Kings of the road

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They are the fastest way of transport in town. Not your conventional method of getting around but, hey, you arrive at your destination nevertheless, maybe with a few odd bruises here and there and feeling somewhat dazed after the ride.

They are the so-called "black taxis", which have now become the principal means of transport for the vast majority of black South Africans. It is unlikely that you will find yourself using one unless you are incredibly desperate – like I was.

I was in desperate need of a form of transport to Wynberg one day and I was beginning to think that I had to get there by foot, when from a distance I heard those notorious words, "Wyndy, Wyndy, Wynberg!" and the roars of what sounded like a formula one engine racing towards me. Now with your normal, conventional taxis you would step into the street and shout, "Taxi!" but in this country that would not be a wise idea because chances are you would be run down. Instead, you just wait for the taxi to stop and call you. Sure enough, the tyres came to a screeching halt right there in the middle of the road. Normally this would be OK when traffic were not that bad, but on that day traffic was horrendous as it was rush hour. The taxi just literally parked there in the middle of the road, totally disregarding the traffic around it as if it owned the entire road, bringing several cars to a sudden unexpected halt behind it. The man in the car behind the taxi started to contribute to the already unbearable noise pollution of everyday rush-hour traffic by pounding his hooter in absolute fury and screaming such obscene comments at the top of his lungs at the taxi driver.

A face poked out of the window of the taxi and a hand motioned me to get into the vehicle. At first I was reluctant but this taxi was my only alternative to walking. These taxis are not your ordinary taxis, which most people are accustomed to. Oh no! These "black taxis" are those Japanese minibuses (which we commonly call "kombies") which are usually white in colour, or any colour other than black, licensed to carry fifteen people – or so they say. This taxi had already at least seventeen people, possibly twenty-plus jam-packed into this fifteen-seater. I glanced to my right at the man who was still pounding his hooter, his face red with rage and he looked as if he was about to kill someone. Then I looked at the interior of this overcrowded vehicle, thought to myself, "I must be mad" and climbed in.

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The ride was quite an experience. I never knew exactly how fast these minibuses could go, especially with the tremendous load it was carrying, but I soon came to realise its true speed when the vehicle came across a robot that was about to turn red and the driver suddenly stamped down on the accelerator and stormed through it. We were like kings of the road, cutting across lanes, overtaking cars at random, stopping and picking up people as we pleased and inevitably obstructing traffic in doing so and violating most road rules (if they even exist in South Africa). But it is a totally different story when you are one of the passengers sitting inside one of these taxis. You don't actually give a hoot about all the other traffic around you. All the hooting and swearing of people in their cars behind you seem to go through one ear and come out the other and drift into oblivion. You just don't seem to care so long as you get to your destination in one piece, and that is exactly the attitude of these taxi drivers. Their primary objective is to get people to their desired destinations, and in doing so, earn a living and they don't care how they go about doing it.

Being in one of those taxis made me feel differently about them the next time I saw which was when I was stuck behind one of them whilst they were picking people up. I used to hate it when that happened but now I can truly say that I understand.

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Robust Australopithecines

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Topic Discuss ideas regarding robust australopithecine diet. What do you think robust australopithecines ate? Why? Be specific and name three morphological correlates of their probable diet.

As we explain the diet of the Robust australopithecine, we must explain some of morphological functions that enabled them to eat what they could. We will examine the functional complex of the teeth, jaw, and cranium which all come together to serve a purpose in eating. The robust australopithecines have taken this certain adaptation to an extreme scale, having enormous, flat molars and relatively small blade-like incisors and canines. Due to the huge premolars and molars we can see that their robust form contain big grinding teeth which could be seen as the mortar and pestle analogy. Their teeth, shown by evidence seemed to have more grinding than an apes diet. The robust species seemed to have a vegetarian diet. Also concluded, robust consume tough foods due to the size of their teeth. Their tooth row is conveniently tucked under the face more than apes which gives a less protruding face and greater chewing efficiency. Finally, being consistent with evidence, robust australopithecines lived in drier habitats where fruits and leaves were more common.

