Vitamin c abstract

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Obi Okafor

Biology 40

The history of Vitamin C can be traced back to 1500bc when there was an outbreak of scurvy in Egypt. It came up again in the 1400's in Europe when there were repeated cases of shipmen dying off during expeditions from scurvy (1). Modern research of scurvy started again in 107 when two Norwegian scientists in their quest to determine the cause of Beri beri in guinea pigs discovered scurvy instead (1). The theory of an antiscorbutic vitamin was postulated in 111, but it was not untill 18 that Dr Szent Gyorgyi isolated a substance from oranges, cabbage and the adrenals of Oxen. He called this substance Hexuronic acid, and determined its chemical formula to be C6H8O6. He gave some of his substance to W.M Haworth an English sugar chemist who determined the structural formula and they both named it ascorbic acid, from a-scorbutic which means anti-scurvy (). Gyorgyi received a noble prize for his discovery in 17, but there has been a lot of debate on who really discovered the vitamin (1).

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Vitamin C also called ascorbic acid is one of the most essential vitamins for human survival. It is a water-soluble vitamin and is present in every cell of the body especially cells of the nervous system, blood, teeth, bones and glands such as the thymus, adrenals and thyroid (5). Deficiency of vitamin C is scurvy. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding of gums, looseness of teeth, and weakness of joints. Without treatment scurvy can lead to death. An intake of 10mg/day of vitamin c is required for protection from scurvy, but for optimal health a much larger intake is needed (1). The average RDA value for children is 0-45mg/day, men and women 75-0mg/day and pregnant and lactating women 80-10mg/day. It is also advised that people who their metabolic turnover of vitamin C is more rapid than normal like smokers should add an additional 45mg/day to their average intake (8). Vitamin C is non-toxic, and has no harmful side effects. There have been cases of people taking 10 to 0g of vitamin C with no side effects. The only effect that was reported was diarrhea in the first couple of days (1).

Man, some species of monkeys and guinea pigs are the only mammals that cannot produce vitamin C endogenously. All other animals produce their vitamin C in their liver and hence never suffer from scurvy. Because we don't produce our own vitamin C it means that all vitamin C used by humans is received through foods and supplementation (1,,6). Foods rich in vitamin C are fruits and vegetables like oranges, lemons, grapes, tomatoes, green and red bell peppers, cabbage etc (1,,4). There is also a little vitamin c found in meat, but there is hardly any vitamin c left after meat is cooked.

Vitamin C is absorbed by active transport in the gut and is reabsorbed in the kidneys. Because the absorption mechanisms in the gut and kidneys can reach a saturation point, it is better to take multiple doses of vitamin c throughout the day rather than all at once (6). Some of the primary functions of vitamin C are in collagen metabolism, because the collagen protein requires vitamin C for hydroxylation. Vitamin C also helps optimize our immune system by stimulating the activity of antibodies and immune system cells like phagocytes and neutrophils. It is also an antioxidant along with vitamin E and helps stop free radical chain reactions that can lead to tumors and cancer (5). Research in vitamin C is very has gone far and wide in checking the influence of vitamin C on almost every biochemical process there is in the body and the role ascorbic acid in the prevention and cure of a variety of diseases ().

A study that was performed in Valencia Spain was conducted to check if vitamin C was associated with a reduced of cataract in the Mediterranean population. 4 cases with cataract and 4 age /sex frequency matched controls aged 55 to 74 yrs were selected from an ophthalmic outreach clinic. Participants were interviewed about their diet and education, also blood samples were analyzed to get the level of antioxidants. Blood levels of vitamin C above 4micromols/L were associated with 64% reduced odds for cataract (p0.0001). The data strengthened the evidence for a protective role for vitamin C on the aging of the lens (7).

Another study was performed to check the influence of environmental tobacco smoke on the vitamin C status in children. The study involved 51 children aged -1yrs, 50% of them were exposed to ETS because their parents smoked. When the results were gathered it was found that plasma ascorbate concentrations were lower, by . micro mol/L on the average, in the ETS-exposed children than in the unexposed children who consumed equivalent amounts of vitamin C. This was highly significant difference (p=0.00). The results suggests that children that are exposed to any amount of tobacco smoke should be encouraged to eat more foods with vitamin C or should be given equivalent doses as supplements (8).

