BUILDING CHARACTER

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It is difficult to select one specific event in my life that has ultimately

shaped my character. Athough I long for ease and simplicity, my life to

date has been far too complex to single out a specific circumstance that

defines me as a whole. The man I am today is due largely in part to a

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culmination of events otherwise known as my life. The child I was is a

distant remembrance of a more innocent time, when life was simple and

trouble free. The man I am today results from 18 years of experiance,

some of which I am proud, others I wish I could deny. And finally, the

man I aim to be is predicated upon happenings that have yet to occur.

Though I cannot identify a precise event in my life that was particularly

earth shattereing, I can say that the events surronding the demise of my

family had a profound affect on my life and my outlook upon life in

general.

My early years were pleasant and seemingly normal. I was raised in

Brooklyn with my brother and sister. I took for granted the joys of a

traditional family. My dad worked, my mom cooked dinner every night.

The ignorance of my youth would not allow me to see that these simple

pleasures we shared as a family were in fact a privilidge, an indulgence I

would soon come to learn would be eventualy denied.

Like most boys in their early teens, I was active in sports. My father was

took an active interest in my brother and I, practicing with us ,coaching

us and helping us to develop the neccessary skills needed to succeed.

Blinded by the ideals of youth, I thought my life and family were perfect.

I was soon to be proven wrong. A rude awakening that shattered my world

upon realizing that life is not perfect, families fall apart and people you

love can hurt you on levels you never dreamed possible.

Years went by and the tension between my parents grew increasing more

intolerable. The level of stress in our home was greater then I could have

ever imagined and my once perfect family was now disintegrating before

my eyes. As a child I felt helpless, as the situation was beyond my control.

My relationship with my father slowly began to deteriorate, as did his

relationship with the remaining members of our family.

In a last ditch effort to heal our wounded family, it was decided that we

make a move. Just prior to entering High School, my parents purchased a

home on Staten Island. Deep in my heart, I was desperately hoping that

this would prove to be a fresh start, a new beginning. However, tragicly,

this would be the last time my perfect family would ever be together as

one.

In retrospect, this experiance has changed my life, as I view nothing as

permanant or everlasting. I live each day as if it were my last and veiw the obstacles

in my life as a challenge rather than a set back. I try to seize each moment and live

for the day because life has taught me that today is here for the taking, promises are

fragile with a history of breaking and tomorrow is far to uncertain for the

planning.

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Latchkey for success

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February 4, 00

Dear Community Leader,

Please allow "LatchKEY To Success" to share our vision with you. The future of today's youth is in our hands. With all of the pressures in the world today, we feel the children of this community need a safe, structured, and nurturing environment where they can learn and grow while seeing Biblical principals in action. The "LatchKEY To Success" program is a non-profit organization. All activities will be offered at no charge to the users of our facility. Our goal is to help mold today's youth into tomorrow's leaders.

Low-income families and single parents/guardians create a large percentage of poverty level households. Children in this situation may go home to an empty house after school every day. An empty home with no adults around is a potential "breeding ground" for mischief, or worse. We at "LatchKEY To Success" do not feel that accountability is innate. We feel it is taught, and a necessary component of a successful person. The children that attend the "LatchKEY To Success" program will learn accountability.

We cannot stop the negative influences from entering our youth's atmosphere. However, we can provide viable positive alternatives. "LatchKEY To Success" will offer programs that will enhance each child's mind. We believe study time, playtime, and fellowship opportunities in a positive environment might make the difference in a child's future.

Our goal cannot be achieved alone. We need your financial support. There are those in society that want to help others, but do not know how. If you are one of these individuals who would like to make a difference, please read further to gain a more detailed understanding of the "LatchKEY To Success" program.

Sincerely,

The "LatchKEY To Success" Executive Team

Contents

Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

INTRODUCTION 5

Purpose, Scope, and Limitations 5

Sources and Methods 5

WHAT IS "LATCHKEY TO SUCCESS?" 6

Mission Statement 7

Goal Statement 7

High-Level Operational Objectives 7

Performance Appraisal System 7

EXECUTIVE TEAM OVERVIEW 8

Location and Building Information

Demographic Information

"LATCHKEY TO SUCCESS" PROGRAMS 10

Mental 10

Physical 11

Emotional 11

Spiritual Emphasis 1

FUNDING EFFORTS 1

Keystone Contributors 1

Government Assistance 14

MARKETING OVERVIEW 15

Feedback Opportunity 15

SAFETY & LEGAL AFFAIRS 16

CONCLUSION 17

WORKS CITED 18

APPENDICES 1

Executive Summary

This report analyzes LatchKEY to Success' after school program. Our goal is to receive funding in order to provide a safe and wholesome atmosphere for the children of our community.

Why is LatchKEY to Success needed in our community?

Research has shown that in our community, approximately 0% of our families have children left after school with little or no supervision. Of that 0%, nearly 70% are single parent families that struggle daily to make ends meet. LatchKEY to Success will play an important role in our community because we offer a rewarding atmosphere for the children of these families free of charge. Even more devastating, 1% of American children under eighteen years of age live below poverty level, 15% live in households receiving cash assistance or food stamps and 1% of children live with a parent or guardian who has not graduated from high school.

What will LatchKEY to Success do to improve this standard in our community?

In all facets of programming, every young person is treated as one of God's children. We strongly believe the most important job a person can have is to teach or influence another in a positive direction. The goal of "LatchKEY to Success" is to share the love and grace of Jesus Christ with each young person by ministering to their mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual being. Students in our program will receive assistance with homework, build academic skills, and work with caring adults whose special help and encouragement builds self-esteem. Physical activity helps to build strong bones to last a lifetime and provides a positive outlet for play and stress relief. The mental and spiritual side of our program will provide positive encouragement and the opportunity to have someone to talk to when tough decisions need to be made.

What end result can be expected from LatchKEY to Success?

We are hoping to look back on this experience and as an end result, see our community enhanced by an increase in students graduating from high school, a reduction in crime rate, and improved self esteem in our youth.

Building an Effective Non-Profit Youth Program

Introduction

Today, more than 8 million school-age children have parents who work outside the home. An estimated five to seven million, and up to as many 15 million "latch-key children" return to an empty home after school. When the school bell rings, the anxiety for parents often just begins. They worry about their children being safe, and whether they are susceptible to drugs and crime.

Purpose, Scope, and Limitations

The purpose of the "LatchKEY To Success" program is to provide an affordable place for "latch key" kids to go after school that would enhance their lives. We hope to implement this program community wide. The limitations of the program are the size of the facility and the dollars we have to spend at this time.

Sources and Methods

In preparing this report, our team analyzed data relating to existing youth programs. We spoke with current employees of these programs to find the "best practices" at each facility and incorporated those practices into our plans. Additionally, we met with psychologists to gain a better understanding of the "latch key" child's mindset.

What is "LatchKEY To Success?"

"LatchKEY To Success" is a program built around the concept of providing opportunities. Our vision is to create opportunities for our community's youth, and opportunities for businessmen and businesswomen to support a wholesome project.

We have a gap in youth services in our community. It is a gap our team believes we can fill. Each day, a substantial number of our area's kids leave school and come home to an empty house, often without a parent or guardian around for hours. Simply put, they are "latch key" kids. What our program will succeed in doing will be to provide Monday Friday after school care for our community's youth, for grades K 1, free of charge. We are launching a non-profit, multi-disciplined program designed to be a place for kids to go and spend the after school hours playing and learning, instead of heading home or out to the streets, unsupervised.

One might ask what "multi-disciplined" means. It means that the "LatchKEY To Success" program will not merely be a big room with toys where kids come and play. Our agenda will contain several choices of activities each day that the youths may participate in. From sports to reading, from art to music, the "LatchKEY To Success" program will allow the kids to decide what they would like to do each day while providing a safe, wholesome place to do it.

Mission Statement

The "LatchKEY To Success" Program is an after school organization, which aims to provide safe, wholesome personal growth opportunities to the youth of our community free of charge.

Goal Statement

To enhance the physical, mental, and emotional well being of our community's youth.

High-Level Operational Objectives

Ø To have a membership level of 100 youth in the first year of operation.

Ø To receive $50,000 in the first three years through private and corporate donations.

Ø To have at least four activities available per day to meet the holistic needs of each youth member.

Ø To receive at least 5% parental/guardian rating of very good or excellent of all parents/guardians surveyed.

Performance Appraisal System

We will mail out quarterly quality surveys to our membership to gain feedback on the quality of our program. Every quarter, a unique 5% of our membership will be mailed a one-page survey soliciting their feedback regarding the "LatchKEY To Success" program.

Executive Team Overview

Our executive team is helping to shape the future of "LatchKEY To Success." Todd Sheldon, our Executive Director, is the top executive accountable to the community and contributors for the legal, moral, and ethical decisions made in the name of ""LatchKEY To Success"." Basically, the "buck stops" with Todd. His priorities include the high level oversight of all our programs, as well as building quality relationships with our parents and contributors.

Maria Biggerstaff holds our Director of Funding position. Her position's main tenet is to drive the effort to procure monetary and non-monetary donations for the "LatchKEY To Success" program. Additionally, Maria is responsible for insuring that moneys and items collected are used responsibly.

