civic life may connect more with a modern day view of society, but at the turn-of-the-century these beliefs' were held few and far between.

To the Anglo-Saxon elites, the African-Americans, the Native Americans, and the lesser immigrants were not seen as equals. They were outsiders to society and government, and the thought existed that they should remain so. The scope of equality, whether it is racial, religious, or social, did not stretch to the minorities. As cited in Smith's article, Lawrence Fuchs states "the Euro-American determinations to maintain a racially exclusive civic culture was not abandoned until the 160's to 180's." Yet the decree for liberty, and equality had taken place centuries before. A nation built on liberalism, and republican ideals by definition is understood to be in opposition to "racism, nativism, and patriarchy"; it pushes forth the moral worth of human equality and gives them "inalienable rights to freedom, justice, and a fair opportunity." While at the same time denounces, "differences made on account of race, creed, and color." This is evident throughout Ragtime, from the treatment of Coalhouse by the firemen, the police department, and by the public in general, as well the violent suppression of the immigrant factory workers during the labor strike. This suppression is doubly condemning; because the workers were demanding fair treatment, fair pay, and safer working conditions. Basically demands that would seem reasonable from Anglo-Saxon natives.

Tateh is able to fulfill the American dream, though it almost kills him in the process. Though the labor strikes in Lawrence, to the dingy tenements they are forced to live in, Tateh lives his days in despair and filth. Yet somehow he is able to profit from the consumerism that consumed the society of his day, and stumbles upon a primitive form of motion pictures. One of the few bright spots painted by Doctorow, Tateh is able to rise above the impoverished life of the tenements, and create an entirely new identity as a "nouveaux riche" titled immigrant. He "invented a barony for himself. It got him around a Christian world. Instead of having to erase his thick Yiddish accent he need only roll it off him tongue with flourish…He was a new man." Tateh was able to raise himself above the immigrant prejudices though lies and pure luck. Eventually he even marries the middle-class mother, who accepts him for his true identity, (though he disdains his former identity himself) but only after he has risen above his for impoverished state to success.

Throughout American history, the white dominators had placed an emphasis on the "racial inferiority of the lower classes of whites and non-Anglo-Saxon immigrants, as well as the blacks." Immigrants were not given the same rights and privileges as the Anglo-Saxon members of society. The American government had been established in a liberal and republican light, yet those ideals were not passed on to every citizen. Immigrants, blacks, and Native Americans were held down by these ideals, and in the pursuit of white individual freedoms and opportunities, the basic creed of "life, liberty, and happiness" was crushed. In the post Civil War stage freed slaves were further excluded though governmental legislation aimed at separating African Americans from their white neighbors, and poll taxes that kept them out of the ballot box. Docotorow gave Coalhouse the bottom end of the stick, the fighting and struggle to equality he achieved was broken down and turned into tragedy, painting the plight of the African American as hopeless. The plight of the immigrant, however, had a light at the end of the tunnel though Tateh's emersion into middle-class society.

Smith, Roger, Multiple Traditions in America, American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, No. , Yale University

Doctorow, E.L., Ragtime, Penguin Books, 174

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Dealing With Alcoholics

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A is for Alcoholism. In don't think alcoholism is exactly an illness it is more of a condition of life that we are all vulnerable to, but some more than others. My family and I have all been affected by alcohol in some way, because I have had many people in my family who are alcoholics, and I know many people personally who have problems with alcohol.

The weird thing is how similar alcoholics are and how similar there excuses are. We know that human beings are endlessly individual. Each on is unique, but when people use drugs and alcohol they become boringly and depressingly alike.

There is a very clear genetic basis for addiction, if one generation has an addict in it, as does my family, the next generation is likely to have one as well. But alcoholism is not inherited like brown yeys are one does have a choice, one can avoid the downward slide, by being honest about what is happening and listening when people say things one normally would not want to hear, as I am trying to do. Perhaps people inherit the tendency to become addicted to a substance, but the decision to open that bottle and drink it (and another and another), or to place yourself in a situation where alcohol is available when you know how hard it is to say "no," is still yours.

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Admitting that there is a problem is the first and single step that one should make when dealing with alcoholism. That is the first and single step that some of my family members and some of my friends need to make in order to get over this problem, and I have tried to tell them that. Alcoholics start turning their lives around when they finally admit that the problem does matter and the problem is bigger than they are. They are going to have to find new resources to overcome it. I can obviously not be their resource any more. I have noticed that few alcoholics will do this voluntarily. They need to be forced, either by their families becoming adamant that the addiction will no longer be tolerated, or by circumstances like being arrested and charged (drunk driving or having a road accident is a common wake up call for alcoholics). That was the wakeup call for one person that I know personally.

