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Weather On Other Planets

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Scientists throughout history have studied the effects of space weather. Over time, technology has advanced greatly, allowing scientists to gain a better knowledge of the workings of the solar system and thus a better knowledge of Earth. Telescopes and spacecraft have led scientists into the mysterious unknown space. Due to advances made by NASA and other space researchers, the pieces of the solar system puzzle are finally coming together. There are still several mysteries yet to be uncovered and perhaps there always will be. Yet gradually more of the processes underlying the solar system are being uncovered, and each piece of new information leads to a better understanding of the inner workings of the universe. Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, has been especially interesting to study because of the similar characteristics shared with Earth. Mars has been visited and studied many several times since the first spacecraft visit by The Mariner 4 in 165 (Arnett). Scientists believe that information recorded from Mars is necessary in order to study Earth's processes, especially the weather system.

The study of space weather and weather on other planets provides scientists with information that provides a greater knowledge of how our planet works. Jonathan Lunine, a professor at University of Arizona, believes that studying the climatic states of other planets provides an insight of planetary atmospheres and the processes of their evolution. The conditions on other planets tend to occur for extremely long periods of time, which allows scientists to compare and contrast their conditions with those on Earth (Britt). The primary factor responsible for the effects of weather is the Sun. In addition to releasing coronal mass ejections, the Sun produces solar wind and solar flares. Coronal mass ejections are released by the Sun when the strong magnetic fields in the outer solar atmosphere are closed. This causes the release of bubbles of gas and magnetic fields that explode into space. Solar flares, which are strong but temporary releases of energy, are considered the solar system's biggest explosion. The explosion is equivalent to around 40 billion Hiroshima-size atomic bombs ("Primer on Space Weather"). Earth is protected from the dangers of space weather because of its atmosphere and magnetic field. Mars does not have a global magnetic field to protect the plane from effects of the Sun such as solar flares. Mars also does not have an ozone layer. These factors cause the planet's weather system to be erratic. Mars was not always without a magnetic field but for reasons unknown it stopped working 4 billion years ago (Mars Fact Sheet). Space storms do affect Earth, just in less severe ways than other planets. These storms can affect radio and electricity interference, leading to blackouts. They also cause problems for spacecraft observers and satellites that can cost around $00 million dollars to fix. Other possible hazards including disturbances of navigation systems for airplanes and ships, radiation hazards to humans, and climatic changes (Planetary Sciences at National Space Science Data Center). Despite the fact that Mars is half the size of Earth, it is the planet most similar to Earth, mainly in rotation rate and axial tilt of its orbit ("Mars Stats"). These two factors influence the weather and climate on both planets, so the more scientists learn about Mars the more they can learn about Earth.

Mars, also known as the "Red Planet", is very cold and dry. Though it is desert-like today, that was not always the case. There is currently no liquid water on the surface of Mars because of the low-pressure atmosphere and range of surface temperatures. Scientists believe volcanoes, plate tectonics, and the agents of water, wind, and ice have shaped Mars' surface just as they have on Earth (Holmes). Similar rotation rate and axial tilt should make the seasons of Earth and Mars alike but the thin Martian atmosphere accounts for the significant differences. There is currently no active plate tectonic system on Mars but surface features are evidence for the once active plates.

The Martian Atmosphere

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The Martian atmosphere is very thin and made of carbon dioxide (5.%), nitrogen (.7%), argon (1.6%), and traces of oxygen and water. The atmospheric pressure is so low that it is less than 1% of Earth's. Mars does have a greenhouse effect but it only raises surface temperatures by 5K ("The Planets"). The results of the Martian atmosphere effect the weather, and cause temperatures to rise and fall very quickly. Scientists believe that the early Martian atmosphere was basically steam and as the surface cooled enough water was condensed, resulting in a lot of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and methane. The combination of those gases produced a thick atmosphere that would be similar to Earth's ("Weather, Climate, and Life on Mars Frequently Asked Questions…Answered"). The most likely explanation for the density change is the loss of the magnetic field. If the atmosphere remained thicker then liquid water and precipitation would be possible, thus allowing the planet to become more habitable. The atmospheric circulation system is less complex than Earth's because there are no bodies of water on Mars to influence wind patterns. Mars has its distinctive red color due to the oxidizing atmosphere that contains some material that produces iron in the surface ground, making it rusty.

Temperature on Mars

Mars is a cold planet with a range of temperatures. A warm temperature on Mars would be considered chilly by Earth standards. The average temperature on Mars is -67F, and ranges from -70F at the winter pole to 80F during the summer on the dayside of the planet (Arnett). The temperatures are coldest the closest to the ground surface because during the night the ground rapidly cools the ground. Martian temperatures vary with each day except during the winter season. These variations are mainly due to the low- pressure atmosphere and solar heating. An average warm temperature is about 40F. (Hubblesite Home Page). Mars has two hemispheric seasonal phases. They occur every Martian year, which is about the equivalent of Earth years (Mars Fact Sheet). The period of perihelion occurs when Mars is the closest to the sun and creates a 5F increase in temperatures (Hubblesite Home Page) In this southern hemispheric phase huge dust storms usually occur. The period of aphelion occurs when Mars is farthest from the sun. This takes place in the northern hemisphere. Water ice clouds commonly develop during this period because it is much cooler than perihelion.

Seasons

Seasons on any planet are created by the combination of factors axial tilt and the planet's distance from the Sun (Caplinger). Mars has greater seasonal changes than most of the other planets because of its very eccentric orbit around the Sun. It has 4 seasons and each one lasts twice as long as seasons on Earth (Mars Fact Sheet). The two hemispheres play a role in the average temperature and climate of the season. In the southern hemisphere, summer is short and considerably warm while winter is long and chilly. In the northern hemisphere, summer is long and cool while winter is short and mild. In the summer, clouds form along the tops of volcanoes. Temperatures rise but not dramatically. The high can reach to about 0C while the lows go down to -140C ("The Seasons on Mars"). Images from the NASA Hubble Space Telescope show that the best view of the planet occurs when it is springtime. During springtime the polar ice caps begin to melt and carbon dioxide is released resulting in a temporary thicker atmosphere. In autumn the polar ice caps start to expand again due to dropping temperatures (Smith). Martian seasons produce many of the surface features such as the growing and shrinking of the polar ice caps. During the polar darkness period temperatures drop so low that carbon dioxide turns from a gas to a solid. The massive amount of frozen carbon dioxide decreases Mars' atmospheric pressure by 5% (Holmes). The ground surface becomes darker during the autumn and winter seasons because carbon dioxide gas freezes to form a dense, dry ice snow. This snow collects at both of the poles.