Sherrie Stevens holds the position of Program Director. Her team develops and implements wholesome, life affirming programs that allow for a child's individual growth, while focusing on the community's needs.

Our program's Director of Marketing is Cortney Sweeney. Cortney's team creates and implements innovative and impactful methods of informing others inside and outside our community about the goals and accomplishments of the "LatchKEY To Success" program.

As Director of Safety and Legal Affairs, Darin Hobbs rounds out our executive team. Darin's team strives to set the industry benchmark for the highest safety standards. Also, Darin spearheads the team responsible for representing the "LatchKEY To Success" program in all litigation.

Everyone working at "LatchKEY To Success" is part of one team. However, each discipline within the program, whether it be working with young children on math questions or teaching a seventh grader how to play the guitar, will have individual training requirements. Some are "in-house" training requirements, such as the proper method to "lock up" at night, while others are governmentally mandated, like CPR certification for all employees.

Location and Building Information

"LatchKEY To Success" has secured the use of two buildings, rent free, on the grounds of Community Christian Church. The first building is a 000 sq. ft. facility with several rooms, a kitchen, and bathrooms. This building connects to a gymnasium with a large basketball/volleyball court. It is already handicap accessible. The building is fully insulated with central heating and cooling. The building also has a fenced in area that surrounds the north and east sides of the building. Inspection and licensing has been done for the facility of "LatchKEY To Success".

Demographic Information

We conducted demographic research in our area to find out if there is even a need for a service such as "LatchKEY To Success". The conclusion of our research shows that there are no non-profit organizations within a 10-mile radius of our center's location at Community Christian Church. There are daycare centers that provide after school care to young children, but also charge on average $15 per week. Our program neither restricts youth because of the children's age nor charges families for our services. Research also revealed that 0% of the families within that same 10-mile radius have children with inadequate or no supervision at all once the school bell rings. Of that 0%, nearly 70% are single parents. Because we offer after school care to youth free of charge, the "LatchKEY To Success" program will be a great benefit to the majority of the population.

It is important for us to understand the backgrounds of our students and how we can meet their needs. Following is a list of facts regarding our target group of youths

1) Poverty 1 percent of American children under age 18 lived in families with incomes below the poverty level.

) Welfare Dependence 15 percent of the nation's children were in households receiving cash assistance or food stamps.

) Both parents absent In the late 0's 4 percent of children lived with neither parent, up from percent in 170. The number of children living with grandparents, with neither parent present, jumped from less than 1 million in 10 to 1.4 million in 000.

4) One-parent families In March 001, 8 percent of children live in one-parent families.

5) Unwed mothers In April 001, percent of children live with a never married mother.

6) Parent who has not graduated from high school 1 percent of children live with a parent or guardian who has not graduated from high school.

This is a bar graph that demonstrates how these risks can play a major factor in a 16 to 17 year old youth.

Times can be hard for many families and we are excited to begin a program that will provide a safe environment for the kids after school, free of charge.

"LatchKEY To Success" Programs

The focus of the staff at "LatchKEY To Success" is our programming. In all aspects of programming, every young person is treated as a child of God. We believe the most important job a person can have is to teach or influence another in a positive direction. Our holistic approach seeks to address the whole person mind, body, and spirit. The goal of "LatchKEY To Success" is to share the love and grace of Jesus Christ with each young person by ministering to their mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual being.

Mental

Tutoring will be offered as an enrichment program designed to provide a safe, positive, and stimulating environment to explore learning and experience academic success. Tutoring centers provide an environment where students are able to

· Get assistance with homework

· Build academic skills

· Work with caring adults whose special help and encouragement builds self-esteem and motivates them to succeed.

For those who do not need tutoring, a quiet environment is provided with work stations and reference material so homework can be completed. This setting will take the frustration aspect out of doing homework and in-turn, make homework a natural, stress-free part of each young person's daily routine.

Physical

Our physical activity program is two-fold. According to Department of Health and Human Services, regular physical activity improves strength, builds lean muscle, and decreases body fat. Physical activity helps to build strong bones to last a lifetime. Secondly, it provides a positive outlet for play and stress relief. Our facility houses an indoor basketball court, volleyball court, and walking track. In addition, exercise programs will be offered on a daily basis rotating yoga, kickboxing, Pilates, and aerobics. Competitive as well as noncompetitive activities will be scheduled. Physical activity promotes an environment of teamwork, peer support/encouragement, and good health.

Emotional

Persons with good emotional health feel good about themselves and have good relationships. It is the goal of "LatchKEY To Success" to provide the tools needed so each young person can learn how to control their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Young people with good emotional health have learned ways to cope with stress and problems (Mental Health Keeping Your Emotional Health).

Providing emotional support will be done formally and informally. Formal aspects of emotional growth opportunities include classes on dealing with emotions. Examples include (1) Learning how to express feelings in appropriate ways. The class would teach how keeping feelings of sadness or anger inside takes extra energy and can cause problems in relationships and at school; () Think before you act. Before you get carried away by your emotions and say or do something you might regret, consider the possible positive and negative consequences; and () Strive for balance in your life. Learn not to obsess about problems at school or at home. Focus on positive things in your life and make time for things you enjoy.

Informal aspects include one-on-one mentoring. Having a mentor is an opportunity for a young person to learn faith through watching and walking alongside a person of faith. They watch how a Christian works through issues, makes decisions, and lives a life of spirituality and discipleship. They see faith being integrated into life. They are challenged to do likewise in their own life. Having a mentor also helps a young person develop healthy self-esteem and confidence. It gives a forum where the young person can talk about their problems and concerns, where they can be challenged, nurtured and supported as they make decisions about their lives now and in the future.

Spiritual Emphasis

Although all programs are Christ-centered, through this aspect of the programming, special attention will be given to the spiritual well being of each young person. Our goal will be to teach spirituality, not denominational religion. The main purpose will be to show that there is only one way to have everlasting life. The way to the Father is through Jesus. God loved us so much that He sent Jesus to earth to pay the price for our sins and make a way for us to live forever with Him. We will show that receiving the gift of salvation is simple. It basically involves 5 steps

· You Must Believe in Jesus Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and you will be saved, you and your household." Acts 161

· You Must Confess Your Sins. You must acknowledge that you are a sinner and you want Jesus to wash your sins away. "If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness." 1 John 1

· You Must Repent "The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand. Repent and believe in the gospel." Mark 115

· You Must Confess Jesus Before Men "If you confess with your mouth the Lord Jesus and believe in your heart that God has raised Him from the dead, you will be saved. For with the heart one believes unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation." Romans 10-10

· You Must Accept the Gift of Salvation "For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God. Ephesians 8

These truths will be taught via Bible study, skits, music, prayer, and testimonies.

Kindergarten through 6th grade will have a structured schedule

15 Healthy snack

0 400 Homework/tutoring

400 40 Physical Activity (basketball, jump rope, exercise classes)

40 500 Emotional Health (stress management, mentoring)

500 50 Spiritual Awareness (skit, praise music, Bible study)

50 600 Free time

Recognizing that 7th 1th grade young adults desire control and prefer a less structured setting, they will have the opportunity to pick and choose which programs are of interest to them. All programming will be available (mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual). It is our hope that the strength of our programs will attract their attention and participation.

Funding Efforts

Keystone Contributors

The following donations from local merchants have been acquired.

· Dell Refurbished PCs

· Wal-Mart Beverages

· Target 15 Boxed Games

· The Playhouse A 6-seat swing set

· Cherished Dreams A Small Monkey-Bar set

· Kinko's All Copies and Faxes

· Tom Thumb $600.00 Gift Certificate

· Kroger $800.00 Gift Certificate

· Albertson's $50.00 Gift Certificate

· Office Depot $00.00 Gift Certificate

· Office Max $00.00 Gift Certificate

· Toy R Us $00.00 Gift Certificate

· Academy Sports Equipment $50.00 Gift Certificate

Government Assistance

We have also submitted applications to the government for the following grants

· Department of Education

o Funds may be used for youth development activities, drug and violence prevention programs, counseling programs, art, music, and recreation programs.

· Department of Health and Human Services

o Funds may be used for mentoring, counseling, and other activities that promote positive behavior.

· Department of Agriculture

o Funds may be used for training, after-school and summer programs, mentoring, computer hardware, technology training, and Internet connections to provide access to low-income youths.

· Department of Justice

o Funds may be used for providing individual and peer counseling to prevent and to reduce the participation of youth in the activities of gangs.

· Department of Labor

o Funds may be used for youth development opportunities in activities related to leadership, development, decision-making and community service.

To continue the process of procuring financial funds, "LatchKEY To Success" must have investors. "LatchKEY To Success" has estimated the original startup expenses and one year's budget. (Please see Appendix A)

This program will be a great asset to the community and a wonderful opportunity for a tax-deductible investment.