For the people that are suffering from alcoholism or alcoholism in your families, you are not along. There are many people who suffer and are affect by this addiction, and there are many people who seek help. For the people who are addicted there are organizations like AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) that can help you recover, and for the families and friends that are affected by it there are organizations like Alanon that can help you understand the influence of addiction and the part played by the other people in keeping the addiction going.

Please note that this sample paper on Dealing With Alcoholics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Dealing With Alcoholics, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Dealing With Alcoholics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Japanese Canadians in Canada

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I'd like to welcome my partner, fellow classmates, the honorable judge and our worthy opponents. Let it be resolved that the circumstances did not demand the removal of the Japanese Canadians from BC's West Coast in 14. The main circumstance was the unexpected and sudden attack on US troops-in- training in Pearl Harbor on December 7, 141. To demand means to ask for something with authority. In this statement, removal means forceful displacement of a group of people to detention and internment camps in Canada's interior. Japanese Canadians are people who immigrated to Canada from Japan and became Canadian citizens. The West Coast includes BC's entire shoreline stretching from Alaska to the Southern US border and going as far inland as 100 miles. To sum up, my partner and I are here to convince you that the events of 14 did not require the forceful relocation of Canadians of Japanese ethnic origin from BC's West Coast.

My first point is the obvious racist attitudes of Caucasian people of the west coast as well as influential political figures towards the Japanese Canadians. Opposing the democracy that Canada was supposed to have been, Japanese citizens were never given the right to vote. This put them at a disadvantage because their voices could never be heard by the government. They were treated as obvious outsiders. They had been isolated into their own areas where they lived and worked. To white people, they went under the name of Japs, a term equally offensive as calling a black person a Negro. Despite all that, they were very beneficial to the community that treated them that way. They were excellent fishers and farmers who contributed immensely to the thriving and the prosperity of BC. However, instead of getting recognition and praise for their hard work, it only led to more hatred towards them. People were jealous of their large profits and successes in business, fishery, and agriculture. The white people could not find it in themselves to deal with their envy in any other way than hatred and racism. A quote from a book called "Democracy Betrayed", page 1, states

"They spoke of the Japanese Canadians in a way that Nazis would have spoken about Jewish-Germans. When they spoke I felt in that room the physical presence of evil."

The second concept that I would like to present to you is the falseness of the idea that the Japanese Canadians were a threat to the national security of Canada. The attack on Pearl Harbor was nothing but the perfect excuse for small, but yet powerful anti-Japanese groups to make their resentful voices be heard on a federal level. The Japanese Canadians became feared and suspected without any investigation at all that would prove their guilt, or in this case innocence. At a Conference on the "Japanese Problem in BC" held in Ottawa in January, 14, representatives from the department of National Defense, National Defense for Naval Services, and the RCMP all opposed the internment of the Japanese Canadians. Unfortunately, the person to report the outcome of this crucial conference to Prime Minister Mackenzie King was Ian Alistair Mackenzie, the political strategist behind the Liberal Party's anti-Asian election campaigns in BC and the sole member of Cabinet from British Columbia. The misleading of the prime minister would eventually be the turning point for removal of the Japanese Canadians, despite all the opinions against it, including J. L. Ralston's, the Minister of National Defense. Another indication that they were not a true threat was that the evacuation didnt happen immediately after the war began, nor was it carried out at an urgent pace it began in the summer of 14 and wasnt completed until October 1, close to eleven months after the beginning of the war. This slow removal hardly suggested a military emergency or that Japanese Canadians posed such a critical threat to national security. In Democracy Betrayed, on page1, a quote by Major General Ken Stuart states

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"From the army point of view, I cannot see that Japanese Canadians constitute the slightest menace to national security."

I have presented you with sufficient proof and illustration for my claims that the unfortunate fate of Japanese Canadians was brought on by racism and that they were never a threat to the Canadian Community, which they were also a part of. The Japanese were betrayed by the very country that they immigrated to in hopes of a better future. They were put under a bad light and unrightfully and unjustly punished for something they had absolutely no connection to.