The Hemispheres

The Southern Hemisphere is characterized by ancient cratered highlands. These highlands cover almost / of the surface (Mars Academy). Large storms and strong winds occur here because the heat from the Sun creates an atmospheric turbulence. The most distinctive features of the Northern Hemisphere are the low-lying plains. Some of these formed from lava flows. However, the majority of the plains have a texture that was possibly created due to ground ice processes. White thin clouds form in this hemisphere and are produced by the shrinking of polar ice caps.

Storms

The storms on Mars are not hurricanes or thunderstorms. Dust storms occur on Mars. Since there is only a small amount of water vapor in the air, dust is the driving force behind storm activity as it heats the atmosphere by absorbing sunlight. Like Earth hot air that rises at the planet's equator is replaced with cooler air. Trade winds result from the cooler air to circulate the dust. Dust storms cause a temperature change on the opposite side of the planet. This can cause the temperature to drop about 50F and affect the planet's heat balance, seasons, and occurrence of water vapor clouds ("Exploring the Planets"). They decrease the daytime temperature and increase the nighttime temperature. In the springtime these storms can cover the whole planet for up to several months (Tillman). Dust storms also can turn the color of clouds into yellow or red. The creation of a dust storm is quite simple. Winds above the surface have to reach a threshold of 100 mph in order to pick up the dust grains on the ground (Mars Fact Sheet). The high surface winds must be present in order for these storms to continue. The storm will cease when winds drop significantly and dust falls back to the ground. Another type of storm on Mars is called a dust devil. These are swirling circles of dust that are like mini tornadoes with a calm center similar to the eye of a hurricane ("Planet Storm"). Dust devils move across the land and pick up dust. They form during the day when the ground surface heats up and warms the air above the surface. The dust starts to spin in motion as the warm air rises. Dust devils strip the ground of its colored coating and expose the darker region underneath.

Winds

Winds are the main erosional force on Mars. Winds move around dust and sand, which leads to the seasonal changes in surface appearance. Images from The Pathfinder spacecraft observer showed that wind direction is the driving force behind surface feature roughness (Tillman). Martian winds are strongest during the early morning hours and become relatively weaker as they day progresses. Thus the weakest winds occur in the early evening. The equator rotation is faster than at other locations on the planet, leading to a tradewind-like pattern of easterlies in the winter hemisphere and a tradewind-like pattern of easterlies in the summer hemisphere. Strong westerlies are found in the polar night region and gentle easterlies are most common at the summer pole ("Mars Today"). Strong winds with speeds higher than 100 mph are also found in the tropic region of Mars. In the summer wind speeds are typically weak, ranging from 0- mph. During the fall and winter the wind speed increases to above 60 mph ("Weather, Climate, and Life on Mars Frequently Asked Questions…Answered). There is one factor to keep in mind while studying wind speeds on Mars. The force of the wind would be higher if on Earth, and are lower on Mars because of its low density.

The Sky and Clouds

Different types of clouds form on Mars. One type of cloud is called a lee wave, which form around mountains, ridges, and volcanoes. Wave clouds are found along the edges of the polar ice caps and look like rows of linear clouds. Cloud streets also form on Mars and appear as rows of bubble shaped clouds. Streaky clouds are also found on Mars. Fog is formed during the coolest part of the day and is located near valleys, craters, and canyons. Ground haze can also form by the dust in the atmosphere. Plumes are also found on Mars and usually are composed of dust particles with an elongated shape. Cirrus clouds have also been detected on Mars. In general the thicker clouds are found in the northern regions (Exploring Mars Home Page)

The sky during the day is the color of butterscotch. It turns pinkish at sunset and sunrise. The sky color is due to suspended dust particles in the atmosphere, which contain an iron oxide mineral called magnetite. The mineral absorbs sunlight through blue wavelengths which influences sky color. The Martian sky would be blue like Earth's if the atmosphere were fully rid of dust particles.

Water

It never rains on Mars because it is impossible for liquid water to form at the surface. The present atmospheric conditions account for this, yet there is evidence that it has not always been this way. Temperature variations also play a role in the lack of water. If liquid water did exist, it would immediately freeze or evaporate. Surface features and near surface ice indicates that for a period of time liquid water did occur at Mars' surface. There is a zone on Mars that resembles a layer of buried permafrost. Water ice has been detected at the north pole, and a form of snow has been found at the poles during winter. It is not like the powdery snow that occurs on Earth; this is a snow of solid carbon dioxide. The atmosphere is so thin that it can hold only little amounts of water. Along with the process of saturation, this causes the formation of thick layers of fog during cold nights (The Mars Academy).

Surface Features

Mars has a wide variety of surface features. "There are canyons over times as deep and 5 times as long as the Grand Canyon, enormous volcanoes over twice the size of Mt. Everest." ("Weather, Climate, and Life on Mars Frequently Asked Questions…Answered"). Other features include valleys, channels, sand dunes, and polar ice caps. The valleys are located almost entirely in the ancient upper highlands and are believed to be between .5 and 4.0 billion years old. The permanent polar ice caps are composed of water ice and solid carbon dioxide. They have a layered structure of ice and dark dust. Scientists believe that the southern polar ice caps are significantly growing (Onion). Each summer the polar regions lose about 1/ of its ice caps and the melting happens very quickly, causing extreme winds that blow from the poles towards the equator (The Whole Mars Catalog).

The Other Planets

Mercury

The planet Mercury is closest to the Sun, and has only been visited by spacecraft one time in 174. Due to the extremely high surface temperatures, the Mariner 10 could get close enough to map only 45% of the planet's surface. The temperature variations on Mercury are the most extreme in the solar system, ranging from 0-700K (Arnett). The lack of a substantial atmosphere accounts for the range of temperatures. The slow and eccentric orbit also contributes to the range. On the side of the planet closest to the Sun temperatures can reach up to 47C (800F). On the other side the temperature can go as low as 18C (-00F) ("The Planets"). There is no liquid on Mercury, though a radar observer of the North Pole of Mercury has indicated evidence of water ice in the shadows of some of the craters (Goddard Space Flight Center).