Marketing Overview

Our next step is to make the community familiar with the program we have to offer. Our main targets will be middle schools and high schools, local church youth groups, shopping malls and centers, and local businesses. At each of these locations flyers will be distributed, advertising "LatchKEY To Success". Inexpensive ads in newspapers and community newsletters will be placed that will provide an overall picture of the opportunity we are offering our community's youth. Web banners will also be placed on certain websites such as school districts, churches, and the city's website. We also hope that once our organization is established, word of mouth by our participants will provide positive encouragement for others to attend our program. The content of the media we will be distributing will include information about the following

· Free licensed counseling

· Tutoring and homework help

· Games designed to enhance teamwork skills

· Transportation provided to and from our facility

· Exercise programs

· Mentoring programs

In addition to the advertisement "LatchKEY To Success" receives from our marketing program, our sponsor's logo will appear on each flyer and brochure we produce, giving our sponsors free advertisement in return for their generous donation.

Feedback Opportunity

Once we reach our target goal of 100 members within the first operational year, it will be imperative that we maintain that membership level by providing good customer service and provide our member's families comfort in knowing that their feedback makes a difference in our organization. Each member's family will be given the opportunity to participate at least once a year in a survey designed to allow the family to rate the quality of our program. (Please see Appendix C) The surveys will be mailed out quarterly to a unique 5% of our membership population. In addition to a short question/answer survey, space will be provided for feedback on anything that might not be covered in the questions listed. Here are a few examples of questions that we be placed on the survey

· How would you rate the quality of our tutoring program?

· How satisfied are you with the center's staff members?

· How would you rate the overall effect our program has had on your child mentally, physically and spiritually?

· How satisfied are you with the spiritual guidance your child receives when attending our program?

Each of these questions will be rated on a scale ranging from Poor/Dissatisfied to Excellent. The goal of "LatchKEY To Success" is to receive a "very good" or "excellent" rating from at least 5% of those surveyed. The benefit our sponsors will receive from the constructive feedback we receive from members is continued positive advertisement for your company. We feel that we are not only representing ourselves, but also representing our sponsors in the way that we portray ourselves.

Safety & Legal Affairs

A successful program will meet licensing requirements, address liability issues, carry adequate liability insurance, maintain appropriate records, regularly review health and safety practices, and comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act requirements. We have filed for and received our licensing through the Child Care Licensing Division of the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services (PRS). Only the Parent's Acknowledgement for the Parent's Guide to Day Care and the Parent's Guide to Registered Family Homes Form are required by PRS for providers to use with parents.

Like other small business owners, childcare providers need life, health, and disability insurance to protect us from losing our program. Because we work with children we are faced with unique legal risks. The greatest risk is the injury or death of a child or a client. If an insurance company or jury holds us responsible, we could lose great amounts of money. It is imperative that we are prepared for the worst when it comes to a possible injury to a child. There are three types of possible financial loss 1) If a child is injured we may have to pay the victim's hospital and doctor bills, ) If there is a lawsuit, damages may be awarded to the victim or the victim's family, and ) A provider could have to pay court costs and attorney fees. Commercial liability policy premiums range from $50 to $500 or more per year for $00,000 liability limit (the recommended minimum). Total premiums for both a liability and an accident insurance policy may be $650 or more per year. We have also have been able to negotiate with the churches' insurance provider to help protect with any accident that occurs with the use of the facility.

Conclusion

LatchKEY to Success has the potential for unlocking the door to opportunity for the youth of our community. We believe this endeavor is an opportunity for local businesses and volunteers of our community to support our youth. As the old adage goes, it takes a village to raise a child. We will provide a safe, healthy environment for our children. "LatchKEY to Success" is an after school program that students can attend and have opportunities to work on their homework, play games and sports, participate in arts and crafts, and have a nutritious snack. Our main messages are as follows

1. Funding- The program is free for participants and we are a non-profit organization. All of our financial support will come from donations and grants.

. Programs- The staff will provide positive, wholesome programs to children in grades K - 1.

. Marketing- The team will focus our advertising in conjunction with the local schools, churches and businesses. We will provide a survey once a quarter to 5 percent of our clients for input on how the program is meeting their needs.

4. Safety and Legal Affairs- The business has filed all proper documents to the state for licensing and we have acquired proper insurance for our facility.

"LatchKEY to Success" needs your help. Any donation or grant that you can provide for our program will be greatly appreciated, and it can be used as a tax write-off. We have an opportunity to make a difference in our community. Thank you for taking the time to review our proposal. We look forward to having a quality, productive partnership with you for many years to come.

Please see Appendix B for our executive team's contact information.

Works Cited

"How to Get Money." 1st Century Community Learning Centers. http//www.afterschool.gov/cgi-bin/htgmview.pl?pid=1

"How to Get Money." Abstinence Education. http//www.afterschool.gov/cgi-bin/htgmview.pl?pid=

"How to Get Money." Children, Youth and Families At Risk Inititive (CYFAR) State Strengthing projects (STST). http//www.afterschool.gov/cgi-bin/htgmview.pl?pid=1

"How to Get Money." Gang-Free Schools and Communities Community-Based Gang Intervention. http//www.afterschool.gov/cgi-bin/htgmview.pl?pid=54

"How to Get Money." Youth Opportunity Grants. http//www.afterschool.gov/cgi-bin/htgmview.pl?pid=10

Mental Health Keeping Your Emotional Health. July 00. American Academy of Family

Physicians. 5 Jan. 00 http//familydoctor.org/handouts/58.html.

United States. Dept. of Commerce. Americas Children at Risk. Washington GPO, 17

United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health. Washington

16

Appendix A

Budget for the period September 00 to August 004

Expenses Income

Item Amount Item Amount

Salaries $ 00,000 Government grants $

Equipment $ 7,000 Foundations $

Supplies $ 500 Corporations $

Training $ 10,000 Religious Institutions $

Phone $ 40 Personal contributions $

Electric $ 1800 Fundraising $

Gas $ 600 Miscellaneous $

Internet $ 600 Miscellaneous $

Postage $ 50 Miscellaneous $

Marketing $ 10,000 Miscellaneous $

Insurance $ 15,000 Miscellaneous $

Total Expenses $ 46,170 Total Income $

Balance

Appendix B

CONTACTS FOR "LatchKEY to Success"

www.latchkeytosuccess.org

1-800-LATCHKEY

Todd Sheldon-Executive Director

tsheldon@latchkey.com

14-555-14

Sherrie Stevens-Program Director

sstevens@latchkey.com

14-555-15

Maria Biggerstaff-Funding Director

mbiggerstaff@latchkey.com

14-555-16

Cortney Sweeney-Marketing Director

csweeney@latchkey.com

14-555-17

Darin Hobbs-Safety and Legal Affairs Director

dhobbs@latchkey.com

14-555-18

Appendix C

We are excited to introduce LatchKEY to Success to the community. We are a non-profit organization providing after-school care to our community's youth free of charge! Here are a few of the benefits your child will receive by attending our program

v Homework help

v Mentoring programs

v Teambuilding activities

v Christian atmosphere

v On-site licensed counselors

v Arts and Crafts

v Exercise programs

Proudly sponsored by

Appendix D

Please note that this sample paper on Latchkey for success is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Latchkey for success, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Latchkey for success will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

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Scientists throughout history have studied the effects of space weather. Over time, technology has advanced greatly, allowing scientists to gain a better knowledge of the workings of the solar system and thus a better knowledge of Earth. Telescopes and spacecraft have led scientists into the mysterious unknown space. Due to advances made by NASA and other space researchers, the pieces of the solar system puzzle are finally coming together. There are still several mysteries yet to be uncovered and perhaps there always will be. Yet gradually more of the processes underlying the solar system are being uncovered, and each piece of new information leads to a better understanding of the inner workings of the universe. Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, has been especially interesting to study because of the similar characteristics shared with Earth. Mars has been visited and studied many several times since the first spacecraft visit by The Mariner 4 in 165 (Arnett). Scientists believe that information recorded from Mars is necessary in order to study Earth's processes, especially the weather system.

The study of space weather and weather on other planets provides scientists with information that provides a greater knowledge of how our planet works. Jonathan Lunine, a professor at University of Arizona, believes that studying the climatic states of other planets provides an insight of planetary atmospheres and the processes of their evolution. The conditions on other planets tend to occur for extremely long periods of time, which allows scientists to compare and contrast their conditions with those on Earth (Britt). The primary factor responsible for the effects of weather is the Sun. In addition to releasing coronal mass ejections, the Sun produces solar wind and solar flares. Coronal mass ejections are released by the Sun when the strong magnetic fields in the outer solar atmosphere are closed. This causes the release of bubbles of gas and magnetic fields that explode into space. Solar flares, which are strong but temporary releases of energy, are considered the solar system's biggest explosion. The explosion is equivalent to around 40 billion Hiroshima-size atomic bombs ("Primer on Space Weather"). Earth is protected from the dangers of space weather because of its atmosphere and magnetic field. Mars does not have a global magnetic field to protect the plane from effects of the Sun such as solar flares. Mars also does not have an ozone layer. These factors cause the planet's weather system to be erratic. Mars was not always without a magnetic field but for reasons unknown it stopped working 4 billion years ago (Mars Fact Sheet). Space storms do affect Earth, just in less severe ways than other planets. These storms can affect radio and electricity interference, leading to blackouts. They also cause problems for spacecraft observers and satellites that can cost around $00 million dollars to fix. Other possible hazards including disturbances of navigation systems for airplanes and ships, radiation hazards to humans, and climatic changes (Planetary Sciences at National Space Science Data Center). Despite the fact that Mars is half the size of Earth, it is the planet most similar to Earth, mainly in rotation rate and axial tilt of its orbit ("Mars Stats"). These two factors influence the weather and climate on both planets, so the more scientists learn about Mars the more they can learn about Earth.