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Tourism Industry Analysis in Kenya

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………1

COMPETITION IN THE INDUSTRY …………………………………………….1

Threat of New Entrants …………………………………………………….1

Bargaining Power of Suppliers …………………………………………….

Bargaining Power of Buyers ………………………………………………4

Rivalry in the Industry ……………………………………………………..4

Threat of Substitute Products ………………………………………………6

DOMINANT ECONOMIC FEATURES ………………………………………….6

DRIVERS OF CHANGE …………………………………………………………..7

KEY SUCCESS FACTORS ……………………………………………………….

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………...10

INTRODUCTION

Competition in the tourism industry is very high where destinations are fighting to retain and increase their market share of the shrinking tourism industry. Competitiveness between destinations is such that tourists will travel to the destination where they will get the best quality experience for their money.

Many countries are now developing uniform and standard criteria for their tourism services. This means that today's traveler will pay for value enhanced products but will also seek value for money and quality services throughout the full range of tourism product from budget tip end. These trends only serve to place greater emphasis on Kenya's ability to reposition itself in the international market place as a quality value added destination-delivering value for money.

I COMPETITION IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS

Kenya tourism industry is competing in the international market where the various destinations available in different countries compete against each other for tourists. Destination competition for Kenya varies between the source markets and importantly between the types of product under consideration. Kenya beach product may be said to compete against others Goa in the UK market, Mauritius in the French Market, Cuba in the German Market and the Bahamas in the US market. The rejuvenation of the Northern Tanzanian tourist circuit of Ngorongoro crater, Serengeti plains and Lake Manyara are also a threat.

The following table shows a matrix of product attributes across a combination of all source markets competing with Kenya.

Beach only

Cuba

Dominican Republic

Goa

Tunisia / Morocco

Mauritius

Caribbean Beach and culture

Thailand

Egypt

Indonesia

Malaysia

Mexico

Sri Lanka

Adventure and activities

South Africa

Botswana

Australia

Brazil / Paris

Nepal Beach and wildlife

Tanzania

Mozambique

Kenya clearly has various competitors for differing aspects of product portfolio. However, Tanzania's beach offering is questionable and Mozambique has yet to fully develop its potential, Kenya's simple combination of beach and wildlife makes the destination unique on the world wide stage.

Competition also takes the form of market presence in creating awareness and interest amongst potential customers, and in this aspect Kenya's share of voice has been minimal for a number of years. Direct marketing expenditure by key competitors such as Egypt and South Africa significantly exceed that of Kenya. Egypt has extensive advertising linked with good trade support. South Africa with a brand identity as "a world in one country" informs the travel trade within South Africa of key developments in originating markets while operating a strong in-market presence overseas. Destinations such as Australia promote strong advertising campaigns integrated with partnership marketing and are a leader in web-based travel trade training.

BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS

Competitor analysis seeks to identify aspects of competitive advantage whilst recognizing and acting upon areas of weakness. Kenya tourism as a better bargaining power and a more competitive edge against her competitors because of her unique competencies. These include

ɨ Unique wildlife and safari product combined with world class coastal resources and scenic diversity

ɨ People, heritage and history

ɨ Highly experienced travel industry

ɨ High levels of destination recognition in key source markets

ɨ Climate and proximity to key markets

ɨ Good will in relation to a new government both local and internationally.

All these competencies work towards increasing the bargaining power enjoyed by the Kenyan tourism industry. They are able to attract and influence the cost and revenues accruing to the industry. The industry can charge high rates to tourists while minimizing their costs.

The Kenyan industry being at risks of losing these tourists is pushed to lower their charges instead of loosing the tourist altogether.

The bargaining power of suppliers is low due to the following reasons

ɨ The current threats of terrorist attacks

ɨ Persistent security and crime perceptions

ɨ Poor infrastructure especially roads

ɨ Weak product interpretation

ɨ Limited quality control

ɨ Air access limitations

ɨ Entry impediments visa and airport logistics

BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS

Many of the world's independent travelers some of whom are maturing away from the younger budget travelers will also seek out nature and culture destination preferring a more flexible and individual style of travel but still demanding an authentic experience. Independent travelers will often arrange their own flights and accommodation then purchase an excursion or safari after arrival in Kenya on a walk in basis. If it meets the requirements they will pay a lot for a unique Eco-tourism experience and adventure activity, long stay often compensates for low daily budgets.