Venus

Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is considered to be the brightest object in the sky, except for the Sun and Moon (Arnett). This planet has extremely high temperatures and the heat is intense. Even though it is farther away from the Sun than Mercury, the surface on Venus is even hotter. The average surface temperature is 860F (Britt). The thick atmosphere, which is about 100 times thicker than Earth's, is made up of mostly carbon dioxide with many cloud layers of sulfuric acid. These cloud layers make it impossible to see the surface of Venus without a spacecraft visit. The runaway greenhouse effect, which occurs because of the high amount of carbon dioxide and gases that trap the heat from the Sun, contributes to the high temperatures. Venus has very strong winds (about 50 kph) at the cloud tops but at the surface the winds are very slow (Arnett). There was probably once a lot of water on the planet but has since boiled away, making the surface very dry. Much of the surface has been covered by lava flows, indicating that there once was a lot of activity on Venus. Today there are large shield volcanoes that may still be active.

Jupiter

The planet Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and is also the largest planet. There are three distinct layers of clouds, made of ammonia, ice, ammonium hydrosulfide, and a mixture of ice and water. The atmosphere consists of 0% hydrogen, 10% helium, and traces of methane, water, and ammonia (Arnett). It is very turbulent, which creates high velocity winds. These winds are confined in wide bands of latitude, with the direction of the wind alternating with adjacent bands. There are vivid colors seen in Jupiter's clouds are believed to be caused by a chemical reaction in the atmospheric gases (Arnett). Jupiter has the largest storms in the solar system, and the biggest one is called the Great Red Spot. It is a high-pressure region south of the planet's equator with the cloud tops colder than the surface regions. It is considered to be a major cyclone whose range would cover the surface of Earth's combined, and covers about 1/6 of the Jupiter's surface. On the outer rim however, wind speed is estimated to be about 70 mph ("Windows to the Universe"). The Great Red Spot stretches across more than 15,400 miles. The storm rotates direction every 6 days, shifting eastward ("Planet Storm"). There are smaller storms, called ovals, appear along the edges of the Great Red Spot, and last for months or years. The Great Red Spot is believed to be at least 00 years old (Arnett). There is nothing on Jupiter to slow these storms down, for there is no solid surface. They produce massive lightening bolts that are 100 times more powerful than ones on Earth. Torrential rain is also produced. There is a broad range of temperatures on Jupiter, ranging from 0,000C at the core to about 10C at the top of the cloud layers ("The Planets").

Saturn

Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, is the second largest planet yet it is also the least dense. It has a very distinctive color, which is hazy yellow due to its distance from the Sun and the gaseous atmosphere. There are also thousands of rings surrounding the planet, consisting of large particles though to be pieces of very small rock coated in frozen water and ice. The layer atmosphere of Saturn is mostly hydrogen, little helium, and traces of methane, ammonia, and propane. The top layer contains clouds made of ammonia vapors and is very cold with temperatures around 10C. The other layers contain water vapor and ammonia hydrosulfide clouds ("The Planets"). Saturn has very strong storms that are larger and more severe than Earth's. They look like huge white clouds and form a path of 1,850 miles across. There is no lightening produced from these storms. The winds are strong, and produce high speeds that can reach up to 1,100 mph. At different latitudes the wind speeds vary, with the highest speeds found at the planet's equator. The slowest winds are found near the poles ("The Planets"). The interior temperature of Saturn is very hot, and is about 1,000K at the core (Arnett).

Uranus

The seventh planet from the Sun is unique because its axis is practically parallel to the plane of its ecliptic orbit, which causes the south pole to be pointed almost directly at the Sun. It is made up of mostly rock and ices, and the atmosphere consists of hydrogen, helium, and methane. Uranus has a very faint band of clouds that blow around the planet rapidly. The planet has a blue color because of the absorption of red light by the methane gases. Uranus appears to be tilted on its side and its rings are vertical, which is different from the other ringed planets. The poles are at the sides instead of the top and bottom, meaning that the north and south poles are either exposed solely to sunlight or solely to darkness. There is a strong layer of haze found around the pole that faces the sun, giving the hemisphere a glow. There is little known about the clouds on Uranus, but they are believed to be made of methane crystals. The temperature is very cold and is on average 1C ("The Planets"). Due to its unusual tilt, the winters and summers last about 1 years each but there seems to be no extreme temperature change between the lit and dark sides of the planet. Uranus winds can reach very high speeds, ranging from 0-60 mph ("The Planets").

Neptune

Neptune, the eighth planet from the Sun, is an unusual planet. Because of the interaction with Pluto's eccentric orbit, Neptune is the most distant planet from the Sun for 0 out of 48 years ("The Planets"). It is made up of various ices and rocks, and its atmosphere contains mostly hydrogen with some helium and a little methane. Along with Uranus, this planet has a blue color as a result of the absorption of red light by methane. The winds on Neptune are located in bands of latitude and are the fastest in the solar system, reaching over 1500 mph (Arnett). The most prominent feature on Neptune is the Great Dark Spot in the southern hemisphere. Winds here blow westward at 700 mph, but recent observations show that it is gone, and a new dark spot has been observed in the Northern Hemisphere (Arnett). The seasons are very long due to the planet's rotation, orbit, and tilt and last around 40 years each ("The Planets").

Pluto

Pluto is the only planet not visited by spacecraft and even Hubble Space telescopes can only see the largest surface features. Pluto was discovered in 10 and due to its eccentric orbit, it is at times closer to the Sun than Neptune (Arnett). This is the coldest planet with surface temperatures around 6F. ("The Planets"). The temperatures vary depending on where it is in its orbit, and the coldest temperature goes down to about 80F. The composition of Pluto is a mixture of 70% rock and 0% water ice and there are bright and darkened sides (Arnett). It is very small, even smaller than Earth's Moon. For the majority of Pluto's year, the atmosphere consists of gases frozen with ice. The surface has a reddish tint due to the mixture of gases. There is evidence of polar caps. During the cold period when it is furthest from the Sun there is a possibility that the atmosphere collapses, causing a huge snowstorm that covers the entire planet. The next collapse is predicted to occur in 010 ("The Planets"). The changes in the temperature are believed to cause massive atmospheric pressure differences and produce very strong winds.