Two other morphological adaptations that were essential to the diet of robust australopithecines were the jaw and cranium. The robusticity of the lower jaw reflected powerful chewing action. There are two important muscles that are essential to these powerful chewing forces as well as a cranial adaptation. First being the temporalis muscle, the muscle that powers the lower jaw (contracting or constricting) is housed by a raised bony crest that runs along the top of the cranium, which is called the sagittal crest. The more prominent the sagittal crest, the stronger the chewing forces are. In addition to the temporal muscle, a second chewing muscle called the masseter muscle, causes the cheekbones to be exaggerated and flared forward. The greater the flare the greater the chewing forces. The flare shows a wide (hence, robust) skull. All in all, the functional complex of the teeth, jaw, and cranium show the dental and facial adaptations of chewing in the robust australopithecines.

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Jonathan Edwards

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_______ Document 1 of 17 _______

Jonathan Edwards Overview

Critic Lois Gordon

Source Reference Guide to American Literature, rd ed., edited by Jim Kamp, St. James Press, 14

Criticism about Jonathan Edwards (170-1758)

Genre(s) Autobiographies; Religious works; Sermons; Essays

Jonathan Edwards is legendary in American history and letters not just as a Calvinist minister of fire and brimstone but, more importantly, as a revolutionary thinker who incorporated contemporary psychological and scientific ideas into his discourses on the human mind, natural science, and religion. A man who epitomized the mystical and practical (the evangelical and Puritan) tendencies of his time, Edwards was instrumental in the mid-18th-century revival of American Calvinism known as the Great Awakening. Edwards strove to destroy the increasingly popular Arminianist propositions which rejected the doctrines of predestination and the enslavement of the will. Arminianism asserted a doctrine of universal redemption based on the election, rather than the predetermination, of salvation. Edwards was unyielding in his strict adherence to the absolute primacy of deity and the utter subordination of man, to the Calvinist concept of the depravity of man and grace of the Gospel--to a belief system focusing on God as an inscrutable power that, while constituting humanity and nature, lacked complete identification with either. Throughout his life, despite the growing religious liberalism, Edwards repudiated all modern claims to mans natural rights and free will The unconverted are guilty and deserve the punishment awaiting them; this punishment is given by an infinite God in His justice; and the only hope of escape is by the gift of salvation which cannot be won by mans effort.

According to Perry Miller, Edwardss reading of John Lockes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding was the major event in his intellectual life. From it, Edwards refined his idea that whatever the mind knows as idea depends upon sensation, rather than reason or speculation. As such, through a series of light images in A Divine and Supernatural Light, he discusses religious certainty in empirical terms one intuits or feels grace (the loveliness of Gods holiness) through supernatural illumination. One does not merely rationally believe that God is glorious but he has a sense of the gloriousness of God in his heart. Religious conversion is an overwhelming intuition.

Justification of Faith Alone (174) amplifies Edwardss thesis that the covenant between God and man is one of grace, not works; but faith actualizes grace. Again, consonant with the science of his day, Edwards incorporates Newtons causation theory, that effect exists, regardless of cause (atoms adhere not because of their inherent physical properties but because of an undefined Cause). To Edwards, as gravity adheres in matter, so God inheres in gravity and gives being and oneness to all. Man is therefore not justified just through faith. He has faith because he is first justified through Gods grace. Mans state is not prior but posterior to Gods grace.

Personal Narrative details his conversion twenty years earlier. Grace is a Divine and Supernatural Light that gives the regenerate a new apprehension and disposition to love divine decrees. He traces his regeneration out of the swamp into the meadow of experience, how he saw divine beauty in everything and experienced vehement longings of soul after God and Christ and after more holiness. The mention of a single word in the Bible caused his heart to burn with the ardency of soul and a flood of tears and weeping aloud. Edwards yearned to be nothing before God ... that God might be all. For the saved, there is a mystical-aesthetic intuition of divine beauty through supernatural illumination.

