Servicescape

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Kissimmee River System Past and Present Thirty years ago, the Army Corps of Engineers in partnership with the State of Florida began construction of a massive flood control project on the Kissimmee River in south central Florida. The flood control solution was the channelization of the riv The ever widening mutual fund scandal took a troublesome turn yesterday when fund giant Putnam announced it would dismiss four money managers who were found to have engaged in short-term trading activity for personal gains in funds that they oversaw or were involved in.

In a statement, Boston-based Putnam said that some of this short-term trading, which took place in 000, appears to have been market timing. Market timing, defined as making rapid-fire trades in mutual fund shares to take advantage of short-term developments in the news or inefficiencies in fund pricing, isnt illegal. But many fund companies tell shareholders that they prohibit or restrict such behavior, as it ends up costing other shareholders in those funds.

Meanwhile, in a related but separate matter, Massachusetts securities regulators are reportedly on the verge of filing a civil complaint against Putnam, stemming from a different market-timing issue. This one involves allegedly improper trading by a handful of 401(k) participants in plans run by Putnam.

What makes this latest wrinkle in the fund scandal so worrisome isnt just that its Putnam, the nations fifth-largest fund company and one of the most recognizable brands in the industry. Its that fund managers are now being drawn into the scandal.

Up until recently, the vast majority of employees who have been fired or disciplined in this scandal have been brokers or fund executives, not portfolio managers. In fact, before this Putnam news, only one other fund manager was drawn into the scandal. Late last month, Alliance Capital, another large fund company, was forced to suspend a technology-fund manager because of internal investigations into improper trading practices.

In a strange way, this has insulated the industry from the growing scandal. After all, even if some employees were found to have been striking deals with fat-cat investors for special privileges, companies could at least claim that fund managers were still on the side of individual investors. But now, with the Putnam revelation, that argument gets thrown out the window. No longer is it a given that fund managers are looking out for shareholders interest first. If more fund managers are drawn into this scandal, this could be a bigger matter?and a bigger threat to investor trust?than was initially thought.

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The torment of my people

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It all began for me in 1755. There was a large-scale introduction of African slave labor in the Caribbean for sugar production and the New World was rising and was in dire need of cheap labor. I was a mere seventeen at the time, experiencing the wonderful feeling of being a teenager. I had heard of our people being forced to get on big ships and sent to the Americas, but I never thought I would come to face it in my lifetime. I had no worries. Until one night, I was asleep and I heard yelling and shots outside. I went out to see what was going on and before I could resist I was shackled by two big, white men. I was still in a daze from being awoken in the middle of the night, so I had no idea what was going on. I can only remember being thrown into a huge, dark, open space at the very bottom of a ship with more than 00 other men, women, and children. I was scared for my life. I hadn't been on a boat before; I had only seen them on the coast. I got very sick and Closter phobic standing there with people I didn't know. Women were crying, babies and children screamed. No one had any idea of why this was happening or where we were being taken. We all had thoughts in our minds of the stories we heard of slavery, but none wanted to face the reality that it was actually happening to us. I learned later that we were a part of the 'Atlantic Slave Trade;' the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas. I was part of the estimated .5 million Africans that were transported from their homes to become slaves until the trade ended in 1870.

The triangular trade was the trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Slaves, ivory and other goods were brought to the Americas on large vessels. From the Americas; gold, silver, cotton, tobacco, sugar, molasses, and rum were brought to Europe. In exchange for slaves, sometimes the Europeans would give Africa cloth for clothing and weapons such as guns or cannons. Many other manufactured goods were transported throughout this trade route, too many to account for and name. The Middle Passage was the leg of the slave triangle that brought the human cargo from West Africa to North America, South America, and the Caribbean. All I knew was I was a part of this trade, as if I meant nothing to the people who bought and sold me. As if I was an animal or piece of clothing. I was treated so badly in the Middle Passage sometimes I wished I were an animal. Maybe then I wouldn't get such treatment. We had buckets to do our business in, maybe six for the hundred that were in the ship. The smell was too much to bear. We were given close to no food. I had been hungry before, my family didn't have much money, but never in my life did I feel this much pain from starvation. The most awful site about the voyage through the Middle Passage was the deaths. We were locked in the belly of the ship, chained together like animals throughout the long voyage from Africa to unknown destinations. The average voyage took from five to twelve weeks. Millions died from the awful conditions in the bowels of the filthy slave galleys. All suffering as they died. I'd wish myself to die at times, thinking it was the best thing for me. This suffering was too much to handle for many; death was their only option. Diseases spread all through the ship. I was lucky enough to avoid the worst of it. However, as many died, no one cleared the bodies away. The dead were left to rot in front of our eyes. It wasn't rare to find a living person chained together to a dead body, it was horrific and traumatizing to all who witnessed this. I prayed to the Lord that it would all end soon. Yet, I wondered what was in store for me. If this was how they treated us now, what would become of us when we got to our destination? I could have never guessed.