Weather systems are found on every planet in the solar system, and each planet is affected differently. In comparison to the other planets Earth has least severe conditions. They do cause some turbulence on the planet and in its atmosphere but not nearly to the same degree as the huge Martian dust storms or unbearable intense heat on Venus do. For the most part planetary weather effects (except on Earth) resemble a scenario straight out of a nightmare. Studying space and planetary weather creates a better understanding of the systematic workings of planet Earth. As technology advances the possibilities for studying other planets will be endless.

Works Cited

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"An Exobiological Strategy For Mars Exploration". Jan. 15. NASA. 1 April 00 (http//cmex-www.arc.nasa.gov/Exo_Strat/exo_strat.html)

Arnett, Bill. Home page. "The Nine Planets." 6 Nov. 00. 4 April 00

(http//www.nineplanets.org/)

Britt, Robert. "The Solar System". Space.com Inc. 6 March 001. 17 April 00 (http//www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/solar_system_weather_01006-1.html)

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(http//cmex-www.arc.nasa.gov/CMEX/data/MarsEssy/seasons/seasons.htm)

Exploring Mars Home Page. 00. 7 March 00 (http//www.exploringmars.com/index.html)

"Exploring the Planets". National Air and Space Museum. Sept. 00. 1 April 00

(http//www.nasm.si.edu/ceps/etp/etp.htm)

Goddard Space Flight Center Home Page. 10 April 00. NASA. 0 April 00

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Hubblesite Home Page. Space Telescope Science Institute's Office of Public Outreach. April 00 (http//hubblesite.org/)

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"Mars Exploration". 0 March 00. NASA. March 00 (http//mars.jpl.nasa.gov/)

Mars Fact Sheet. NASA. 1 April 00

(http//cmex-www.arc.nasa.gov/CMEX/data/SiteCat/sitecat/Mars.htm)

"Mars Stats". The Regents of the University of California. 15. 1 April 00 (http//cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/sol/solarsyst/sol_solarsyst_marsstats.html)

"Mars Today". Mars Global Circulation Model Group. 00. NASA. 1 April 00 (http//humbabe.arc.nasa.gov/)

Onion, Amanda. "Red Planet Warming Images Show Mars' Ice Caps Are Melting Fast." 7 Dec. 00. ABCNEWS Internet Ventures. 7 March 00 (http//abcnews.go.com/sections/scitech/DailyNews/mars01107.html)

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"The Seasons on Mars". 00. European Space Agency. 7 March 00 (http//spdext.estec.esa.nl/content/doc/06/014_.htm)

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The Colour Out of Space

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A story called horror which is usually based on couple elements and facts which make the story scary. Horror stories contain thematic elements such has gore, violence, terror and disturbing images. The story "The Colour Out of Space" by HP Lovecraft is a science fiction and dark fantasy which contains many scary moments and the characters inside the story have fear about the events which happen around them. "The Colour Out of Space" has its horror because of the sequence of terrible events such as dyeing of the characters of story and the scary moments that the story has.

The story of Lovercraft's "The Colour Out of Space" happens in place called Arkham and it's horror starts as people call it in "strange days", when a meteorite fell out of the sky into the ground near Nahum's place who is one of the characters of the story and the horror in the story begins. Many strange and unusual things happen to the Nahum's place where the stone was fallen and his family which those events had sense of horror in itself and were scary. The stone which was fallen near Nahum's well was shrinking and later on disappeared and after a short period of time Nahum notices the first strange thing which happens. In the time of harvest he sees that all his fruits and later on crops grew in unusual large size which he has never seen before. But sadly he mentions "that even the smallest bites induced a lasting disgust." (106) He was not able to use of those crops and he lost them. He believed that the soil of his field was poisoned by the meteorite.

Another sign of horror which appears in the story was the unusual shape of footprints in the snow which was never seen by Nahum or any other person before. Later the people of Arkhum realizes the there is something different with some of the animals in that area. For example some boys saw woodchucks near Nahum's place which were in a different shape from any other woodchucks and were indescribable and scared the boys. Even emotions of the animals like dogs and horses were quite different and noticeable too, they were all frightened. As time passes their emotion becomes even stranger, For example in case of horses Lovercraft explains "their neighing and kicking in their stall had been terrible." (10) Nahum's horses could not stay in their stall anymore and they all runway Later on all his dogs runway and disappear and later on cows gets very bizarre disease which caused them all death. In the entire story all the animals acts in very strange when they gets near the color of out of space and as Lovercraft describes they were are frightening.

The place that Nahum lives in had very strange and has some scary signs which was different from any other place, and made the theme of story as a horror. Since the fallen of stone, everything was different. Snow melted faster then any place around Nahum's. For instance skunk-cabbages grew extremely big and in very strange colors that no one had ever seen before. Nahum always thought that the soil got poisoned through the fallen stone and it will soon get wash away. The trees around Nahum's swayed even when there was no wind and people could hear and see them which made very scary theme in the story. Well which the stone was fallen very close to it was one of the main elements of horror in the story. Well water had a different test as Lovercraft mention "It had a evil taste that was not exactly fetid nor exactly salty" (10) But the that was not the only horror thing about the well. There was all strange and scary things about the well such as the phosphorescence light from it which splash and it was growing stronger everyday. Later on in the story drinking from the water of the well seems to be the cause of death in characters of the story.

Write a research paper on "The Colour Out of Space"

Going mad and dying of Nahum's family was in fact the most terrifying horror fact of the story. Specially in the very strange and unusual way that all of them die. It all starts when Nahum's wife starts screaming and telling that she seeing something. The second person was his second son Thaddeus who gets craze after a visit to well. After a week his father locks him into a room like his mom and they were screaming terribly all night and Thaddeus dies after some time. After a while his little son Metwin goes out and never comes back and they could never find any sign of him or to track him down anyhow. A couple months later his other son Zenas disappears too which makes his father get mad and think that his son is inside the well and he lives there. At last Nahum himself and his wife Nabby was found dead by their friend who thinks they are got craze and dead because of the water.

The horror inside the story of "The Colour Out of Space" is very obvious to see because of the frightening of its characters. The color out of space brought horror into the town of Alkhum and people of Nahun's family go doomed with it. All the terrible events such as dieing or getting craze of its characters, animal's behavior, and the change in environment was all caused by the color out of space and those entire event developed a very scary time for people "Strange days" (10) called it people of Arkhum because they had never had such terrible and scary in their life before.

