Variables

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Variables

Other variables which may affect the outcome of this experiment, if not kept constant, are as follows

Temperature Of Sodium Thiosulphate - I believe that the hotter the temperature, the faster the rate of reaction. This is because when a substance is heated up, each particle has more energy, resulting in more collisions between the free moving particles in a liquid, causing more particles to react, therefore increasing the overall rate of reaction. The second effect this has is that the particles collide with more force, increasing the chance of the particles reacting. I will keep this variable constant so that it does not affect the results by avoiding heating the sodium thiosulphate in any way, and so it will stay at room temperature.

Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid- The more concentrated the hydrochloric acid, the faster the reaction will be, because there will be more particles in the same volume. Cabbages. The particles will be closer together, colliding more often, therefore increasing the speed of the overall reaction. I will keep the concentration of hydrochloric acid constant, by using it from the same bottle each time, which has a fixed concentration.

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Size Of Conical Flask - Although this does not affect the rate of reaction, in that it doesnt affect the chemical reaction itself, but what this variable does affect is our measurement of how long the reaction has taken to complete. I will be judging the time taken for the reaction to finish as the time it takes for the reacted mixture of sodium thiosulphate to go completely cloudy so that I cannot see a cross drawn underneath the flask. Daniel Sykes. If the conical flask is wider then the cloudiness will appear less concentrated, because it will be spread across the larger area of the bottom of the conical flask, and so it will take longer for the cross to disappear, and the results will increase. I will keep this variable constant by using the same conical flask for each experiment. Previous experiments have shown that the size of conical flask I will be using is adequate when gauging turbidity with this volume of chemicals (55cm³).

Catalyst - By using a catalyst, this experiment could be speeded up because catalysts lower the energy needed by the chemicals in order for a reaction to occur. However I will not be using a catalyst in this experiment, and I will make sure that there are no other materials present, apart from those chemicals I want to react. This way, I can be sure that no catalysts are affecting the results in any way.

Cross - The material I use draw the cross underneath the conical flask, which I use in determining when the reaction has finished, could affect how easily the cross is seen. This in turn could affect the results because if the cross is seen more easily, if it was drawn with a thick marker, our measurement of how long the reaction took to complete would be longer and so the rate of reaction would seem slower. Daniel Sykes. Equally, if the cross was hard to see, then it would disappear more quickly and the rate of reaction would seem quicker. Moo. I will keep this constant by using the same black pen to draw the cross each time, if I are unable to use the same cross each time, which is preferable.

Volume Of Sodium Thiosulphate And Hydrochloric Acid - The larger the volume of sodium thiosulphate and/or hydrochloric acid, the greater total number of particles in the solution. This means that to completely react, and go cloudy, it will take longer. I will keep this variable constant by using 50cm³ of sodium thiosulphate solution with 5cm³ of hydrochloric acid each time. I have found from some preliminary tests that this volume (total of 55cm³) is most suitable when gauging the turbidity of the mixture, because if too little is used then it is hard to see changes in it.

Movement Of Reacting Mixture - If I shake the conical flask while it is reacting, then the reaction may speed up and therefore the rate of reaction would be quicker. Likewise, if I stir it then it will increase the rate of reaction, because there will be a greater chance of the particles colliding with other particles which they can react with because the two types of particles will be more mixed together and also, will have more kinetic energy because they will be moving while being stirred. I will prevent this from affecting the results by not stirring or shaking the mixture in any way.

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