The Peloponnesian Wars

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The Peloponnesian Wars were neither a battle of territories nor of religious debate, but wars of political powers. Taking place from 41-41 B.C. and then again from 415-404 B.C., the war was between the two Greek super-powers, Athens and Sparta. (Global Past, 161) Athens was a classic totalitarian democracy, believing in the idea that all citizens should be given the right to decide the political leaders of their city-state. On the contrary, Sparta was a militaristic-style oligarchy, which believes in having total military and political decisions made by a select group of qualified militaristic leaders. (Human Record, 11-114) Although both of these two poleis were very strong in their time, the Peloponnesian War would decide the political fate of the Greek peninsula. Though the Spartans waged war on the Athenians, it was the Athenian civilization that caused for the war to take place. This was due to three main ideas their society was based around participating in wars, they used any means to gain control of surrounding areas in order to strengthen their democratic rule, and it was almost guaranteed that they would arise victorious causing egotistical actions.

Firstly, the Athenian civilization was basically a brotherhood of warriors organized for the primary purpose of waging war. (Human Record, 11) In other words, their society was geared toward using war as a solution to any problem it came in contact with. For the Athenians, the only means of communication between enemies was of harmful nature, wishing to force their views and wants onto their opponents. They developed great pride in their state's views, especially when dealing with political affairs. It was stated that, " an Athenian citizen who takes no interest in political affairs is not viewed as harmless, but as a useless character." (Human Record, 116) Therefore, it is brought to the surface, not only that the Athenian society would push for battle due to their society being based on cherishing the time of war, but also as to why one could consider the Peloponnesian War to be a war of political powers.

As mentioned, the Athenian society heavily valued their political views. They had a society strongly based on democratic ideas. Due to their ongoing need for "divine intervention and control" (Human Record, 11), they waged conflict with anyone who was not democratic in view. The Spartan society was an oligarchy, which greatly upset the Athenian society, who wished to spread their democratic views throughout the surrounding lands. If Athens were to conquer Sparta in this treacherous battle, they could easily strengthen their democratic rule, as they would have control of more territory. This, naturally, was a main reason that the war took place, as Athens wished to spread the idea of a democracy to the utmost outreaches of existence. They basically forced these ideas on the Spartan society, causing them to take on the role of rebellion and wage war on Athens. (Human Record, 115)

Another key reason to Sparta wishing to rage war on the Athenian civilization was that Athens was almost guaranteed victory. Athens was a very egotistical state, believing they could not be beaten. It is stated that, "in the early stages of the conflict it had seemed as though there was no way Athens could lose the war, given its command of the sea-lanes." (Human Record, 114) They also had key allies. So obviously, the Athenian society had vast strategic positioning when compared to surrounding areas, allowing them to practically dominant everything. (Global Past, 161) Naturally, this fueled Sparta's fire, as they wished to prove that this arrogant power could be defeated. This, as a result, was a reason in which the Peloponnesian War took place.

As seen, the reasons behind the Peloponnesian War taken place can be highly contributed to the Athenian society. It was this society that wished to spread its form of government to other lands, that wished war as a solution to its problems, and that was arrogant in terms of military dominance. In all honesty, it was a seemed to be an unintelligent decision by Sparta to wage war on Athens, as it did not seem highly likely that they would achieve their goal. However, they did, as Sparta emerged victorious. (Global Past, 16)

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