However, tourists are also gaining bargaining power by getting more and more experienced and have increased awareness of what the markets are able to offer and the competition there in. They are increasingly aware of the weaknesses in the Kenyan industry and take the advantage of bargaining for lower charges.

RIVALRY WITHIN THE INDUSTRY

Different destinations with similar features are competing stiffly for the few tourists landing in Kenya

ɨ Travel agents - Many tourists arrange visits to Kenya through travel agents. The many travel agents in Kenya are competing against each other to attract as much correspondence as possible.

ɨ Hotels and lodges In 001 the Ministry of Tourism and Information (MTI) reported a total of ,8 hotels in Kenya. Of these the majority are on the coast 456 hotels with 8,74 beds, 48 of which (14,185 beds) are classified as 4 or 5 star. There are 4 hotels in Nairobi with 15,684 beds. Of these, 18 hotels (4, beds) are classified as 4 and 5 star. Park and reserves have 67 hotels with 5,75 beds, and the rest of Kenya has 1,7 hotels (MTI).

Hotels are competing with one another to attract more tourists to occupy their premises.

ɨ Local Handicrafts and Authentic Craft These with multi-cultural influences feature woodcarving, beadwork, painting and drawing, basketry, weaving, clothing ornaments and jewelry in a wide range of quality and price. Several thousand-licensed curio dealers in Kenya offer a great diversity of souvenirs. There are opportunities in Kenya crafts to be improved and promoted o international markets. These handicraft owners are competing to spread benefits more widely into local communities, reinforce pride in traditional practices, and help establish the national image of a rich cultural destination.

ɨ Game parks Kenya is firmly established as a leading wildlife safari destination. Kenya's 5 National Parks and Reserves cover approximately 8 percent of the total area of the country. Kenya's parks and reserves received a total of 1,56,00 visitors in 001, down 1 percent from 1,644,00 visitors in 000 (CBS). Each protected area is unique in its diversity, attractions, character and scenery. Arid and Semi arid ecosystems form the largest percentage of Kenya's famous parks and have a great diversity of spectacular and easily observable plain wildlife. These diverse entities strive for tourists to visit their destinations, as park fees constitute a large sum of their income. While inside the park, they visit hotels within the parks and consequently bring in income to the park.

THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS

The focus on the tourism industry in Kenya is the available natural resources. Artificial facilities created e.g. the Nature Trail in Mombassa only add to the anesthetic value.

Substitute products may include

ɨ Low cost hotels in the town centers

ɨ Artificial facilities like Bamburi Nature trail

ɨ Illegal villas

ɨ All inclusive clubs

ɨ Home stays

ɨ Timeshare establishments

II DOMINANT ECONOMIC FEATURES

a) Competition

Competition is quite high in this industry due to its global nature.

b) Shrinking Potential

Terrorism and terrorist threats have lead to a decrease in industry size.

c) Resource Pooling

This is done at the regional level where resource pooling establishes regional joint marketing programs. This lower costs, increased growth in destination awareness, greater media exposure, earlier product positioning and more rapid penetration into target markets.

Joint management of resources, cooperative security, cost effective joint marketing and cross order protected areas such as Mara Serengeti, Amboseli, Kilimanjaro and Lake Victoria regions in Kenya.

d) Partnership

This exists between public and private sectors and it is advantages for smaller businesses with limited resources to market their products internationally. In Kenya we have initiatives between Kenya Tourism Board (KTB) and

ɨ Kenya safety center, (KSC)

ɨ Ecotourism Society of Kenya (ESOK)

ɨ Beach operators Relocation Programme (BORP)

ɨ Kenya Professional Safari Guides Association (KPSGA)

e) Strategic Positioning

Kenya tourism industry is well placed to respond to the global interest in eco-tourism.