Mars, also known as the "Red Planet", is very cold and dry. Though it is desert-like today, that was not always the case. There is currently no liquid water on the surface of Mars because of the low-pressure atmosphere and range of surface temperatures. Scientists believe volcanoes, plate tectonics, and the agents of water, wind, and ice have shaped Mars' surface just as they have on Earth (Holmes). Similar rotation rate and axial tilt should make the seasons of Earth and Mars alike but the thin Martian atmosphere accounts for the significant differences. There is currently no active plate tectonic system on Mars but surface features are evidence for the once active plates.

The Martian Atmosphere

College papers on Weather On Other Planets

The Martian atmosphere is very thin and made of carbon dioxide (5.%), nitrogen (.7%), argon (1.6%), and traces of oxygen and water. The atmospheric pressure is so low that it is less than 1% of Earth's. Mars does have a greenhouse effect but it only raises surface temperatures by 5K ("The Planets"). The results of the Martian atmosphere effect the weather, and cause temperatures to rise and fall very quickly. Scientists believe that the early Martian atmosphere was basically steam and as the surface cooled enough water was condensed, resulting in a lot of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and methane. The combination of those gases produced a thick atmosphere that would be similar to Earth's ("Weather, Climate, and Life on Mars Frequently Asked Questions…Answered"). The most likely explanation for the density change is the loss of the magnetic field. If the atmosphere remained thicker then liquid water and precipitation would be possible, thus allowing the planet to become more habitable. The atmospheric circulation system is less complex than Earth's because there are no bodies of water on Mars to influence wind patterns. Mars has its distinctive red color due to the oxidizing atmosphere that contains some material that produces iron in the surface ground, making it rusty.

Temperature on Mars

Mars is a cold planet with a range of temperatures. A warm temperature on Mars would be considered chilly by Earth standards. The average temperature on Mars is -67F, and ranges from -70F at the winter pole to 80F during the summer on the dayside of the planet (Arnett). The temperatures are coldest the closest to the ground surface because during the night the ground rapidly cools the ground. Martian temperatures vary with each day except during the winter season. These variations are mainly due to the low- pressure atmosphere and solar heating. An average warm temperature is about 40F. (Hubblesite Home Page). Mars has two hemispheric seasonal phases. They occur every Martian year, which is about the equivalent of Earth years (Mars Fact Sheet). The period of perihelion occurs when Mars is the closest to the sun and creates a 5F increase in temperatures (Hubblesite Home Page) In this southern hemispheric phase huge dust storms usually occur. The period of aphelion occurs when Mars is farthest from the sun. This takes place in the northern hemisphere. Water ice clouds commonly develop during this period because it is much cooler than perihelion.

Seasons

Seasons on any planet are created by the combination of factors axial tilt and the planet's distance from the Sun (Caplinger). Mars has greater seasonal changes than most of the other planets because of its very eccentric orbit around the Sun. It has 4 seasons and each one lasts twice as long as seasons on Earth (Mars Fact Sheet). The two hemispheres play a role in the average temperature and climate of the season. In the southern hemisphere, summer is short and considerably warm while winter is long and chilly. In the northern hemisphere, summer is long and cool while winter is short and mild. In the summer, clouds form along the tops of volcanoes. Temperatures rise but not dramatically. The high can reach to about 0C while the lows go down to -140C ("The Seasons on Mars"). Images from the NASA Hubble Space Telescope show that the best view of the planet occurs when it is springtime. During springtime the polar ice caps begin to melt and carbon dioxide is released resulting in a temporary thicker atmosphere. In autumn the polar ice caps start to expand again due to dropping temperatures (Smith). Martian seasons produce many of the surface features such as the growing and shrinking of the polar ice caps. During the polar darkness period temperatures drop so low that carbon dioxide turns from a gas to a solid. The massive amount of frozen carbon dioxide decreases Mars' atmospheric pressure by 5% (Holmes). The ground surface becomes darker during the autumn and winter seasons because carbon dioxide gas freezes to form a dense, dry ice snow. This snow collects at both of the poles.

The Hemispheres

The Southern Hemisphere is characterized by ancient cratered highlands. These highlands cover almost / of the surface (Mars Academy). Large storms and strong winds occur here because the heat from the Sun creates an atmospheric turbulence. The most distinctive features of the Northern Hemisphere are the low-lying plains. Some of these formed from lava flows. However, the majority of the plains have a texture that was possibly created due to ground ice processes. White thin clouds form in this hemisphere and are produced by the shrinking of polar ice caps.

Storms

The storms on Mars are not hurricanes or thunderstorms. Dust storms occur on Mars. Since there is only a small amount of water vapor in the air, dust is the driving force behind storm activity as it heats the atmosphere by absorbing sunlight. Like Earth hot air that rises at the planet's equator is replaced with cooler air. Trade winds result from the cooler air to circulate the dust. Dust storms cause a temperature change on the opposite side of the planet. This can cause the temperature to drop about 50F and affect the planet's heat balance, seasons, and occurrence of water vapor clouds ("Exploring the Planets"). They decrease the daytime temperature and increase the nighttime temperature. In the springtime these storms can cover the whole planet for up to several months (Tillman). Dust storms also can turn the color of clouds into yellow or red. The creation of a dust storm is quite simple. Winds above the surface have to reach a threshold of 100 mph in order to pick up the dust grains on the ground (Mars Fact Sheet). The high surface winds must be present in order for these storms to continue. The storm will cease when winds drop significantly and dust falls back to the ground. Another type of storm on Mars is called a dust devil. These are swirling circles of dust that are like mini tornadoes with a calm center similar to the eye of a hurricane ("Planet Storm"). Dust devils move across the land and pick up dust. They form during the day when the ground surface heats up and warms the air above the surface. The dust starts to spin in motion as the warm air rises. Dust devils strip the ground of its colored coating and expose the darker region underneath.

Winds

Winds are the main erosional force on Mars. Winds move around dust and sand, which leads to the seasonal changes in surface appearance. Images from The Pathfinder spacecraft observer showed that wind direction is the driving force behind surface feature roughness (Tillman). Martian winds are strongest during the early morning hours and become relatively weaker as they day progresses. Thus the weakest winds occur in the early evening. The equator rotation is faster than at other locations on the planet, leading to a tradewind-like pattern of easterlies in the winter hemisphere and a tradewind-like pattern of easterlies in the summer hemisphere. Strong westerlies are found in the polar night region and gentle easterlies are most common at the summer pole ("Mars Today"). Strong winds with speeds higher than 100 mph are also found in the tropic region of Mars. In the summer wind speeds are typically weak, ranging from 0- mph. During the fall and winter the wind speed increases to above 60 mph ("Weather, Climate, and Life on Mars Frequently Asked Questions…Answered). There is one factor to keep in mind while studying wind speeds on Mars. The force of the wind would be higher if on Earth, and are lower on Mars because of its low density.

The Sky and Clouds

Different types of clouds form on Mars. One type of cloud is called a lee wave, which form around mountains, ridges, and volcanoes. Wave clouds are found along the edges of the polar ice caps and look like rows of linear clouds. Cloud streets also form on Mars and appear as rows of bubble shaped clouds. Streaky clouds are also found on Mars. Fog is formed during the coolest part of the day and is located near valleys, craters, and canyons. Ground haze can also form by the dust in the atmosphere. Plumes are also found on Mars and usually are composed of dust particles with an elongated shape. Cirrus clouds have also been detected on Mars. In general the thicker clouds are found in the northern regions (Exploring Mars Home Page)

The sky during the day is the color of butterscotch. It turns pinkish at sunset and sunrise. The sky color is due to suspended dust particles in the atmosphere, which contain an iron oxide mineral called magnetite. The mineral absorbs sunlight through blue wavelengths which influences sky color. The Martian sky would be blue like Earth's if the atmosphere were fully rid of dust particles.

Water

It never rains on Mars because it is impossible for liquid water to form at the surface. The present atmospheric conditions account for this, yet there is evidence that it has not always been this way. Temperature variations also play a role in the lack of water. If liquid water did exist, it would immediately freeze or evaporate. Surface features and near surface ice indicates that for a period of time liquid water did occur at Mars' surface. There is a zone on Mars that resembles a layer of buried permafrost. Water ice has been detected at the north pole, and a form of snow has been found at the poles during winter. It is not like the powdery snow that occurs on Earth; this is a snow of solid carbon dioxide. The atmosphere is so thin that it can hold only little amounts of water. Along with the process of saturation, this causes the formation of thick layers of fog during cold nights (The Mars Academy).