Despite growing resentment toward his frightening portraits of the unredeemed, Edwards delivered the famous sermon

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"Nuclear Deterrence has kept the world from war". Discuss

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"Nuclear Deterrence has kept the world from war". Discuss

The threat of Nuclear Weapons has certainly not gone unnoticed, with the fear ever present in the global scene. Individuals view the world significantly has been altered with the emergence of nuclear weapons. Deterrence is when "decision makers in one nation seek to prevent certain actions by potential adversaries by threatening them with military retaliation." Nuclear weapons have certainly become a means of deterring unwanted action, particularly during the Post World War II era, however they have not prevented war. During the Cold War nuclear weapons undoubtfully prohibited mass war between the two super powers, the USA and the USSR, who were ever increasing their military capacity. However it did not prelude them from fighting proxy wars, as was evident in the Vietnam War. Furthermore it has certainly not prevented war at present with both the war on terror and the conflict between Israel and Palestine. Nuclear weapons have changed the capacity of warfare, although it has not been evident in any conflicts throughout the world so far, who is to say that it won't occur in the future, because the potential is obviously there.

Nuclear deterrence has kept the world from mass war, particularly during the

Cold War were it prevented a large scale conflict between the USA and the USSR.

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Nuclear deterrence in the Post World War II era was based on mutual threats as each side

threatened that if it were attacked, it would retaliate in kind with a nuclear strike. During

this period each superpower could survive a surprise attack just long enough to launch a

counter strike which would result in both sides suffering devastating destruction. "Thus

both were mutually deterred from provoking a hot war" The use of nuclear weapons was

and is seen as the last resort, because few if any political ends could be gained by it, their

primary function was to pose a threat to potential enemies. During this time however, the

world did come close to a final nuclear war, as was particularly evident with the Cuban

Missile Crisis, where the USSR bought nuclear weapons into communist Cuba. The

effects of a nuclear war would be devastating, if deterrence failed and the superpowers attacked one another "the target nations would almost certainly cease to exist as

functioning societies." Furthermore unlike previous World Wars were the casualties

numbered in their millions, after a thermonuclear war the deaths would number in their

billions. Nations far from the line of fire would likely be destroyed, and there certainly

would be no bystanders. Fortunately their was no nuclear attack during this time, and the

two superpowers were able to prevent it from occurring. Holsti believes that the most

evident requirement for effective Deterrence is the possession of efficient military

capacity to carry out the threatened retaliation, in addition the deterrence must also be

stable and credible. Finally adversaries must also "impress enemy leaders of their

intentions without provoking a preventive or preemptive strike out of fear" . Nuclear

Deterrence kept us from another world war between the USA and the USSR, as the

effects of a strike would have been so disastrous for all parties involved.

However effective deterrence did not avert the world from war, during the Cold

War and at present many smaller conflicts have and are taking place. During the Cold

War the most evident being the Vietnam War which took place from 161 to 175.

Although the basic motivation behind many of the conflicts was a form of rivalry

between the two superpowers fighting for an ideology, the Vietnam War was to an extent

a proxy war. Some may argue that the genesis of the Vietnam War was essentially a

nationalist one rather then the downward thrust of communism. It is the generally

accepted opinion that the essential motives of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese

government attacking the South Vietnamese government were to unify the nation.

However former US president J. Kennedy was adamant that the USA would contain the

spread of communism throughout South East Asia by defending the South Vietnamese

government from communist aggression. This conflict during the Cold war, fortunately

did not contain the use of nuclear weapons however America still used chemical

defoliants and Napalm. This is a thick liquid which usually contains petrol, it was

designed to clear away the undergrowth so the USA could see who was supplying the

National Liberation Front with weapons, Unfortunately this liquid also stuck to people's

skin and burned away their flesh. The Vietnam War was a very horrific war, with 57,000

US solders killed together with many Vietnamese; however it was certainly not as

destructive as a nuclear war would have been. Nuclear deterrence did not and has not

prevented the world from war, as was evident with the Vietnam War and by the many

conflicts we see around the world today.