Currently, there is a direct flight to Kenya that aims at encouraging frequent visits by the international tourists.

f) Product Differentiation

Kenya has stunning topography ranging from snow capped peaks of Mr. Kenya (51m) the cradle of civilization in the great Rift Valley, Alpine highlands lunar semi deserts, rolling Savannah plains, wilderness, deserts and some of the best palm fringed beaches in African and even the world over.

g) Distribution channels

The industry has a well elaborate distribution channel ranging from travel agents, telex and Internet.

h) Marketing

Tourism industry is characterized by heavy promotions to increase patronage. Nowadays marketing strategies are basis to any tourism industry in the world.

III DRIVERS OF CHANGE

 Long term growth

Industry showed positive growth despite various challenges.

i) During 001 tourism revenue rose to 4 million (US$07 million) representing .7 per cent total exports.

ii) Contributes to balance of payment exceeded in export value.

iii) In the Year 00 it contributed 8% of GDP.

 Product Innovation

i) Dedicated websites enable tourism to share experiences of tourism destinations.

ii) Digital television is a means whereby product information is obtained and

holidays are booked.

iii) Customers get access to greater range of information sources.

 Technology Change

Has become a fundamental aspect of the industry

i) Modern technology lowered costs of service delivery through efficient systems.

ii) Fast and quality services are offered.

 Market Innovations

i) Target marketing aims at consumer with a combination of technology through the

web and data casting T.V.

ii) The marketing bodies alert people about destinations encouraging hence encouraging business by securing email addresses including arrival and departure times.

iii) Special offers encourage visitors to return to Kenya.

iv) Extensive co-operation and partnership from with and without the travel industry to promote the industry in Kenya.

 Globalization

i) Same service/product is found in quite a number of countries.

ii) Regional cooperation provides linkages.

iii) East African tourism council formed aims at joint National Park fees, common visa and resolution of conflicting tourism policies.

 Government Intervention

The Kenyan Government has enacted legislatures governing the industry for purposes of providing safety standards and proper general welfare of all tourists in the country.

IV KEY SUCCESS FACTORS

ɨ Security

Acquire modern security gadgets for all the tourist destinations in Kenya.

ɨ Branding

Establish a strong and sustainable brand positioning providing optimal yield and season spread.

ɨ Different target market focus

Focus on core domestic markets and extend into emerging markets through emphasis on market specific web sites, trade and public relations.

ɨ Partnerships

Provide strong leadership to Kenyan tourism firms and develop valuable strategic relationships with stakeholders and relevant non-tourism organizations to harness the collective resource and expertise.

ɨ Product innovation

Enhance established products and develop a diverse portfolio of small-scale culture, adventure, activity and eco-tourism niche products.

ɨ Infrastructure

Acquire good means and modes of transport.

Effectively exploit the benefits of new media communication and distribution system to improve the speed, timeliness, depth and breadth of Kenya destination information.

ɨ Organization

Build a focused organizational structure and culture to increase efficiency and effectiveness and increase the quality and delivery of customer research and market intelligence to the travel trade.

Differentiate Kenya with a distinct market image and positioning in target markets as a "Uniquely Kenya" quality safari and coastal destination offering a rich diversity of culture, adventure activity and eco-tourism experiences.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The Kenyan tourism industry is one of the industries that has experienced some unique dynamics. Security in tourist destinations is a very critical issue. It is one industry that needs a lot of reorganization. Terrorist attacks as well as threats have caused a great deal of depression in the industry. However, the technological, product and marketing innovations have determined which firm continues to stay in the industry and which one is pushed out. Only those firms who have placed their strategies well have been able to stay in the industry.

Firms in the tourism industry need to change their market focus, improve on their organization, enhance product/service innovation, take up more aggressive marketing strategies, acquire some modern technology and lastly ensure safe and secure environments. The Kenyan Government should assist in improving the infrastructure in order to attract more local and international tourists.

Please note that this sample paper on Tourism Industry Analysis in Kenya is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Tourism Industry Analysis in Kenya, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Tourism Industry Analysis in Kenya will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Lucky's Alma Mater

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Lucky's Alma Mater

During the 1840's in Ireland, there was a terrible potato famine. Many people died. Those who didn't came to America, where the streets were "paved with gold." Or in this case, potatoes.

When the Irish arrived here, however, they found the streets were not paved with gold, or even the beloved potato. The storeowners and other employers would not hire the Irish because the Irish like to drink aplenty.