Surface Features

Mars has a wide variety of surface features. "There are canyons over times as deep and 5 times as long as the Grand Canyon, enormous volcanoes over twice the size of Mt. Everest." ("Weather, Climate, and Life on Mars Frequently Asked Questions…Answered"). Other features include valleys, channels, sand dunes, and polar ice caps. The valleys are located almost entirely in the ancient upper highlands and are believed to be between .5 and 4.0 billion years old. The permanent polar ice caps are composed of water ice and solid carbon dioxide. They have a layered structure of ice and dark dust. Scientists believe that the southern polar ice caps are significantly growing (Onion). Each summer the polar regions lose about 1/ of its ice caps and the melting happens very quickly, causing extreme winds that blow from the poles towards the equator (The Whole Mars Catalog).

The Other Planets

Mercury

The planet Mercury is closest to the Sun, and has only been visited by spacecraft one time in 174. Due to the extremely high surface temperatures, the Mariner 10 could get close enough to map only 45% of the planet's surface. The temperature variations on Mercury are the most extreme in the solar system, ranging from 0-700K (Arnett). The lack of a substantial atmosphere accounts for the range of temperatures. The slow and eccentric orbit also contributes to the range. On the side of the planet closest to the Sun temperatures can reach up to 47C (800F). On the other side the temperature can go as low as 18C (-00F) ("The Planets"). There is no liquid on Mercury, though a radar observer of the North Pole of Mercury has indicated evidence of water ice in the shadows of some of the craters (Goddard Space Flight Center).

Venus

Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is considered to be the brightest object in the sky, except for the Sun and Moon (Arnett). This planet has extremely high temperatures and the heat is intense. Even though it is farther away from the Sun than Mercury, the surface on Venus is even hotter. The average surface temperature is 860F (Britt). The thick atmosphere, which is about 100 times thicker than Earth's, is made up of mostly carbon dioxide with many cloud layers of sulfuric acid. These cloud layers make it impossible to see the surface of Venus without a spacecraft visit. The runaway greenhouse effect, which occurs because of the high amount of carbon dioxide and gases that trap the heat from the Sun, contributes to the high temperatures. Venus has very strong winds (about 50 kph) at the cloud tops but at the surface the winds are very slow (Arnett). There was probably once a lot of water on the planet but has since boiled away, making the surface very dry. Much of the surface has been covered by lava flows, indicating that there once was a lot of activity on Venus. Today there are large shield volcanoes that may still be active.

Jupiter

The planet Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and is also the largest planet. There are three distinct layers of clouds, made of ammonia, ice, ammonium hydrosulfide, and a mixture of ice and water. The atmosphere consists of 0% hydrogen, 10% helium, and traces of methane, water, and ammonia (Arnett). It is very turbulent, which creates high velocity winds. These winds are confined in wide bands of latitude, with the direction of the wind alternating with adjacent bands. There are vivid colors seen in Jupiter's clouds are believed to be caused by a chemical reaction in the atmospheric gases (Arnett). Jupiter has the largest storms in the solar system, and the biggest one is called the Great Red Spot. It is a high-pressure region south of the planet's equator with the cloud tops colder than the surface regions. It is considered to be a major cyclone whose range would cover the surface of Earth's combined, and covers about 1/6 of the Jupiter's surface. On the outer rim however, wind speed is estimated to be about 70 mph ("Windows to the Universe"). The Great Red Spot stretches across more than 15,400 miles. The storm rotates direction every 6 days, shifting eastward ("Planet Storm"). There are smaller storms, called ovals, appear along the edges of the Great Red Spot, and last for months or years. The Great Red Spot is believed to be at least 00 years old (Arnett). There is nothing on Jupiter to slow these storms down, for there is no solid surface. They produce massive lightening bolts that are 100 times more powerful than ones on Earth. Torrential rain is also produced. There is a broad range of temperatures on Jupiter, ranging from 0,000C at the core to about 10C at the top of the cloud layers ("The Planets").

Saturn

Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, is the second largest planet yet it is also the least dense. It has a very distinctive color, which is hazy yellow due to its distance from the Sun and the gaseous atmosphere. There are also thousands of rings surrounding the planet, consisting of large particles though to be pieces of very small rock coated in frozen water and ice. The layer atmosphere of Saturn is mostly hydrogen, little helium, and traces of methane, ammonia, and propane. The top layer contains clouds made of ammonia vapors and is very cold with temperatures around 10C. The other layers contain water vapor and ammonia hydrosulfide clouds ("The Planets"). Saturn has very strong storms that are larger and more severe than Earth's. They look like huge white clouds and form a path of 1,850 miles across. There is no lightening produced from these storms. The winds are strong, and produce high speeds that can reach up to 1,100 mph. At different latitudes the wind speeds vary, with the highest speeds found at the planet's equator. The slowest winds are found near the poles ("The Planets"). The interior temperature of Saturn is very hot, and is about 1,000K at the core (Arnett).

Uranus

The seventh planet from the Sun is unique because its axis is practically parallel to the plane of its ecliptic orbit, which causes the south pole to be pointed almost directly at the Sun. It is made up of mostly rock and ices, and the atmosphere consists of hydrogen, helium, and methane. Uranus has a very faint band of clouds that blow around the planet rapidly. The planet has a blue color because of the absorption of red light by the methane gases. Uranus appears to be tilted on its side and its rings are vertical, which is different from the other ringed planets. The poles are at the sides instead of the top and bottom, meaning that the north and south poles are either exposed solely to sunlight or solely to darkness. There is a strong layer of haze found around the pole that faces the sun, giving the hemisphere a glow. There is little known about the clouds on Uranus, but they are believed to be made of methane crystals. The temperature is very cold and is on average 1C ("The Planets"). Due to its unusual tilt, the winters and summers last about 1 years each but there seems to be no extreme temperature change between the lit and dark sides of the planet. Uranus winds can reach very high speeds, ranging from 0-60 mph ("The Planets").

Neptune

Neptune, the eighth planet from the Sun, is an unusual planet. Because of the interaction with Pluto's eccentric orbit, Neptune is the most distant planet from the Sun for 0 out of 48 years ("The Planets"). It is made up of various ices and rocks, and its atmosphere contains mostly hydrogen with some helium and a little methane. Along with Uranus, this planet has a blue color as a result of the absorption of red light by methane. The winds on Neptune are located in bands of latitude and are the fastest in the solar system, reaching over 1500 mph (Arnett). The most prominent feature on Neptune is the Great Dark Spot in the southern hemisphere. Winds here blow westward at 700 mph, but recent observations show that it is gone, and a new dark spot has been observed in the Northern Hemisphere (Arnett). The seasons are very long due to the planet's rotation, orbit, and tilt and last around 40 years each ("The Planets").

Pluto

Pluto is the only planet not visited by spacecraft and even Hubble Space telescopes can only see the largest surface features. Pluto was discovered in 10 and due to its eccentric orbit, it is at times closer to the Sun than Neptune (Arnett). This is the coldest planet with surface temperatures around 6F. ("The Planets"). The temperatures vary depending on where it is in its orbit, and the coldest temperature goes down to about 80F. The composition of Pluto is a mixture of 70% rock and 0% water ice and there are bright and darkened sides (Arnett). It is very small, even smaller than Earth's Moon. For the majority of Pluto's year, the atmosphere consists of gases frozen with ice. The surface has a reddish tint due to the mixture of gases. There is evidence of polar caps. During the cold period when it is furthest from the Sun there is a possibility that the atmosphere collapses, causing a huge snowstorm that covers the entire planet. The next collapse is predicted to occur in 010 ("The Planets"). The changes in the temperature are believed to cause massive atmospheric pressure differences and produce very strong winds.

Weather systems are found on every planet in the solar system, and each planet is affected differently. In comparison to the other planets Earth has least severe conditions. They do cause some turbulence on the planet and in its atmosphere but not nearly to the same degree as the huge Martian dust storms or unbearable intense heat on Venus do. For the most part planetary weather effects (except on Earth) resemble a scenario straight out of a nightmare. Studying space and planetary weather creates a better understanding of the systematic workings of planet Earth. As technology advances the possibilities for studying other planets will be endless.