Please note that this sample paper on Japanese Canadians in Canada is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Japanese Canadians in Canada, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Japanese Canadians in Canada will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Time in Cinema

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Time in Cinema

Amores Perros

I love to watch movies because I love to be entertained. Movies provide an escape from reality by entering into another world. A world comprised of characters, some you like and some you do not, and a story, which if effective will grip you and take you in. Sometimes so much to the extent, the world around you disappears and you become mesmerized and captivated by the images and the scenes that unfold on the screen. Film is an art form, a representation or even a manipulation of reality.

I selected Amores Perros for the purposes of this essay. I popped the cassette into the VCR without looking at the actual playing time of the movie. I wanted to see how the film makers used their ability to manipulate time to affect me and my experience

Following the guidelines, I will start by producing a quick summary of the film. The film revolves around three different stories all intertwined through one devastating automobile accident experienced from three alternate perspectives and times throughout the film. The film is a patchwork narrative meaning, "there is no central plot and no single-line character. Instead, one story begets another and the primary conceit is part-for-whole (synecdoche)." The film opens up with a chase scene leading into the accident involving the main character of the first section of the movie, Octavio. Octavio lives in a poor household with his brother and his wife, Suzanna, their baby, and their mother. Octavio's struggle begins when he falls in love with Suzanna. He finds a means of making money through subjecting his dog into fighting and seeks to earn enough to take his husband's wife and the baby away with him. After Suzanna abandons Octavio with his brother and the money, the dog fighting ends up in a messy disaster corrupted with foul play. Octavio finds himself in a violent car chase involving thugs of the dog fighting world. This leads up to the crash. The second section of the film involves a man named Daniel who leaves his family to pursue a life with his mistress, Valeria, a supermodel. He purchases an apartment for them to live together but their lives are quickly thrown in disarray when the model is hit by a speeding car racing through a red light, Octavio's. Valeria is left in a wheelchair with her leg highly disfigured. Turmoil begins in their relationship when her dog disappears through the floorboards, and frustration of not being able to walk nor rely on her beauty kicks in. After a medical oversight the model's leg is amputated and Daniel begins to wonder how his life unfolded in such disillusion. This leads us into the third part of the movie involving an ex-con man, El Chivo, in search of the strength to talk to his daughter whom he abandoned when she was two. El Chivo lives in a shanty home with several dogs as his family. Desperately seeking money, El Chivo acts as a hired hit-man. About to kill, he observes the brutal car crash between Octavio and Valeria. Racing to the scene he finds Octavio's dog and rescues and nurtures it back to health. He leaves do go commit a murder only to return home to find Octavio's dog covered in blood after mauling and killing every one of El Chivo's dogs. This sparks some changes in El Chivo's life, including a call to his daughter. As the three stories unfold they overlap and intertwine on many occasions within the film.

Attached to the essay, is a graph of the dramatic structure of the film. It is separated into three divisions based on the three alternate story lines. Each line marked with the letter C represents the car crash on the three different occasions during the film. The movie as well as each story begins by witnessing the accident from a different perspective thus correlating with high viewer interest. The stories through sequences which flash back in time and disregarding a linear time structure capture events which raise the intensity of the film over elapsed time, until once again the crash is experienced. The lines marked S are the story's time line of major events which build up intensity until the climactic crash scene. However the storylines are interrupted with quick scenes from the other storylines not to build intensity but to familiarize the audience with the characters whom are going to appear. Often a black screen appears for this transition to occur. In doing this the linear timeline is compromised completely, however the elapsed time continues while the viewer's interest increases, pauses as the movie takes on a new story and then increases again while the movie returns to the rising excitement of the story being focused on. In the third and final story the movie comes to a closure just as each of the first two stories had previously done. However the sequences of the alternate storylines are higher in viewer interest than the alternate sequences in the main storylines for the first part of the film, because as time has progressed all three story are concluding.

As I mentioned earlier, because our focus is on time in the cinema, I decided to put on Amores Perros without looking at the playing time. While I was watching the movie from an objective standpoint I noticed that I had no idea what time it was or how long the movie was going on. The physical projection time of the movie was 15 minutes, but the psychological time for the characters and me as the viewer far exceeded that. As for the psychological time of the characters, it was hard to construct the dramatic timeline in which the story unfolds in. Throughout the story each character goes through life altering events in a short span of time which affects their psychological time. The struggles the characters go through as for anyone who would go through such events, destroy their concepts of time as their worlds crumble and their lives take on new ordeals. Their patterns of daily life disintegrate and these new challenges consume the lives of these characters. As everything is thrown into disarray their past become faint memories of a different life. For these characters the grind of their present everyday environments is all that matters.