It is true that Ireland is home to some of the finest beer in world, and the Irish drink it; often. There are, many alcoholics Irishmen. But there are alcoholic Americans, too. However, when the Irishmen get inebriated, they tell stories and sing traditional Irish songs.

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To elaborate, the songs and stories are a big part of Ireland's rich culture. The songs are not offensive (most of the time) and express some of the many facets of the culture. Part of Ireland's history is shown in "Danny Boy", "Roddy McCorley" and countless others.

However, songs are not the only part of the culture. Leprechauns, fallen heroes, saint, are all parts of stories told in Ireland. The stories have had an impact on American culture, as well. "They're always after me Lucky Charms," is the catch phrase of a popular "Irish" cereal icon here in the states.

Another important aspect is religion. St. Patrick brought Catholicism to Ireland. He showed the Irish the Trinity in a was that they could understand and easily recognize; the shamrock (three leaves connected to one stem.) For that simple reason, shamrocks are out in full force around St. Patrick's Day.

Furthermore, history plays a huge role in the culture now in Ireland. The Irish have seen so many things, new religions, wars about those religions, The Lord of the Dance, and they have learned to deal with each. For religion, most Irishmen converted to Catholicism. The wars were eventually resolved and Michael Flately's popularity eventually wore off.

Additionally, Irish step dancing has been around for a very long time. In traditional step dance, the feet and legs move, while the arms and head remain stationary. Michael Flately took step dancing to the next level. Flatley can step at an amazing rate of 0 "taps" per second.

Not to forget, Flately is not the only Irishman famous in America. James Bond was Irish, or at least one of the actors who played him is. Along with Pierce Brosnon, other famous Irishmen include Colin Farrell (Phone booth) and Liam Neeson (Schindler's List) The movies that these Irishmen have been in help to entertain, or even change, us Americans.

Despite excessive drinking and smoking, the Irish are good people from a great country. Irish culture is perhaps the richest in the world, with songs, stories, a great history, fabulous actors, dancing, and a tiny leprechaun selling a delicious cereal. Irish culture flourishes today and will continue to until the end of time.

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Aristotle's Philosophy

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Aristotle wrote that "The ideal persuader should put the audience in the right emotional frame of mind (pathos), state the best arguments (logos), and have the right character (ethos). The persuader must not only try to make the argument of his speech demonstrative and worthy of belief; he must also make his own character look right."(p.118). All of these components are essential to building a persuasive argument. However some can be centered on one of the concept that Aristotle identified.

According to Aristotle, our perception of a speaker or writer's character influences how believable or convincing we find what that person has to say. This projected character is called the speaker or writer's ethos. Ethos refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the speaker. It can be conveyed through tone and style but it is very likely to be applied to the reputation of the speaker. We are naturally more likely to be persuaded by a person who, we think, has personal warmth, consideration of others, a good mind and solid education. Often we know something of the character of speakers and writers ahead of time. People whose education, experience, and previous performances qualify them to speak on a certain issue grants them authority. But whether or not we know anything about the speaker or writer ahead of time, the actual text we hear or read, the way it is written or spoken and what it says, always conveys the impression of the author's character. Institutions, public roles and publications also project an ethos or credibility. We assume, for example, that The New York Times is a more credible source than The National Enquirer. We usually assume that a person selected for a position of responsibility or honor is more credible than someone without official command is.

The audience determines credibility so reliance on status and labels may not hold up. The audience makes a decision by what they see before them. It is a mental mirage. You must appear to be credible, because your label or status may not always carry you. Establishing credibility or making your audience believe that you are credible is important but there are other appeals to consider for argumentation purposes.

An argument can be developed through "pathos". The persuasive appeal of pathos is often associated with emotional appeal. An appeal to pathos causes the audience not just to respond emotionally but to identify the writer's point of view. It refers to the emotional and imaginative impact of the message on an audience, the power with which the speaker's message moves the audience to decision or action.

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There are many emotional appeals that target a specific feeling. These types of appeals can be very strong. There can be emotional appeals that install: fear, guilt, security, empathy, love, hate, and anger. These are all very intense emotion so it is obvious that messages that properly stimulate those sensations will be effective.