Please note that this sample paper on "The Colour Out of Space" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "The Colour Out of Space", we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on "The Colour Out of Space" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Korean economic Crisis

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Korean economic crisis: The intervened Banking system

This paper is divided into 2 parts. The first part seeks to validate that government intervention on the banking system in Korea as a primary cause for the collapse of the economy in 1997; the second part examines the intent and rationale behind the intervention.

Causes for the collapse of the Korean economy

Currency crisis is commonly cited as a main result of improvident macroeconomic policies (Hong, p.206-207). However, economic indicators on Table 1 reveal no indications of imprudent macroeconomic policies by the Korean government.

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Table 1

The GDP growth rate though faced a slow down from 1995's 8.9% to 5.9%, it generally remained a steady positive growth rate though the 5-year period. The Domestic Savings rate hovered around an average of 36.3. Since there was no drastic increase or decrease in the domestic savings rate, it reflected that the outlook of the economy was stable and that the economy was growing steadily. Saving is proportionally related to investment, ceteris paribus. Domestic Savings rate are commonly used to measure the level of investment on resources that are devoted to the increases in physical, human capital and technological improvements (Rittenberg, p.407). The current account deficit confirms the high level of investment rather than consumption (Hong, p.206-207). Clearly, all the indicators do not suggest the collapse of the Korean economy in 1997.

The economy downturn was sparked off by a mistake in the forecasting of major export items. It was speculated that the international prices of semiconductors, steel and petrol-chemical products would rebound; the prices, however, did not recover. They instead plunged significantly during 1995-1996 (Hong, p.207). The chaebols (large family-owned conglomerates) had high corporate leverage and overly invested in risky projects hence, suffered tremendous losses. The condition was made worse, since chaebol firms are highly interdependent financially through cross sharing and cross loans guarantee (Hong, p.209). This triggered a series of severe financial crisis among the chaebols resembling a "domino effect". The conglomerates, competing with each other to expand capacity in automobiles, semiconductors, and other industries, were granted excessive loans from the Government-supported banks (Shorrock, par.17). To the surprise of many economists, the Korean government actually encouraged short–term borrowings by lowering mandatory requirement ratios of medium and long–term borrowings for financial institutions (Suh, par.9)

The series of large corporate insolvencies inevitably undermine the health of the financial institutions with large exposure to these conglomerates. According to an official report, non-performing loans (NLPs) of commercial banks as of the end of 1996 stood at 11.9 trillion won (3.9 percent of total loans made by commercial banks), and they almost doubled to 22.7 trillion at the end of 1997 (Hong, p.209-210).

Furthermore, the proximity of the general presidential election and the Hanbo scandal weakened and divided the ruling party, inhibiting its capacity to act effectively (Haggard, p.57). As such, foreign investors began to lose confidence in the Korean economy; large inflows turned to sudden outflows, which amounts to about 9.8 billion dollars (Hong, p.208). This resulted in a serious liquidity problem. Korean firms had difficulty in turning non-liquid investments (such as expensive machineries) into liquid assets (cash) to repay their loans. This phenomenon paved way for the collapse of the Korean economy in 1997.

Possible reasons for government intervention

Although Korea's financial crisis of 1997-98 was triggered by foreign currency shortages in financial institutions, there is little doubt that financial troubles in the corporate sector, particularly the chaebols (large family-owned conglomerates), were at the epicenter of the crisis (Luna-Martinez, p.3-4). The troubles at the large chaebols had put banks in a very difficult position. Under government intervention, the Korean corporate sector shifted the pain to the large banks, which must accept debt-for equity swaps, maturity extensions or outright forgiveness of loans (Fons, par. 20). This paper seeks to explain the government intervention from the social, political and economic perspective. These factors are closely related and interconnected; some even having complimentary effects, magnifying each other's effects in policies making and stands that the government take. Before I continue, I must stress that the collapse of the Korean is not due to a single factor; it is a collective effect from all the factors. However, I argued that Korean government's intervention in the Korean banking system is the primary core of the factors that caused the economy to collapse. Thus, I am interested to know why the Korean government would want to show such favoritism.

Before we begin analyzing and examining the factors, it is important to have some background information about the culture and working attitudes of Asians. In the Asian region, as Lee Kwan Yew unblinkingly puts it, "authoritarian arrangements are essential to economic success." The culture of the Asian community advocates deference and obedience to the authorities (Hitchcock, par.2-5). Korea follows closely to the teachings of Confucius. The Confucian heritage focused on (1) emphasis on education; (2) respect for the moral value of loyalty to the King and the nation, which is translated to loyalty to the constitution; (3) the teaching of public integrity in the public service. On the other hand, it brought about the open oppression of the commoners by the ruling class (Nam, p.4-5). The Confucian heritage stresses diligence, self-help and cooperation. This notion ensures social harmony, which was an important ingredient for the Asian economic miracle. Nevertheless, as a country modernizes, it requires transparency through its ranks to ensure efficiency and effective working of the free market mechanism. However, the culture indirectly created pragmatism among people. They were inculcated with values, which asked for their "blind" obedience to the authority. This facilitated special transactions and relationships among businessmen and government officials behind closed doors.

Such deals made behind closed doors and through connections provided an ideal sanctuary for bad loans and indebtedness, such as the $50 billion of underreported Korean debt (Hitchcock, par.7). The spark that ignited the whole series of aftermath that eventually led to the collapse of the Korean economy was the bankruptcy of the Hanbo Group in January 1997.

Hanbo, which started as a construction company, invested heavily in steel operations relying mainly on borrowings from Korean banks. While Hanbo was making a huge capital investment in steel, the world steel industry went into recession. A combination of large debt and recession drove Hanbo to the brink of bankruptcy as early as mid–1996, but creditors tried to save Hanbo through a series of emergency loans. By the time Hanbo filed for bankruptcy in early January 1997, its debt amounted to 5 trillion won (Suh, par.14-16).

It was suspected that Korean banks gave such a high line of credit due to Hanbo chairman Chung Tae-Soo's political lobbying activities, but investigations revealed a political scandal. More than a dozen of influential politicians from both the ruling and opposition parties were implicated in bribery and influence peddling; even the incumbent president's son, Kim Hyun Chul, was arrested on these grounds. This seriously tarnished the reputation of the president and severely affected the capacity of both the president and the ruling party to overcome the emerging currency crisis.

