Doubting reality

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Doubting reality

This essay aims to find what ways there are to doubt reality, what reasons to doubt that the things that lay around us, the empirical objects, actually exist.

Not all our warranted beliefs can be justified by inference from others, there must be some foundation of truth that we are flatly given. Our knowledge of the world generally relies on experience, our sensory perceptions of things that we have seen, heard which are then logged in our memory for future reference. It is with these reports of experience that we create a foundation for knowledge. I am going to present reasons for which we can doubt this foundation for knowledge, why the empirical way of gaining knowledge can often be fallible.

One way that we gain knowledge is to test our beliefs against experience. If you are told that something exists, one tests this belief against what we have experienced previously in order to validate that something is true. A simple example is if you are told that there are goldfish in a pond, you can then use your experience of goldfish and ponds to validate that it is likely that there are goldfish in a pond. However, as we know the human mind can easily be fooled, when a magician shows us that he can levitate, our reports of experience tell us that this cannot be true as we have learned the rules of gravity etc but our sensory perceptions deceive us, how can we know which is true, the magician is not levitating and we are fooled by our senses or that he is levitating and our reports of experience are false.

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We can assume that our experience can be described in words, this is a reasonably harmless assumption, but nonetheless crucial, our experiences are private and can only be described with words (or gestures), and we must be able to, in principle, describe our own experiences correctly and independently of how others see theirs. We all have our own colour sensations for example, you can separate colours for yourself without knowing the public name and could give each colour a private name. It is when you learn the public name and use that when we can link our private experiences of a colour together. However this public name only succeeds in linking our private sensations together, there is no guarantee that although we are linking our experiences together we are having the same experience or sensation. There is no way of climbing into someone's head and experiencing the same experience that they have. So, on this premise it is in fact possible that everybody could be having a different experience of the world. If no-one is having the same experience how can we be sure that what we are seeing is the truth other peoples experiences could be the truth and ours just a perceptions, but since we cannot go in to each others heads and compare experience it is difficult to know. Suppose two people each have a spider that they keep in a box and don't let anyone see. Each can still describe their spider and they can compare notes because there are spiders and other things in the world that they can compare them to. Then suppose that all spiders live in boxes that only the owner can see inside, the people can still describe their spiders but only with words borrowed from things that do not live in boxes. Now suppose that all descriptive words in our language are ultimately terms for things in boxes, in other words that there was no going language to borrow from. Now neither person can be sure what the other is saying about their spider. In fact they cannot be sure that they both have spiders as there is no way to find similarities between them, it could be that neither of them have spiders. It is unclear even whether the spiders exist, as there is no report experience of spiders to validate it. One could also consider the mind as one of those boxes. No one can see inside it except for the owner, and since they cannot compare what they experience to other people how can they be sure that what they perceive is even real. If you see a table, you compare it to tables you have seen before in order to recognize it as a table and what people have told you is a table. But suppose other people perceive the table differently, perhaps top them it is a different texture, colour and shape, so, which is the real table, the one you see or the one they see, or perhaps neither. Perhaps there is no table and only our minds telling us that there is one, we've already established that the mind can easily be deceived, mirages for example, one believes that there is something there when there actually isn't. There is another argument to doubt reality, the matrix theory, that in fact what we perceive is controlled by something/someone else, making us believe that what we are seeing is real. Scientists argue that they have uncovered proof against this however, who is to say that the laws etc that they have discovered are simple devices of the matrix to deceive us. It is even argued that perhaps there is not even a matrix but that our minds are all simply subjective and that everything that we perceive is simply created by our own brains, this is known as solipsism. Of course there are flaws in all these theories, but then there are flaws in empiricism, the amount of reports of miracles and the supernatural cannot be ignored. The truth is it is very difficult to tell and many people find it easier to take the simplest answer first (a method known as Occams Razor) which is that everything is real and we all perceive things in the same way as it allows them feel more secure about their surroundings.

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