However some emotional appeals have their disadvantages to. If you attempt to install too much fear it will have little effect because it will be deemed as unbelievable. Guilt can be used in an incorrect manner as well. Like fear, guilt and other appeals can cause cognitive dissonance. As human we like things to be consistent. If we install fear, guilt, or anger it creates dissonance. The audience will not like to feel that way for too long. The dissonance creates an altered mood state and most people will take actions to maintain homeostasis. So therefore messages that target these emotions must have possible solutions and action that will alleviate the dissonance.

Logos according to Aristotle refers to the internal consistency of the message. The claim must be clarified, and logical. In order to be logical it must have effective supporting evidence. This is deemed to be the argument's logical appeal. Although we would like to think that we are all logical thinkers, the truth is that the other appeals often can become more persuasive than logical appeals. Logical arguments consist of medical documents, scientific theories, and experiments. We now that they are clear, concise, and sound. The premises of logical arguments must be the same.

Persuasion does not have to be logical. Logic is not consistent across an audience. You can be talking to a group of psychiatrist who have all had the same degree of education and exposure, but will select different forms of medications and treatments for one patient. This is because there are many logical routes to solve the problem. Logic does not rely on understanding personal and individual differences.

For argumentation to be persuasive you must go beyond the mere argument itself.

It must connect with the audience. Can't be complied directly from logic or, directly from the emotional point of view. An intersection must be established according to your audience.

Please note that this sample paper on Aristotle's Philosophy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Aristotle's Philosophy, we are here to assist you. Your custom paper on Aristotle's Philosophy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Urbanization and its Effects

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Starting approximately during the year of 1870, the Northeast and Midwest regions experienced an immense transformation. Occurring at a time often called the "Metropolitan Era," these transformations were due mainly to concentration on the philosophies of industrialization, modernization, and urbanization. Urbanization, which is the rapid growth of a city, began with the arrival of immigrants from all around the world to the United States. The rapid urbanization of cities in the Northeast and Midwest promoted success and opportunity, while also paving the way for beneficial change in urban politics, economic conditions, and citywide spatial transformation. Immigrants didn't arrive in the United States without a reason --they left the places that they called home, risked everything that they lived for, and strived to move on, all in the hope of achieving success.

"...immigrants sought to escape difficult conditions -- such as poverty, famine, land shortages, or religious or political persecution -- in their native countries." (The Americans, 438)

The basic appeal for most immigrants was the new boom of industrialization. The spread of industry meant that there were more jobs available, and jobs, as long as they were paying, meant opportunity for success. Many immigrants also came to earn money for their families back in the homeland, and would then make the trip back once they'd saved up enough to provide a decent living.

[Some immigrants] "...known as "birds of passage" intended to immigrate temporarily in order to make money and then return to their homelands." (The Americans, 438)

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Many of the people that immigrated to the United States had no choice but to make an attempt at a new life. They arrived from all four corners of the world, most coming from the nations of Europe and northern Asia, Mexico, Japan, China, the West Indies, and the already well-known continent of Africa. The most prominent group of this bunch would have to be from Europe. Even combined, all of the other nations that arrived in the United States only tallied up to about a quarter of the amount from Europe.

"Between 1870 and 1920, approximately 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States. Before 1890, most immigrants came from countries in western and northern Europe, including Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany. Beginning in the 1890s, however, increasing numbers came from southern and eastern Europe, especially Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. In 1905 alone, about a million arrived from just these countries." (The Americans, 438)

Due to rising conditions in Europe such as famine, political corruption, and economic disaster, more and more Europeans began to leave. Even though the mortality rate was high, the birth rate was higher still, causing an overflow of population, with hardly any land. Without a place to stay and a job to provide for their family, many Europeans were morally forced to leave their homelands in search of a new life. With bountiful openings for a promising career and a home that compared to the nothing they had at the moment, the United States may have seemed as almost a miracle.

"Other Europeans left because of rising population. Between 1800 and 1900, the population in Europe had more than doubled to 432 million. This population explosion resulted in a lack of land...Finally there was a spirit of revolt and reform in Europe...Many young men and women who were influenced by the spirit of these movements sought to start independent lives in the United States." (The Americans, 439)

On the other hand, China was facing only the typical problems a country might. The reason for Chinese immigration was mostly the massive need for laborers during the time that the transcontinental railroad was being built. From the point of the railroad completion onwards, Chinese arrived in the United States to obtain mostly labor-based jobs -- jobs that also paid extremely well. However, previously, the news of a gold rush was the main inspiration for the Chinese. Unfortunately, in 1882, the immigration of Chinese was dramatically limited, halting their major influence on the country.