Before further analysis, we must understand that South Korea was ruled under a strong, and effective leadership by the authoritarian government. Similar to the other 3 tigers of Asia, South Korea's successful economic development was led by export-oriented activities centering especially on the northern American market. The export-based, outward-looking development strategy had led Korea to consistently high economic growth from the 1960s to the 1970s (Rohlen, p.10-11). The South Korea government played an active role in its economic development.

In the 1960s, the government intervened its economy actively by directing its resources into the growth industries. In addition, it gave assistance to selected firms, allowing them to carry out strategic investment projects, achieve economies of scale, absorb foreign investment and technology and above all, maximize exports (Nam, p.6-7). The government intervention was arguably the most important element in the successful take-off of the Korean economic development.

In the 1960s till 1970s, the government played an active role in the banking systems. Since there were limited financial resources, the government intervened actively in the banks' loaning decisions. The government ensured that the limited resources were allocated to the priority sectors, such as exports and basic industries; non-productive sectors such as tertiary sectors received the least allocation (Nam, p.6-7).

This trend has not changed much through the years. In the early 1990s, banks continued to believe that the chaebols were extremely stable due to their size; financial institutions continued to trust that government would intervene and protect them from bankruptcies. Thus, many risky or unprofitable investments were financed (Hong, p.208-209). On the other hand, the chaebols continued to embark on aggressive, leveraged expansion, believing that this export-based strategy will continue to provide them with returns well exceeding the cost of the capital (Luna-Martinez, p.5).

The Government did impose stricter limits on connected lending and credit risk exposure that prevented banks from increasing their loans to the chaebols, whose leverage had already exceeded the reasonable level. However, the policies came too late to produce any effect. Table 2 shows the selected indicators of the banking system in Korea.

Table 2: Selected banking system indicators in Korea

Indicators Korea (1995) Korea (1996) Korea (1997)

Number of domestic institutions 26 26 26

Total assets in US dollars 552 billion 658.2 billion 712.9 billion

Total assets as % of GDP 157 170 169

Assets of banks as % of total assets of the financial system 52 49 51

Total loan portfolio in US dollars 311 billion 389 billion 385 billion

Growth of the lending portfolio over the previous years 19% 25% -1.1%

Non-performing loans as % of total loan portfolio 5.2 3.9 5.8

Provisions for loans losses as % of total loans 1.4 1.4 1.9

Capital adequacy ratio 9.3 9.1 7.0

Return on assets (ROA) 0.32% 0.26% 0.93%

Return on equity (ROE) 4.19% 3.8% -18%

Note: Assets of commercial banks in Korea include both banking accounts and trust accounts.

Source: CNBV, FSS, BOK and BANXICO

The data showed that the growth of the bank credit slowed down in 1997, however, the total growth of bank credit from 1995 till 1997 was still significantly large, considering that in 1995 and 1996 the growth was 19% and 25% respectively whereas the decrease growth rate in 1997 was a mere 1.1%. The table shows that the amount of assets non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) possessed collectively was nearly the amount the commercial banks owned; in 1996, they even held more assets than the commercial banks. The government intervention to reduce bank credit was not effective from preventing the chaebols from embarking on large-scale and risky expansion or pursuing in unprofitable projects. The chaebols merely turned to the NBFIs, such as, credit unions, insurance companies, investment companies, merchant banks and development banks etc. to finance their projects (Luna-Martinez, p.4).

A series of factors including the Hanbo scandal and the weakening international prices of the major export of the South Korean industries plunged the chaebols into a series of financial crisis. The Korean government pushed the chaebols to seek short-term loans from foreign financial institutions to ease the burden of the domestic financial institutions already sustaining medium and long-term loans. The amount of short-term loans from foreign financial institutions amounted to almost 60 percent of the total foreign debt at the time of crisis in November 1997 (Suh, par.12). This action was a temporary solution to ease the immediate crisis. Instead of solving the problem, it led the Korean economy to an utter collapse in 1997 when there was a sudden outflow of foreign funds.

The government's intervention in pushing for short-term foreign loans could be based on several possible reasons. The proximity of the presidential elections should be noted. The relationship between the voters and the ruling party follows closely to the Clientelism model. This patron-client relationship maintained its reciprocity in the form of welfare granted to the voters and their support in return (Handelman, p.145). In view of the proximity of the presidential election on December 18, 1997, the ruling party's effort to ensure the continual good welfare of the people is possibly magnified, in order to secure support in the upcoming election.

I believe that the rationale behind the Korean government's decision is based largely on the concept of Nationalism. A nation as Anderson puts it, "it [nation] is an imagined political community - - and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign" (1991, pp. 5-7). It could be perceived that it is the politicians' responsibilities to uphold the nation's pride and protect the welfare of the citizens.

The chaebols are large conglomerates recognized internationally as the economic pillars of South Korea. The chaebols, such as, Samsung and Daewoo, are recognized internationally and may be perceived as the symbols of economic achievements of Korea well-known brands. Their economic success is closely tied with that of South Korea's. Furthermore, the collapse of the chaebols will reflect badly on the economic outlook of South Korea, which might trigger a loss of confidence in foreign investors that leads to a sudden foreign capital outflow.

One other possible consideration for the ruling party could have been the possible rise in unemployment rate. The collapse of a chaebol could result in a massive unemployment, in the case of the collapse of Daewoo, 320,000 employees were threatened with unemployment (Fernandez, par.9). The unemployment rate is a common indicator used to gauge the ability of a government. Besides the loss of support from the voters in the case of massive unemployment, the government had to consider the negative effects that unemployment entails, such as, an increase in dependence on government's support, a rise in crime rates, decrease in revenues and other social problems. A report on the social impact of the financial crisis verified the worrying consequences of massive unemployment. There was a high employment rate due the implementation of the contractionary fiscal and monetary policies that came as part of the IMF rescue package. There were approximately 1.5 million people put out of work which lead to approximately 5000 babies were left at the orphanage without adoption, 6200 families left the cities "to seek a better life in the countryside" and 650,000 members, staged a hunger strike to protest the government-led unilateral reform of the economy (Ching, par.35-44).