As a viewer the experience of time is much different than that of the characters. The extent to which the life changing events have on the characters, draws out the psychological experience for the viewer miraculously. For the viewer, everything that takes place is so significant that the time seems to span far longer than the actual duration in which the film is running. Adding to this effect is the formula of the "forking paths" and the multiple storylines. The viewer is forced to go back in time after the completion of one character's story to play out the events from an alternate character in the time that has already passed in the film. This technique, manipulates the viewer to disregard real time and consume themselves with the events on the screen. As each storyline intersects with one another the time seems to be moving in endless cycles.

Two principle methods of temporal manipulation employed in the film are condensed and suspended time. The most common formula for films is the simple story formula, which involves a hero and his or her plight through an array of obstacles. "This formula may sound basic, but huge numbers of excellent movies have used it." It also explains why condensed time was essential in the creation of this movie. By no means has Alexandro Gonzalez Inarritu directed a simple film formula. However in each separate story he focuses on individuals who experience an array of life changing events and pass through many obstacles along the way. Each of these stories exists on their own but are connected through one fated car accident, allowing the director to fit three stories into one film. In doing this, he must also ensure that the audience will have an emotional connection to each of the main characters in the film. In addition for the film to be successful each story must be able to exist as its own entity. To do so, he has condensed time between scenes filled with constant energy and constant infliction on the characters. He does this using several techniques. The most simplistic method used by the director to condense time is, cutting out sequences that must exist for the scene to unfold. An example can be seen at the beginning of the chase scene where Octavio is running from the thugs. It shows the altercation which leads up to the chase, with Octavio getting a head start on his pursuers by foot as he approaches his car. The next shot then jumps into the car as the chase has begun. The action as well as the time that passes in between has been condensed. Another technique the director uses to condense time is the three alternate storylines. Although the movie is separated into three distinct parts and stories, the characters are intertwined throughout the whole film. By showing snippets of the characters throughout the entire film, he allows for condensed time by reverting back to intense scenes in the main story, while time has progressed in between. He does this exceptionally as the film is riddled with excitement throughout each of the three stories. As a divergent film, Amores Perros uses "more than one story line and/or sets of characters that may intersect." With the multi-layered film the director is able to create suspended time. While the other story lines are previewed, the main storyline jumps through scenes or time is suspended by viewing from where it was left off. Inarritu uses different techniques to alter the linear progression of time within this movie. Time is suspended while the different characters exist and live through the same time sequence. As the characters do not interact with one another the same time sequence is shown on several different occasions for the viewer. Time progresses for the audience yet the director manipulates the time on the screen by jumping backwards and forwards on a linear time sequences through the different characters and the events that surround them. On numerous occasions time in the film is suspended while this is occurring.

In this film I think it is clearly evident that the soundtrack affects the temporal manipulation of the audience, as well as externalizing the characters' feelings. Looking into two distinct scenes in the film, the love making scene, and the car chase provide succinct evidence of this. During the scene where Octavio is making love to Suzanna the music is soft and passionate. For the viewer the music aids the perception of time to slow it down. The music differentiates the pace and tempo of this scene from the rest of the film. The love making is drawn out and seems to lapse for longer than many of the other scenes. This correlates with both Octavio's and Suzanna's emotional experience during the scene. The car chase is accompanied by intense and fast music, working similar to the love scene only on the opposite end of the spectrum. Where this scene is meant to be intense and exciting the music gets harder and more exhilarating and the experience for the viewer changes. The music builds up as the scene and excitement build up as Ocativo's life dangles in the mix. The scene elicits the response of being much faster than the love scene as the ordeal seems much quicker than that of the love scene.

The film provides insight to the nature of time with its multiple strand formula. The three different storylines provide the viewer with the insight of the enormity of time itself. The experience allows the viewer to see the impact of time on an array of characters and events and the after effects which follow. It is through the progression of time that both chaos and order take form. This is exemplified as the characters have no prior contact with one and other before the fated car accident and no further contact following. It is through coincidental timing that the lives of all the characters are greatly affected. The impact of the nature of time is exhibited through each separate storyline.

Please note that this sample paper on Time in Cinema is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Time in Cinema, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Time in Cinema will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!