"Between 1851 and 1883, about 200,000 Chinese arrived. Many came to seek their fortunes after the discovery of gold -- in 1848 -- sparked the California gold rush." (The Americans, 439)

"The Chinese helped build the nation's first transcontinental railroad as well as other railroads in the West. When the railroads were completed, they turned to farming, mining, and domestic service. Chinese immigration was sharply limited by a congressional act in 1882." (The Americans, 439)

A country that was under the pressure of political turmoil, along with the basic need of occupations, was Mexico. Unlike any other culture and race to immigrate to the United States, many Mexicans became United States citizens without much effort. After the annexation of Texas, the United States acquired an immense amount of land from Mexico. Most likely seeing no reason to leave everything they had worked for, they were extremely willing to accept the offer of citizenship, and become official, American born citizens.

"The Mexican population in the United States also increased. Unlike the Europeans, Asians, and West Indians, however, some Mexicans became United States residents without even leaving home." (The Americans, 439)

"As a result of the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the treaty with Mexico in 1848, the United States acquired vast territories from Mexico. Many of the residents of these territories chose to become American citizens." (The Americans, 439-440)

With increased usage of the land irrigation system for farming -- due to the 1902 National Reclamation Act -- many Mexicans were drawn northward into the Midwest, where farm land was now fresh and bountiful. Even more Mexicans immigrated to the United States in 1910 when many political and social upheavals occurred. Amazingly, about 7 percent of Mexico's population at the time had immigrated by 1920.

"Other Mexicans immigrated to the United States to find work or to flee political turmoil. As a result of the 1902 National Reclamation Act, which encouraged the irrigation of arid land, new farmland was created....This farmland drew Mexican farm workers northward to seek jobs. After 1920, political and social upheavals in Mexico prompted even more immigration." (The Americans, 440)

"Nearly a million people -- 7 percent of the population of Mexico at the time -- came to the United States over the next 20 years." (The Americans, 440)

Another string of immigrants that brought vibrant, lively, spirited culture to the United States was that of nations in the West Indies. Consisting of skin pigments ranging from dark to albino, these people immigrated due to the need of wage-based work. Over 200,000 people from nations such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Haiti had arrived by 1920, mainly settling in the east and southeast, along the Atlantic coastline.

"They came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands. Many West Indians left their homelands because jobs were scarce." (The Americans, 439)

"Between 1880 and 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern United States from the West Indies." (The Americans, 439)

In addition to those who were voluntarily coming to the United States, the African Americans had been there for years on end before them. Still suffering from racial discrimination and abuse in the South, many emigrated north and west seeking a new chance at life. Totaling about 200,000 emigrating in the United States alone, they settled in cities like Chicago and Detroit, many continuing on to Canada. Still, even at their new homes in the North, the African Americans were looked down upon, seen as incompetent illiterate barbarians. Almost forced to accept dirt-cheap wages as factory laborers or domestic servants, they might've been compared to that of a peon. Even though these factors were evident, their new life was said to have been comparatively better than that as a slave.

"Between 1890 and 1910, about 200,000 African Americans moved north and west to cities such as Chicago and Detroit, as they tried to escape racial violence, economic hardship, and political oppression." (The Americans, 447)

"Because of racial prejudice and their inadequate education, they were often forced to take low-paying factory jobs or to work as domestic servants." (The Americans, 447)

Despite the oppressive conditions that the immigrants had lived with most of their lives, the United States was the way of their escape. Offering more than just a home and a job, the United States provided the immigrant with the chance to decide the future of his generations to come. With the arrival of new citizens came the arrival of new machines and other inventions. Many, such as the steam-powered engine, helped to revolutionize manufacturing, farming, and industry overall. Cutting harvesting time in half and reducing the need for as many employees boosted output and profit for the South. While in the North, mass production spread like wild fire, finance and administration became more complex and necessary for business maintenance and development (ie,. loans and bankruptcy issues), the ideas of wholesale and retail took form (balanced the relationship between manufacturer and consumer by providing a "middleman" to satisfy each party's needs -- while at the same time receiving profit for completing this task), and commerce -- domestic and foreign -- had more than doubled, extremely enhancing the value of the products and economy of the United States (ie,. supply and demand system). Newly established businesses -- mainly mines, mills, and factories -- were opening up everywhere around the city center, as electric subways and cable cars transported the employees longer distances, faster, to these businesses.