Moreover, massive unemployment together with a failing economy could possibly lead to stagflation. This is a situation when there is an increasing inflation together with an increasing unemployment rate. The collapse of the failing chaebols possibly lead to a sharp rise in structural unemployment. Workers from other industries foreseeing worse economic outlook ahead could possibly push for higher wage rates to cushion the harsh times ahead. The rise in the cost of production of the industries inevitably leads to more unemployment and inflation (Rittenberg, p.335-343). Furthermore, discontent workers and citizens may challenge the legitimacy of the ruling political leadership when faced with massive unemployment and inflation. These effects would pose more problems for the government. The government possibly encouraged short-term loans from foreign financial institutions and injecting of funds into the faltering chaebols in order to curb massive unemployment.

Conclusion

The financial crisis was caused by a series of events. It was triggered by a slow-down in the major export industries and a drop in the international prices in the core export products. The situation was worsened by the weakness of the banking sectors of Korea. A lack of transparency in the financial systems led to the forming of "special relationships" within the community. This resulted in excessive reliance on bank borrowing by conglomerates, political collusion between conglomerates and politicians, non-transparent business accounts, and ineffective bank supervisory mechanisms (Suh, par.17-18). This non-transparency is a stark difference Korea from other less affected economies like Singapore, who developed quickly using a similar export-oriented industrialization strategy.

In addition, the use of the banking sector as a tool by the authoritarian Korean government to achieve its economic objectives, such as boosting the highly prioritized export-oriented industries and consciously reducing the funding for the lowly prioritized tertiary sector, severely inhibited the growth and maturity of its banking sector. As such, bank managers developed few skills for independent, efficient and prudent management. They merely relied on the government, who made decisions based on availability of collateral rather than on a proper assessment of risk or future repayment capacity, for determination of interest rates as well as lending decisions (Luna-Martinez, p.10).

The effect was inflated by a loss of confidence among the foreign investors. The foreign investors lost confidence due to the deterioration of the soundness of the banking system, the weakening Korean economic outlook and the weak bankruptcy laws. The Korean government's framework to protect and enforce creditors' rights was deficient. The government maintained industrial development and market stability by restraining controversial debt collection and by actively encouraging voluntary schemes of rescheduling (Luna-Martinez, p.7). The foreign investors facing with inadequate protection withdrew their investments in South Korea, resulting in a sudden capital outflow. This firmly sealed the fate of the failing economy, leading to a total collapse of the economy in November 1997 (Lindgren et al., p.2).

Government intervention in the banking system proved to be the core factor that resulted in the collapse of the Korean economy in the Asian financial crisis in 1997. The reasons behind the intervention spanned a huge array of diverse factors. The Confucian heritage, the ex-military authoritarian government, the corruption and collusion between the conglomerates and the politicians, the proximity of the 1997 presidential election and the concern for the reputation of the faltering chaebols, possibly influenced the government intervention in the banking sector.

Four years have passed since the collapse of the Korean economy. A mixture of short-term contractionary monetary and fiscal policies and long-term expansionary policies from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) had miraculous effects on the recovery of the Korean economy. The Korean economy has shown a strong recovery with substantial economic growth, however, whether the economic growth is sustainable, depends on the structural reforms' contribution to the enhancement of international competitiveness (Hong, p.218).

Works cited

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991.

Ching, Frank. Social Impact of the Regional Financial Crisis. The Asian Economic Crisis: Policy Choices, Social Consequences and the Philippine Case. Asia Society. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 15, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/lil01 /lil01b.html>.

Fernandez, Luciano and Peter Symonds. "Daewoo collapse threatens further financial crisis in South Korea" 8 October 1999. World Socialist website. November 14, 2001. < http:// www.wsws.org/articles/1999/oct1999/kor-o08.shtml>.

Haggard, Stephan. The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis. Institute For International Economics, Washington, DC: August 2000.

Handelman, Howard. The Challenge of Third World Development. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc.: 2000.

Hitchcock, David I. Asian Crisis Is Cultural As Well As Economic. The PacNet Newsletter 1998. April 10, 1998. The Center for Strategic and International Studies. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 15, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/pbei/csis/ pac98/hid02.html>.

Hong, Kiseok and Jong-Wha Lee. "Korea, Returning to Sustainable Growth?" 203-225. Rpt. in The Asian Financial Crisis: Lessons for a Resilient Asia. Ed. Wing Thye Woo, Jeffrey D. Sachs and Klaus Schwab. The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2000.

Jons, Jerome S. Asia's Banking Systems Still At Risk. Conference on Crisis & Credit: Restructuring Asia's Financial Sector Asia Society October 1, 1999, New York. Speeches and Transcript: 1999. Asian Society. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/asoc_spch99/foj01.html>.

Lindgren, Carl-Johan., et al. Financial Sector Crisis and Restructuring: Lessons from Asia. International Monetary Fund: 1999.

Luna-Martinez, Jose De. Management and Resolution of Banking Crisis: Lessons from the Republic of Korea and Mexico. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The WORLD BANK: March 2000.

Nam, Duck Woo. Korea's Economic Takeoff in Retrospect: 3-19. Rpt. in The Korean Economy at a Crossroad: Development Prospects, Liberalization, and the South-North Economic Integration. Ed. Sung Yeung Kwack. Praeger Publishers: 1994.

Rittenberg, Libby and Timothy Tregarthen. Macroeconomics. 2nd Ed. Worth Publishers: 2000.

Rohlen, Thomas P. A "Mediterranean" Model for Asian Regionalism: Cosmopolitan Cities and Nation-States in Asia. Asia/Pacific Research Center Stanford University. The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University: April 1995.

Shorrock, Tim, Martha Honey and Tom Barry. Asian Financial Crisis: Foreign Policy In Focus. April 1998. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www. ciaonet.org/pbei/fpif/sht01.html>.

Suh, Sang-Mok. The Korean Currency Crisis: What Can We Learn From It? May 1998. Asia/Pacific research center. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/srchfrm.html>.

Works cited

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991.

Haggard, Stephan. The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis. Institute For International Economics, Washington, DC: August 2000.

Handelman, Howard. The Challenge of Third World Development. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc.: 2000.

Lindgren, Carl-Johan., et al. Financial Sector Crisis and Restructuring: Lessons from Asia. International Monetary Fund: 1999.