Works Cited

"A Primer on Space Weather". Space Environmental Center. 00. 1 March 00 (http//www.sec.noaa.gov/primer/primer.html)

"An Exobiological Strategy For Mars Exploration". Jan. 15. NASA. 1 April 00 (http//cmex-www.arc.nasa.gov/Exo_Strat/exo_strat.html)

Arnett, Bill. Home page. "The Nine Planets." 6 Nov. 00. 4 April 00

(http//www.nineplanets.org/)

Britt, Robert. "The Solar System". Space.com Inc. 6 March 001. 17 April 00 (http//www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/solar_system_weather_01006-1.html)

Caplinger, Mark. "Seasons on Mars." Malin Space Science Systems. NASA. April 00

(http//cmex-www.arc.nasa.gov/CMEX/data/MarsEssy/seasons/seasons.htm)

Exploring Mars Home Page. 00. 7 March 00 (http//www.exploringmars.com/index.html)

"Exploring the Planets". National Air and Space Museum. Sept. 00. 1 April 00

(http//www.nasm.si.edu/ceps/etp/etp.htm)

Goddard Space Flight Center Home Page. 10 April 00. NASA. 0 April 00

(http//www.gsfc.nasa.gov/)

Holmes, Greg. Home Page. "Atmosphere and Weather of Mars". 7 Nov. 16. 1 April 00 (http//pr.erau.edu/~holmesg/mars.html)

Hubblesite Home Page. Space Telescope Science Institute's Office of Public Outreach. April 00 (http//hubblesite.org/)

Mars Academy. 001. 8 March 00 (http//marsacademy.com/index.htm)

"Mars Exploration". 0 March 00. NASA. March 00 (http//mars.jpl.nasa.gov/)

Mars Fact Sheet. NASA. 1 April 00

(http//cmex-www.arc.nasa.gov/CMEX/data/SiteCat/sitecat/Mars.htm)

"Mars Stats". The Regents of the University of California. 15. 1 April 00 (http//cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/sol/solarsyst/sol_solarsyst_marsstats.html)

"Mars Today". Mars Global Circulation Model Group. 00. NASA. 1 April 00 (http//humbabe.arc.nasa.gov/)

Onion, Amanda. "Red Planet Warming Images Show Mars' Ice Caps Are Melting Fast." 7 Dec. 00. ABCNEWS Internet Ventures. 7 March 00 (http//abcnews.go.com/sections/scitech/DailyNews/mars01107.html)

"The Planets". BBC Planets Page. 00. BBC Weather Centre. April 00

(http//www.bbc.co.uk/planets/)

Planetary Sciences at The National Space Science Data Center. 17 April 00. NSSDC.

0 April 00

(http//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetary_home.html)

"Planet Storm". 001. Discovery Channel Communications Inc. 1 March 00 (http//dsc.discovery.com/convergence/planetstorm/planetstorm.html)

"The Seasons on Mars". 00. European Space Agency. 7 March 00 (http//spdext.estec.esa.nl/content/doc/06/014_.htm)

Smith, Julian. "Climate Change on Mars." Geotimes. 11 Jan. 00. 1 April 00 (http//www.geotimes.org/jan0/WebExtra0111.html)

Tillman, James. "Mars". University of Washington. NASA. 15 April 00

(http//www-k1.atmos.washington.edu/k1/resources/mars_data-information/mars_overview.html)

"Weather, Climate, and Life on Mars Frequently Asked Question…Answered." Ames Mars Atmosphere Modeling Group. 00. 1 April 00

(http//humbabe.arc.nasa.gov/mgcm/faq/faq.html)

The Whole Mars Catalog. 00. SpaceRef Interactive Inc. 4 April 00

(http//www.marstoday.com).

"Windows to the Universe". University Corportation for Atmospheric Research. 00. 1 March 00 (http//www.windows.ucar.edu/spaceweather/build_storms.html)

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The Colour Out of Space

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A story called horror which is usually based on couple elements and facts which make the story scary. Horror stories contain thematic elements such has gore, violence, terror and disturbing images. The story "The Colour Out of Space" by HP Lovecraft is a science fiction and dark fantasy which contains many scary moments and the characters inside the story have fear about the events which happen around them. "The Colour Out of Space" has its horror because of the sequence of terrible events such as dyeing of the characters of story and the scary moments that the story has.

The story of Lovercraft's "The Colour Out of Space" happens in place called Arkham and it's horror starts as people call it in "strange days", when a meteorite fell out of the sky into the ground near Nahum's place who is one of the characters of the story and the horror in the story begins. Many strange and unusual things happen to the Nahum's place where the stone was fallen and his family which those events had sense of horror in itself and were scary. The stone which was fallen near Nahum's well was shrinking and later on disappeared and after a short period of time Nahum notices the first strange thing which happens. In the time of harvest he sees that all his fruits and later on crops grew in unusual large size which he has never seen before. But sadly he mentions "that even the smallest bites induced a lasting disgust." (106) He was not able to use of those crops and he lost them. He believed that the soil of his field was poisoned by the meteorite.

Another sign of horror which appears in the story was the unusual shape of footprints in the snow which was never seen by Nahum or any other person before. Later the people of Arkhum realizes the there is something different with some of the animals in that area. For example some boys saw woodchucks near Nahum's place which were in a different shape from any other woodchucks and were indescribable and scared the boys. Even emotions of the animals like dogs and horses were quite different and noticeable too, they were all frightened. As time passes their emotion becomes even stranger, For example in case of horses Lovercraft explains "their neighing and kicking in their stall had been terrible." (10) Nahum's horses could not stay in their stall anymore and they all runway Later on all his dogs runway and disappear and later on cows gets very bizarre disease which caused them all death. In the entire story all the animals acts in very strange when they gets near the color of out of space and as Lovercraft describes they were are frightening.

The place that Nahum lives in had very strange and has some scary signs which was different from any other place, and made the theme of story as a horror. Since the fallen of stone, everything was different. Snow melted faster then any place around Nahum's. For instance skunk-cabbages grew extremely big and in very strange colors that no one had ever seen before. Nahum always thought that the soil got poisoned through the fallen stone and it will soon get wash away. The trees around Nahum's swayed even when there was no wind and people could hear and see them which made very scary theme in the story. Well which the stone was fallen very close to it was one of the main elements of horror in the story. Well water had a different test as Lovercraft mention "It had a evil taste that was not exactly fetid nor exactly salty" (10) But the that was not the only horror thing about the well. There was all strange and scary things about the well such as the phosphorescence light from it which splash and it was growing stronger everyday. Later on in the story drinking from the water of the well seems to be the cause of death in characters of the story.

Write a research paper on "The Colour Out of Space"

Going mad and dying of Nahum's family was in fact the most terrifying horror fact of the story. Specially in the very strange and unusual way that all of them die. It all starts when Nahum's wife starts screaming and telling that she seeing something. The second person was his second son Thaddeus who gets craze after a visit to well. After a week his father locks him into a room like his mom and they were screaming terribly all night and Thaddeus dies after some time. After a while his little son Metwin goes out and never comes back and they could never find any sign of him or to track him down anyhow. A couple months later his other son Zenas disappears too which makes his father get mad and think that his son is inside the well and he lives there. At last Nahum himself and his wife Nabby was found dead by their friend who thinks they are got craze and dead because of the water.

The horror inside the story of "The Colour Out of Space" is very obvious to see because of the frightening of its characters. The color out of space brought horror into the town of Alkhum and people of Nahun's family go doomed with it. All the terrible events such as dieing or getting craze of its characters, animal's behavior, and the change in environment was all caused by the color out of space and those entire event developed a very scary time for people "Strange days" (10) called it people of Arkhum because they had never had such terrible and scary in their life before.

Please note that this sample paper on "The Colour Out of Space" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "The Colour Out of Space", we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on "The Colour Out of Space" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Korean economic Crisis

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Korean economic crisis: The intervened Banking system

This paper is divided into 2 parts. The first part seeks to validate that government intervention on the banking system in Korea as a primary cause for the collapse of the economy in 1997; the second part examines the intent and rationale behind the intervention.

Causes for the collapse of the Korean economy

Currency crisis is commonly cited as a main result of improvident macroeconomic policies (Hong, p.206-207). However, economic indicators on Table 1 reveal no indications of imprudent macroeconomic policies by the Korean government.

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Table 1

The GDP growth rate though faced a slow down from 1995's 8.9% to 5.9%, it generally remained a steady positive growth rate though the 5-year period. The Domestic Savings rate hovered around an average of 36.3. Since there was no drastic increase or decrease in the domestic savings rate, it reflected that the outlook of the economy was stable and that the economy was growing steadily. Saving is proportionally related to investment, ceteris paribus. Domestic Savings rate are commonly used to measure the level of investment on resources that are devoted to the increases in physical, human capital and technological improvements (Rittenberg, p.407). The current account deficit confirms the high level of investment rather than consumption (Hong, p.206-207). Clearly, all the indicators do not suggest the collapse of the Korean economy in 1997.

The economy downturn was sparked off by a mistake in the forecasting of major export items. It was speculated that the international prices of semiconductors, steel and petrol-chemical products would rebound; the prices, however, did not recover. They instead plunged significantly during 1995-1996 (Hong, p.207). The chaebols (large family-owned conglomerates) had high corporate leverage and overly invested in risky projects hence, suffered tremendous losses. The condition was made worse, since chaebol firms are highly interdependent financially through cross sharing and cross loans guarantee (Hong, p.209). This triggered a series of severe financial crisis among the chaebols resembling a "domino effect". The conglomerates, competing with each other to expand capacity in automobiles, semiconductors, and other industries, were granted excessive loans from the Government-supported banks (Shorrock, par.17). To the surprise of many economists, the Korean government actually encouraged short–term borrowings by lowering mandatory requirement ratios of medium and long–term borrowings for financial institutions (Suh, par.9)

The series of large corporate insolvencies inevitably undermine the health of the financial institutions with large exposure to these conglomerates. According to an official report, non-performing loans (NLPs) of commercial banks as of the end of 1996 stood at 11.9 trillion won (3.9 percent of total loans made by commercial banks), and they almost doubled to 22.7 trillion at the end of 1997 (Hong, p.209-210).