"The technological boom in the 19th century not only revolutionized the age-old occupations such as farming but also contributed to the growing industrial strength of the United States." (The Americans, 446)

"New mills, factories, mines, and transportation systems needed millions of workers who lived close to the workplaces, most of which were located in the northeastern part of the United States." (The Americans, 446)

Along with the development of the economy came the development of transportation. Before 1873, urban areas were based on pedestrian transport - this would include travel on foot and by bicycle. In 1873, however, an invention called the cable car was developed in San Francisco. These "trollies" -- as they came to be called - were driven by moving underground cables. They provided the population with means for simple transportation that was fast, efficient, and allowed passengers to travel beyond their original 2 mile walking limit.

With the exception of a specific few, many urban neighborhoods were and still are divided up by ethnicity. In establishing this concept, newly arriving immigrants encountered people that spoke the same language they did, shared the same religious beliefs, celebrated similar culture-specific holidays and events, and had already learned about and become adapted to the world around them. Those who had come previously would teach the newcomers, eager to explain the language and way of their "new" homeland.

"The cities became vibrant, colorful collages of various ethnic groups -- "...an extraordinary, crazy quilt," as Jacob Riis called the New York of 1890." (The Americans, 447)

"Immigrants often clustered in ethnic neighborhoods with others from the same country.... Living among people who shared their background enabled the newcomers to speak their own language and practice their customs and religion while learning about their new home with the aid of those who had come before." (The Americans, 447)

When immigrants arrived in the United States, unless they were wealthy, had only taken what they could carry. This consisted mainly of whatever money they had, the clothes on their back, an extra set of clothes (if they were lucky), and a minuscule amount of food. This is the reason that most of the immigrants became city dwellers. Cities were much cheaper than any other residential servicing area and they were home to as many job opportunities as one would think of. In addition, most of these immigrants didn't journey far from the ports at which they had landed.

"Most of the immigrants who streamed in the United States in the late 19th century became city dwellers because cities were the cheapest and most convenient places to live. Most Irish immigrants, for example, initially settled in Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia not far from the ports where they landed." (The Americans, 446)

In addition to the transformation and advancement of the economy and transportation systems, the issue of urban residence also arose. Being that the goal of a successful city was to keep its residences as close to the city center as possible, new buildings were designed to sit on top of the originals, this was known as "vertical citywide reform." From this, city areas became known as "urban jungles" and "concrete catacombs." The houses that immigrants first lived in were originally known as "row houses." The row houses were attached single-family houses that shared sidewalls with other similar houses (This style of housing, though used by the most poor of immigrants, sells for hundreds of thousands of dollars this day in age, and is now known as a town house). This building configuration packed many single-family residences on a single block. Once the population of the cities had grown considerably, it was realized that a new style of residence was needed to accompany the need for shelter. Soon after this problem began, an apartment complex called "dumbbell tenements" had been designed. The building was long and narrow, about five or six-stories high, and was shaped like a barbell. The cylinder design provided all apartments with a window that had outside access. Unfortunately, careless dumping of waste and garbage into this airshaft led to putrid, rotten, disease-ridden odors and bacteria. This caused more problems for the city than with the previous complex that contained a select few apartments with no windows. For those that could not afford to live in a shelter at all, an establishment called a settlement house, created by a few reformers in the late 1800s, was available to partially suit their needs. This community center supplied food and clothing, shelter, and a place to make a friend (This was the original design and purpose of the "homeless shelter" or "soup kitchen" that is still in effect today).

"...row houses.... dumbbell tenements, long narrow, five- or six-story buildings that were shaped like barbells." (The Americans, 448)

"In the late 1800s, a few reformers established settlement houses, community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance and friendship to local men, women, and children -- especially immigrants." (The Americans, 451)

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