Rittenberg, Libby and Timothy Tregarthen. Macroeconomics. 2nd Ed. Worth Publishers: 2000.

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The lottery

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"The Lottery"

"The Lottery" is a short story that can be seen in both negative and positive aspects. The main point of the story is how on person is picked and then stoned to death just because of tradition. The people in the town were so caught up in following tradition that they do not realize what is really being done. At times a human being is unaware of his or her actions because they do not know otherwise, meaning they were brought up a certain way. Many years ago there were race disputes among children because the parents taught the children to think a certain way. As the child grew up they did not know that treating someone differently because of their color was morally wrong. "The Lottery" symbolizes how people can be cruel unconsciously, in both the real world and the town people in the story.

Our country has been through so many disputes about equality in the past. Americans were brought to believe that races should be separated. I don't think many people did it purposely because I believe the mentality of discrimination was just taught down through generations. In schools, it's not unusual to see children isolate themselves from other races because they don't know any better, since that's how they were brought up by their parents. What I am trying to say is that people do things without thinking of the harm that is being caused because they are taught to follow tradition, or in other words the same mentality that their parents had.

Throughout the story, the reason behind the lottery is never really specified. One reason could be for population purposes, but then again it was not a big town. Mr. Summers just kept conducting the lottery each year and everyone just went along with the idea. No one was valiant enough to try to stop it because it was something that they had done every year ever since they could remember. Not one person tried to question anything because no one was bothered with the idea that someone be stoned to death. The children gathered the stones without the hesitation that one of their parents could be chosen. One thing that I thought was unbelievable was that Tessie was trying to add her daughter to the list just beat the chances of her getting picked. It is beyond cruel that such act could be held each year because the town people don't know otherwise, without a reasonable purpose of taking someone's life.

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In our country's history a lot of unfair actions were done such as discrimination. Although some people were aware of their actions, some did not know any better and just went along with the crowd. Just like in the real world, "The Lottery" shows how people do things without realizing that there is not a perfectly good reason for the action. The people in the town just attended the lottery each year like it was a holiday that needed to be celebrated without knowing where and why it originated. Not one person was brave enough to stand up to Mr. Summers to question why one of their loved ones had to be stoned to death. Unfair and cruel actions are seen in both the real world and in the "The Lottery."

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The Old Woman at the End of the Road

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The Day was just like any other day. I woke up as any other day. I felt like I had not slept during the night. As I wiped the sleep from my eyes, I headed towards the kitchen. I needed a cup of coffee, to start this day. While the coffee was brewing, my thoughts of my dream came to mind. The old women at the end of the road raced through my thoughts. Thinking to myself why do I keep having this dream? I poured my coffee, and was still trying to recall more of the dream. I just could not remember the rest of the dream. Thinking to myself, this is the time of the day I enjoy the most, the quietness of the morning, and a good cup of coffee at hand. Glancing at the clock to see if my half hour was up, hoping the time would just stand still, I realized that's not going to happen, time isn't going to stand still not today, or the near future. I had to get going, I had to get to work on time. Remembering my boss is returning back to work today from his vacation. If I'm late I know it's going to be a long day with the silent treatment my boss will give me. I just don't understand the man. If I get to work on time and work late, and give a hundred and ten percent, he is a happy person. The rules of time our on his side not mine, so I must follow the rules of time.

The morning tasks are waiting for me. I hurriedly got my clothes ready, jumped in the shower, brushed my teeth, and combed my hair. I packed my briefcase with my books, and work that I had worked on all weekend for a project that needed to be presented today. Oh no my cat Cheetah needs to be fed, Cheetah meowed at me while I was pouring his cat food. He knew I was off to work. I held him for a few minutes, just to let him know that he was loved. "Cheetah, I must leave now" is what I said while I was heading towards the front door with my briefcase. Cheetah followed me, and looked up at me, with a soft meow. Maybe this is Cheetah's way of saying good-bye. Walking to my car, not realizing that fog was in the forecast today. Proceeding with my lights on, I backed out of my driveway.

The fog was so thick my driving was going to be a bet slower today. Not being able to see very far in front of me I proceeded with caution. Not one car was on the road. Looking at my clock on the dash, it didn't seem to move, the time had not changed, and I know I had been driving for about half-hour. The clock must have broken, turning on the radio, they will soon be giving the morning news, and time. The radio, only gave me static "Great, no time, and radio I'm sure going to be late today".

Deciding to pull over to see my location in the road. Looking through the car window I still could not see anything. I got out of the car, to take a closer look. I noticed a light in the far distant, still no sign of any cars on the road I needed to make a decision.

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The first choice was to turn back, and go home and call my boss, and tell him I was going to be late. This would take me longer; I definitely would lose more time.

The second was to walk towards the light I had just spotted on the hill. The walk would do me some good. I could call my boss to let him know my circumstances.

The second decision was the best choice. The walk to the light on the hill would be good exercise. I really didn't want to take any more chances in driving in the fog.

As, I got closer to the light, the structure in the fog looked like a small house. Finally, I reached the door, knocking on the door several times. An old woman came to the door. She asked me if she could help me, "Are you lost young lady?" I explained to her that the fog is so thick that I had to pull my car over. I asked her if I could use her phone to call my boss. She asked me to come in, so I did. Later she explained that she did not have a phone. The old woman offered me a cup of coffee and suggested that I relax and wait till the fog clears so I agreed. Looking around her room, I noticed she had lots of paintings some against the wall and some hanging on the walls. I asked the old woman if she had painted all of them. She then pointed to me, with no explanation. I asked her what time it was, she looked at me I have no clock, time to me is my own I get up with the sun and go to sleep when night has fallen. Knowing my heart I would give anything to not worry about time. Just to be able to paint day and night.

The old woman comes to where I'm sitting and tells me the fog has cleared, but before you leave I have to show you something on top of the hill, as we walked outside, and up the hill I could not believe my eyes there were hundreds and hundreds of easels, and each easel had a different painting. "Those are beautiful. Who painted all of these?" The old woman just pointed again at me. I didn't understand what she meant. The old woman headed towards the end of the road, and shouted at me saying "you painted all the paintings" and then the old woman was gone.

As my thoughts rushed, I needed to get to work. I heard my clock. I got up to find that this was just a dream. I guess I better get this day started, and get to work on time.

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