Furthermore, the proximity of the general presidential election and the Hanbo scandal weakened and divided the ruling party, inhibiting its capacity to act effectively (Haggard, p.57). As such, foreign investors began to lose confidence in the Korean economy; large inflows turned to sudden outflows, which amounts to about 9.8 billion dollars (Hong, p.208). This resulted in a serious liquidity problem. Korean firms had difficulty in turning non-liquid investments (such as expensive machineries) into liquid assets (cash) to repay their loans. This phenomenon paved way for the collapse of the Korean economy in 1997.

Possible reasons for government intervention

Although Korea's financial crisis of 1997-98 was triggered by foreign currency shortages in financial institutions, there is little doubt that financial troubles in the corporate sector, particularly the chaebols (large family-owned conglomerates), were at the epicenter of the crisis (Luna-Martinez, p.3-4). The troubles at the large chaebols had put banks in a very difficult position. Under government intervention, the Korean corporate sector shifted the pain to the large banks, which must accept debt-for equity swaps, maturity extensions or outright forgiveness of loans (Fons, par. 20). This paper seeks to explain the government intervention from the social, political and economic perspective. These factors are closely related and interconnected; some even having complimentary effects, magnifying each other's effects in policies making and stands that the government take. Before I continue, I must stress that the collapse of the Korean is not due to a single factor; it is a collective effect from all the factors. However, I argued that Korean government's intervention in the Korean banking system is the primary core of the factors that caused the economy to collapse. Thus, I am interested to know why the Korean government would want to show such favoritism.

Before we begin analyzing and examining the factors, it is important to have some background information about the culture and working attitudes of Asians. In the Asian region, as Lee Kwan Yew unblinkingly puts it, "authoritarian arrangements are essential to economic success." The culture of the Asian community advocates deference and obedience to the authorities (Hitchcock, par.2-5). Korea follows closely to the teachings of Confucius. The Confucian heritage focused on (1) emphasis on education; (2) respect for the moral value of loyalty to the King and the nation, which is translated to loyalty to the constitution; (3) the teaching of public integrity in the public service. On the other hand, it brought about the open oppression of the commoners by the ruling class (Nam, p.4-5). The Confucian heritage stresses diligence, self-help and cooperation. This notion ensures social harmony, which was an important ingredient for the Asian economic miracle. Nevertheless, as a country modernizes, it requires transparency through its ranks to ensure efficiency and effective working of the free market mechanism. However, the culture indirectly created pragmatism among people. They were inculcated with values, which asked for their "blind" obedience to the authority. This facilitated special transactions and relationships among businessmen and government officials behind closed doors.

Such deals made behind closed doors and through connections provided an ideal sanctuary for bad loans and indebtedness, such as the $50 billion of underreported Korean debt (Hitchcock, par.7). The spark that ignited the whole series of aftermath that eventually led to the collapse of the Korean economy was the bankruptcy of the Hanbo Group in January 1997.

Hanbo, which started as a construction company, invested heavily in steel operations relying mainly on borrowings from Korean banks. While Hanbo was making a huge capital investment in steel, the world steel industry went into recession. A combination of large debt and recession drove Hanbo to the brink of bankruptcy as early as mid–1996, but creditors tried to save Hanbo through a series of emergency loans. By the time Hanbo filed for bankruptcy in early January 1997, its debt amounted to 5 trillion won (Suh, par.14-16).

It was suspected that Korean banks gave such a high line of credit due to Hanbo chairman Chung Tae-Soo's political lobbying activities, but investigations revealed a political scandal. More than a dozen of influential politicians from both the ruling and opposition parties were implicated in bribery and influence peddling; even the incumbent president's son, Kim Hyun Chul, was arrested on these grounds. This seriously tarnished the reputation of the president and severely affected the capacity of both the president and the ruling party to overcome the emerging currency crisis.

Before further analysis, we must understand that South Korea was ruled under a strong, and effective leadership by the authoritarian government. Similar to the other 3 tigers of Asia, South Korea's successful economic development was led by export-oriented activities centering especially on the northern American market. The export-based, outward-looking development strategy had led Korea to consistently high economic growth from the 1960s to the 1970s (Rohlen, p.10-11). The South Korea government played an active role in its economic development.

In the 1960s, the government intervened its economy actively by directing its resources into the growth industries. In addition, it gave assistance to selected firms, allowing them to carry out strategic investment projects, achieve economies of scale, absorb foreign investment and technology and above all, maximize exports (Nam, p.6-7). The government intervention was arguably the most important element in the successful take-off of the Korean economic development.

In the 1960s till 1970s, the government played an active role in the banking systems. Since there were limited financial resources, the government intervened actively in the banks' loaning decisions. The government ensured that the limited resources were allocated to the priority sectors, such as exports and basic industries; non-productive sectors such as tertiary sectors received the least allocation (Nam, p.6-7).

This trend has not changed much through the years. In the early 1990s, banks continued to believe that the chaebols were extremely stable due to their size; financial institutions continued to trust that government would intervene and protect them from bankruptcies. Thus, many risky or unprofitable investments were financed (Hong, p.208-209). On the other hand, the chaebols continued to embark on aggressive, leveraged expansion, believing that this export-based strategy will continue to provide them with returns well exceeding the cost of the capital (Luna-Martinez, p.5).

The Government did impose stricter limits on connected lending and credit risk exposure that prevented banks from increasing their loans to the chaebols, whose leverage had already exceeded the reasonable level. However, the policies came too late to produce any effect. Table 2 shows the selected indicators of the banking system in Korea.

Table 2: Selected banking system indicators in Korea

Indicators Korea (1995) Korea (1996) Korea (1997)

Number of domestic institutions 26 26 26

Total assets in US dollars 552 billion 658.2 billion 712.9 billion

Total assets as % of GDP 157 170 169

Assets of banks as % of total assets of the financial system 52 49 51

Total loan portfolio in US dollars 311 billion 389 billion 385 billion

Growth of the lending portfolio over the previous years 19% 25% -1.1%

Non-performing loans as % of total loan portfolio 5.2 3.9 5.8

Provisions for loans losses as % of total loans 1.4 1.4 1.9

Capital adequacy ratio 9.3 9.1 7.0

Return on assets (ROA) 0.32% 0.26% 0.93%

Return on equity (ROE) 4.19% 3.8% -18%

Note: Assets of commercial banks in Korea include both banking accounts and trust accounts.

Source: CNBV, FSS, BOK and BANXICO

The data showed that the growth of the bank credit slowed down in 1997, however, the total growth of bank credit from 1995 till 1997 was still significantly large, considering that in 1995 and 1996 the growth was 19% and 25% respectively whereas the decrease growth rate in 1997 was a mere 1.1%. The table shows that the amount of assets non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) possessed collectively was nearly the amount the commercial banks owned; in 1996, they even held more assets than the commercial banks. The government intervention to reduce bank credit was not effective from preventing the chaebols from embarking on large-scale and risky expansion or pursuing in unprofitable projects. The chaebols merely turned to the NBFIs, such as, credit unions, insurance companies, investment companies, merchant banks and development banks etc. to finance their projects (Luna-Martinez, p.4).

A series of factors including the Hanbo scandal and the weakening international prices of the major export of the South Korean industries plunged the chaebols into a series of financial crisis. The Korean government pushed the chaebols to seek short-term loans from foreign financial institutions to ease the burden of the domestic financial institutions already sustaining medium and long-term loans. The amount of short-term loans from foreign financial institutions amounted to almost 60 percent of the total foreign debt at the time of crisis in November 1997 (Suh, par.12). This action was a temporary solution to ease the immediate crisis. Instead of solving the problem, it led the Korean economy to an utter collapse in 1997 when there was a sudden outflow of foreign funds.

The government's intervention in pushing for short-term foreign loans could be based on several possible reasons. The proximity of the presidential elections should be noted. The relationship between the voters and the ruling party follows closely to the Clientelism model. This patron-client relationship maintained its reciprocity in the form of welfare granted to the voters and their support in return (Handelman, p.145). In view of the proximity of the presidential election on December 18, 1997, the ruling party's effort to ensure the continual good welfare of the people is possibly magnified, in order to secure support in the upcoming election.

I believe that the rationale behind the Korean government's decision is based largely on the concept of Nationalism. A nation as Anderson puts it, "it [nation] is an imagined political community - - and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign" (1991, pp. 5-7). It could be perceived that it is the politicians' responsibilities to uphold the nation's pride and protect the welfare of the citizens.

The chaebols are large conglomerates recognized internationally as the economic pillars of South Korea. The chaebols, such as, Samsung and Daewoo, are recognized internationally and may be perceived as the symbols of economic achievements of Korea well-known brands. Their economic success is closely tied with that of South Korea's. Furthermore, the collapse of the chaebols will reflect badly on the economic outlook of South Korea, which might trigger a loss of confidence in foreign investors that leads to a sudden foreign capital outflow.

