Vitamin c abstract

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Obi Okafor

Biology 40

The history of Vitamin C can be traced back to 1500bc when there was an outbreak of scurvy in Egypt. It came up again in the 1400's in Europe when there were repeated cases of shipmen dying off during expeditions from scurvy (1). Modern research of scurvy started again in 107 when two Norwegian scientists in their quest to determine the cause of Beri beri in guinea pigs discovered scurvy instead (1). The theory of an antiscorbutic vitamin was postulated in 111, but it was not untill 18 that Dr Szent Gyorgyi isolated a substance from oranges, cabbage and the adrenals of Oxen. He called this substance Hexuronic acid, and determined its chemical formula to be C6H8O6. He gave some of his substance to W.M Haworth an English sugar chemist who determined the structural formula and they both named it ascorbic acid, from a-scorbutic which means anti-scurvy (). Gyorgyi received a noble prize for his discovery in 17, but there has been a lot of debate on who really discovered the vitamin (1).

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Vitamin C also called ascorbic acid is one of the most essential vitamins for human survival. It is a water-soluble vitamin and is present in every cell of the body especially cells of the nervous system, blood, teeth, bones and glands such as the thymus, adrenals and thyroid (5). Deficiency of vitamin C is scurvy. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding of gums, looseness of teeth, and weakness of joints. Without treatment scurvy can lead to death. An intake of 10mg/day of vitamin c is required for protection from scurvy, but for optimal health a much larger intake is needed (1). The average RDA value for children is 0-45mg/day, men and women 75-0mg/day and pregnant and lactating women 80-10mg/day. It is also advised that people who their metabolic turnover of vitamin C is more rapid than normal like smokers should add an additional 45mg/day to their average intake (8). Vitamin C is non-toxic, and has no harmful side effects. There have been cases of people taking 10 to 0g of vitamin C with no side effects. The only effect that was reported was diarrhea in the first couple of days (1).

Man, some species of monkeys and guinea pigs are the only mammals that cannot produce vitamin C endogenously. All other animals produce their vitamin C in their liver and hence never suffer from scurvy. Because we don't produce our own vitamin C it means that all vitamin C used by humans is received through foods and supplementation (1,,6). Foods rich in vitamin C are fruits and vegetables like oranges, lemons, grapes, tomatoes, green and red bell peppers, cabbage etc (1,,4). There is also a little vitamin c found in meat, but there is hardly any vitamin c left after meat is cooked.

Vitamin C is absorbed by active transport in the gut and is reabsorbed in the kidneys. Because the absorption mechanisms in the gut and kidneys can reach a saturation point, it is better to take multiple doses of vitamin c throughout the day rather than all at once (6). Some of the primary functions of vitamin C are in collagen metabolism, because the collagen protein requires vitamin C for hydroxylation. Vitamin C also helps optimize our immune system by stimulating the activity of antibodies and immune system cells like phagocytes and neutrophils. It is also an antioxidant along with vitamin E and helps stop free radical chain reactions that can lead to tumors and cancer (5). Research in vitamin C is very has gone far and wide in checking the influence of vitamin C on almost every biochemical process there is in the body and the role ascorbic acid in the prevention and cure of a variety of diseases ().

A study that was performed in Valencia Spain was conducted to check if vitamin C was associated with a reduced of cataract in the Mediterranean population. 4 cases with cataract and 4 age /sex frequency matched controls aged 55 to 74 yrs were selected from an ophthalmic outreach clinic. Participants were interviewed about their diet and education, also blood samples were analyzed to get the level of antioxidants. Blood levels of vitamin C above 4micromols/L were associated with 64% reduced odds for cataract (p0.0001). The data strengthened the evidence for a protective role for vitamin C on the aging of the lens (7).

Another study was performed to check the influence of environmental tobacco smoke on the vitamin C status in children. The study involved 51 children aged -1yrs, 50% of them were exposed to ETS because their parents smoked. When the results were gathered it was found that plasma ascorbate concentrations were lower, by . micro mol/L on the average, in the ETS-exposed children than in the unexposed children who consumed equivalent amounts of vitamin C. This was highly significant difference (p=0.00). The results suggests that children that are exposed to any amount of tobacco smoke should be encouraged to eat more foods with vitamin C or should be given equivalent doses as supplements (8).

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