Nuclear Deterrence was ultimately effective in precluding mass war in the past

and the progress in disarmament was somewhat positive. However with the recent

developments, is deterrence possible in the future? In the past we have seen some

positive attempts to reduce the Worlds nuclear capacity for example the Moscow pact

and the treaty between the USA and the USSR in 17 and of course the very well

known Strategic Arms Limitation talks (START I and START II) which began in 11.

However the recent developments with America's anti-missile defense shield may bring

the threat of nuclear war back into the picture. Bush argues that "new concepts of

deterrence, have to replace… the idea of mutually assured destruction" however many

believe that it may destroy existing nuclear agreements and trigger a new nuclear arms

race. Using radar receptors and coordinating with ground based radar transmitters, the

missile defense system is suppose to find incoming threats and destroy them before they

reach the USA, although this may work in theory there is still no guarantee of its

reliability. Furthermore Bush has suggested that he will share his advanced technology

with Japan, Americas NATO allies and South Korea. This in its self causes problems

because some of Americas so called friends will want to know why they haven't been

given the technology and "can America say with certainty that the technology it gives to

one country will not end up in the hands of another. History suggests not." This

extremely dimensional issue has once again bought nuclear war back in the limelight and

although nuclear weapons deterred mass war in the past, who is to say that the future

holds the same outcome. Is our safety worth risking to find out?

When matters of defense become so great that one nation is able to cease

life on Earth, we certainly realize that foreign policy and security has been changed

forever. Although Nuclear Deterrence kept the world from mass war during the past, it

certainly did not prevent smaller more confined conflicts, not in the past nor the present.

Furthermore with the recent developments regarding the Missile Defense Shield, is the

USA starting another arms race and once again putting the world in great danger and

uncertainty, only time will tell.

Please note that this sample paper on "Nuclear Deterrence has kept the world from war". Discuss is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "Nuclear Deterrence has kept the world from war". Discuss, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on "Nuclear Deterrence has kept the world from war". Discuss will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Standardization of Base

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Standardization of a Base

When standardizing a substance, you are finding the concentration of that substance. The most common way to do this is by titration. In this experiment I took a standardized base and titrated it with a know and an unknown acid. A standard solution has an accurate concentration. To standardize a base, everything must be standardized. A titration must be done with a standard acid solution. While trying to figure out the concentration I added a standard solution to a known volume of a sample until a desired endpoint, in our experiment the endpoint was a change in color of the substance. The standard solution in this experiment was HCO4 + HO, which is also known as oxalic acid. Since the concentration of the acid is known, it will be what is used to standardize the base.

The materials needed for this experiment are as follows a buret; two 400 milliliter beakers; 50 milliliter graduated cylinder; phenopthalein; HCO4 + HO; 50 milliliter beaker; 15 milliliter Erlenmeyer flask; distilled water; NaOH; and KHC4H4O6. In setting up the experiment I filled all of the containers with the correct substance and labeled them. I then weighed all of the substances and their containers and recorded all of this information. Once I mixed the acid solution I added phenopthelein which was the indicator that showed the color change. I then added NaOH to the solution until the solution turned pink then recorded the final volume of the beaker.

After all of the calculations, including all of the volumes and moles of all the substances and their containers, and experimentation I ended up with the concentration of the acid being .16 Molar. This made for a 4.8% deviation. The reason for the high deviation is because of the content of NaOH added to the solution, that fact that I added to much is what you can attribute the high deviation to. I could tell because the color of the solution was too dark.

The results of my experiment were not completely perfect, my deviation was higher than expected, but there is nothing wrong with that. If you wanted to do this experiment and have more success you could have a more precise way of adding the NaOH to the acid. To avoid many mistake do not use a beaker too big because it is less accurate as well. All together this was a successful experiment.

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