One other possible consideration for the ruling party could have been the possible rise in unemployment rate. The collapse of a chaebol could result in a massive unemployment, in the case of the collapse of Daewoo, 320,000 employees were threatened with unemployment (Fernandez, par.9). The unemployment rate is a common indicator used to gauge the ability of a government. Besides the loss of support from the voters in the case of massive unemployment, the government had to consider the negative effects that unemployment entails, such as, an increase in dependence on government's support, a rise in crime rates, decrease in revenues and other social problems. A report on the social impact of the financial crisis verified the worrying consequences of massive unemployment. There was a high employment rate due the implementation of the contractionary fiscal and monetary policies that came as part of the IMF rescue package. There were approximately 1.5 million people put out of work which lead to approximately 5000 babies were left at the orphanage without adoption, 6200 families left the cities "to seek a better life in the countryside" and 650,000 members, staged a hunger strike to protest the government-led unilateral reform of the economy (Ching, par.35-44).

Moreover, massive unemployment together with a failing economy could possibly lead to stagflation. This is a situation when there is an increasing inflation together with an increasing unemployment rate. The collapse of the failing chaebols possibly lead to a sharp rise in structural unemployment. Workers from other industries foreseeing worse economic outlook ahead could possibly push for higher wage rates to cushion the harsh times ahead. The rise in the cost of production of the industries inevitably leads to more unemployment and inflation (Rittenberg, p.335-343). Furthermore, discontent workers and citizens may challenge the legitimacy of the ruling political leadership when faced with massive unemployment and inflation. These effects would pose more problems for the government. The government possibly encouraged short-term loans from foreign financial institutions and injecting of funds into the faltering chaebols in order to curb massive unemployment.

Conclusion

The financial crisis was caused by a series of events. It was triggered by a slow-down in the major export industries and a drop in the international prices in the core export products. The situation was worsened by the weakness of the banking sectors of Korea. A lack of transparency in the financial systems led to the forming of "special relationships" within the community. This resulted in excessive reliance on bank borrowing by conglomerates, political collusion between conglomerates and politicians, non-transparent business accounts, and ineffective bank supervisory mechanisms (Suh, par.17-18). This non-transparency is a stark difference Korea from other less affected economies like Singapore, who developed quickly using a similar export-oriented industrialization strategy.

In addition, the use of the banking sector as a tool by the authoritarian Korean government to achieve its economic objectives, such as boosting the highly prioritized export-oriented industries and consciously reducing the funding for the lowly prioritized tertiary sector, severely inhibited the growth and maturity of its banking sector. As such, bank managers developed few skills for independent, efficient and prudent management. They merely relied on the government, who made decisions based on availability of collateral rather than on a proper assessment of risk or future repayment capacity, for determination of interest rates as well as lending decisions (Luna-Martinez, p.10).

The effect was inflated by a loss of confidence among the foreign investors. The foreign investors lost confidence due to the deterioration of the soundness of the banking system, the weakening Korean economic outlook and the weak bankruptcy laws. The Korean government's framework to protect and enforce creditors' rights was deficient. The government maintained industrial development and market stability by restraining controversial debt collection and by actively encouraging voluntary schemes of rescheduling (Luna-Martinez, p.7). The foreign investors facing with inadequate protection withdrew their investments in South Korea, resulting in a sudden capital outflow. This firmly sealed the fate of the failing economy, leading to a total collapse of the economy in November 1997 (Lindgren et al., p.2).

Government intervention in the banking system proved to be the core factor that resulted in the collapse of the Korean economy in the Asian financial crisis in 1997. The reasons behind the intervention spanned a huge array of diverse factors. The Confucian heritage, the ex-military authoritarian government, the corruption and collusion between the conglomerates and the politicians, the proximity of the 1997 presidential election and the concern for the reputation of the faltering chaebols, possibly influenced the government intervention in the banking sector.

Four years have passed since the collapse of the Korean economy. A mixture of short-term contractionary monetary and fiscal policies and long-term expansionary policies from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) had miraculous effects on the recovery of the Korean economy. The Korean economy has shown a strong recovery with substantial economic growth, however, whether the economic growth is sustainable, depends on the structural reforms' contribution to the enhancement of international competitiveness (Hong, p.218).

Works cited

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991.

Ching, Frank. Social Impact of the Regional Financial Crisis. The Asian Economic Crisis: Policy Choices, Social Consequences and the Philippine Case. Asia Society. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 15, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/lil01 /lil01b.html>.

Fernandez, Luciano and Peter Symonds. "Daewoo collapse threatens further financial crisis in South Korea" 8 October 1999. World Socialist website. November 14, 2001. < http:// www.wsws.org/articles/1999/oct1999/kor-o08.shtml>.

Haggard, Stephan. The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis. Institute For International Economics, Washington, DC: August 2000.

Handelman, Howard. The Challenge of Third World Development. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc.: 2000.

Hitchcock, David I. Asian Crisis Is Cultural As Well As Economic. The PacNet Newsletter 1998. April 10, 1998. The Center for Strategic and International Studies. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 15, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/pbei/csis/ pac98/hid02.html>.

Hong, Kiseok and Jong-Wha Lee. "Korea, Returning to Sustainable Growth?" 203-225. Rpt. in The Asian Financial Crisis: Lessons for a Resilient Asia. Ed. Wing Thye Woo, Jeffrey D. Sachs and Klaus Schwab. The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2000.

Jons, Jerome S. Asia's Banking Systems Still At Risk. Conference on Crisis & Credit: Restructuring Asia's Financial Sector Asia Society October 1, 1999, New York. Speeches and Transcript: 1999. Asian Society. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/asoc_spch99/foj01.html>.

Lindgren, Carl-Johan., et al. Financial Sector Crisis and Restructuring: Lessons from Asia. International Monetary Fund: 1999.

Luna-Martinez, Jose De. Management and Resolution of Banking Crisis: Lessons from the Republic of Korea and Mexico. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The WORLD BANK: March 2000.

Nam, Duck Woo. Korea's Economic Takeoff in Retrospect: 3-19. Rpt. in The Korean Economy at a Crossroad: Development Prospects, Liberalization, and the South-North Economic Integration. Ed. Sung Yeung Kwack. Praeger Publishers: 1994.

Rittenberg, Libby and Timothy Tregarthen. Macroeconomics. 2nd Ed. Worth Publishers: 2000.

Rohlen, Thomas P. A "Mediterranean" Model for Asian Regionalism: Cosmopolitan Cities and Nation-States in Asia. Asia/Pacific Research Center Stanford University. The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University: April 1995.

Shorrock, Tim, Martha Honey and Tom Barry. Asian Financial Crisis: Foreign Policy In Focus. April 1998. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www. ciaonet.org/pbei/fpif/sht01.html>.

Suh, Sang-Mok. The Korean Currency Crisis: What Can We Learn From It? May 1998. Asia/Pacific research center. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/srchfrm.html>.

Works cited

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991.

Ching, Frank. Social Impact of the Regional Financial Crisis. The Asian Economic Crisis: Policy Choices, Social Consequences and the Philippine Case. Asia Society. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 15, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/lil01 /lil01b.html>.

Fernandez, Luciano and Peter Symonds. "Daewoo collapse threatens further financial crisis in South Korea" 8 October 1999. World Socialist website. November 14, 2001. < http:// www.wsws.org/articles/1999/oct1999/kor-o08.shtml>.

Haggard, Stephan. The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis. Institute For International Economics, Washington, DC: August 2000.

Handelman, Howard. The Challenge of Third World Development. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc.: 2000.

Hitchcock, David I. Asian Crisis Is Cultural As Well As Economic. The PacNet Newsletter 1998. April 10, 1998. The Center for Strategic and International Studies. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 15, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/pbei/csis/ pac98/hid02.html>.

Hong, Kiseok and Jong-Wha Lee. "Korea, Returning to Sustainable Growth?" 203-225. Rpt. in The Asian Financial Crisis: Lessons for a Resilient Asia. Ed. Wing Thye Woo, Jeffrey D. Sachs and Klaus Schwab. The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2000.

Jons, Jerome S. Asia's Banking Systems Still At Risk. Conference on Crisis & Credit: Restructuring Asia's Financial Sector Asia Society October 1, 1999, New York. Speeches and Transcript: 1999. Asian Society. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/asoc_spch99/foj01.html>.

Lindgren, Carl-Johan., et al. Financial Sector Crisis and Restructuring: Lessons from Asia. International Monetary Fund: 1999.

Luna-Martinez, Jose De. Management and Resolution of Banking Crisis: Lessons from the Republic of Korea and Mexico. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The WORLD BANK: March 2000.

Nam, Duck Woo. Korea's Economic Takeoff in Retrospect: 3-19. Rpt. in The Korean Economy at a Crossroad: Development Prospects, Liberalization, and the South-North Economic Integration. Ed. Sung Yeung Kwack. Praeger Publishers: 1994.

Rittenberg, Libby and Timothy Tregarthen. Macroeconomics. 2nd Ed. Worth Publishers: 2000.

Rohlen, Thomas P. A "Mediterranean" Model for Asian Regionalism: Cosmopolitan Cities and Nation-States in Asia. Asia/Pacific Research Center Stanford University. The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University: April 1995.

Shorrock, Tim, Martha Honey and Tom Barry. Asian Financial Crisis: Foreign Policy In Focus. April 1998. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www. ciaonet.org/pbei/fpif/sht01.html>.

Suh, Sang-Mok. The Korean Currency Crisis: What Can We Learn From It? May 1998. Asia/Pacific research center. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/srchfrm.html>.

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