Despite the miserable conditions, inadequate space and food, deadly diseases, and the violence we received from the crewmembers of the ship, millions of African captives survived, demonstrating their strength and implacable will. I myself was sold to a widely known plantation owner and his wife, along with 50 other of my people. They already had over 100 slaves on their cotton plantation, but business was booming and they needed much more labor. For my social class, I was educated well. Many didn't know how to read or write. I had the basic learning abilities. I could talk in complete sentences and write letters or read simple articles, so I understood when the white man called us names and talked about how uneducated and stupid we all were. I wanted badly to speak up and let them know I wasn't dumb, but I was too afraid. The Adam's plantation was huge. The house must have had 1,000 rooms. I had never seen anything of this sort in my eighteen years of living. I was strong and young so I was told to do many of the hard labor jobs. Some mornings, I was so weak that I could barely walk. We were forced to sleep on the hard, wooden floors of the old farmhouse. We were given scraps for food. Many of the slaves went through the garbage of the family to find more food. They were beaten if found. I didn't receive many beatings. Once I was carrying the groceries from town into the house. I was on the plantation for many months before I had the luxury of seeing the inside of the mansion. I never again was never again able to witness the beauty, for I made eye contact and smiled at the plantation owner's young wife. He immediately grabbed me be the arm, making me drop the bags and beat me as I'd never been beaten before. Right there in front of the misses. He told me I was to never look at any white folk in the eyes again. He told me that I was nothing, that I wasn't a person. After he whipped me, I was brought to the side of the house by his two sons and beaten again. I wasn't able to walk for weeks. I had to hide so I wouldn't be beaten again for not working. I will never forget that, and I was never touched by a white man again. I made sure I did was I was told and kept my head down.

I was complimented by the other women slaves and told that I was a handsome man. I had never had a companion to love. When I began to watch the mistress in the garden, I felt things I never had before. I was 0 that year. I remember celebrating my man hood one summer night. A couple guys stole liquor from the master's bar. The bottle of liquor tasted revolting to me, but I made me feel good, so I continued to drink the entire bottle on my own. I had never drunk before. And after that night, never again. I woke up feeling the worst I had felt since my beating. That taught me to stay away from alcohol, just as the beating taught me to respect the whites. I learned the mistress' name late that year. May Adams. She was the most beautiful white woman I had ever seen, and much younger than the master. She was his fifth wife, and was not very happy. I was hauling barrels filled with water the first time we spoke. She said hello to me. I didn't acknowledge her, I was very afraid. I didn't want the master or his sons to see me with her. I did the only thing I could do; run. I avoided her the next weeks. She found me in the tomato patch one early evening. She told me to meet her behind the barn after the lights were turned out. I did what I was told. When I got there, she was wearing her nightgown. The moon shone on her and made her look like and angel. I was confused, for I never had been paid this much attention to by a white person. She immediately pulled me close to her and put her lips on mine. I was terrified. I pushed her away, into the side of the barn. She looked at me as if I had put a knife through her heart. She began to cry. I didn't know what to do. I put my arms around her and tried to comfort her. She wouldn't stop crying, her cries became loud. She was mumbling words, saying no one loved her, that she was ugly. I tried to soothe her, until I heard men calling her name. I ran to hide. I watched from the woods as they found her and brought her into the house. We never spoke again.

As time went on, it was painful to force myself back into the agonizing past. I will never forget what happened to me and my people. We were tortured and beaten, treated worse than animals. I've seen the worst that man can do to man. I've seen true hatred. And as I look ahead to the years beyond my life, I see much more hate and pain suffered by those whose family went through the slave trade. I see those searching for relief, only to find the same things in different forms happening in the present, in America, the richest country in the world. Hurt is felt, suffering occurs, racism and ignorance is directed towards those different from you. Slavery brought all this and more to our future. It ruined our destiny to have a perfect world, be a perfect country. Greed, the need to be better than someone else, it will occur in years to come. Slavery will never be erased or forgotten. The lives lost and the suffering of our ancestors will forever be a part of us and will shape our lives to make us who we are. Nothing will ever change that; nothing will ever make it better.

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Culture in today's society

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There are many different cultures in the world today. What makes up a culture is different for every group. Culture is the specific learned norms based on attitudes, routine behaviors, dominant values and shared beliefs. Culture is often based on long standing traditions that have been passed from generation to generation. It can be evolved through societal and religious influences. Changing culture would almost be impossible because it is in every society in every country today.

I always thought that people act and behave the way they do because they were born that way. It never occurred to me that their beliefs and actions could be caused by the things that surround them and in turn, makes them who they are. I experience different forms of culture everyday of my life. Tacit models and Rules are two important aspects of culture that affect me daily.

Tacit models are a big feature that my family follows. My mother and father have brought us up to respect our elders and peers, speak with politeness, and always use our manners. I feel that these are very ethical ideas to follow and my parents brought us up to be very respectable young adults. I see other children and adults daily that have not been brought up with such patterns of behavior and I think it is disturbing. The lack of respect for elderly and the rudeness that comes out of their mouths is a disgrace. I also see older adults, at the Nursing Home that I work at, and their manners are very bad also. I take offense a lot of times when I do something for them and they can't even say thank you. I guess it has become second nature for me to always say thank you. Because of the way I was brought up, I feel that it shows disrespect not to say thank you if someone does something to help you out. Tacit models is just one of the patterns that I use because of the culture I was brought up in.

Rules are the other feature of culture that my family follows. Growing up with six family members, my mother, father, and three sisters, rules were a big part of holding our family together. I don't mean strict rules, but common everyday rules that we had to follow. For instance we had to make sure our job of the day was done before we could go out and play. This was to insure that our house was kept nice and clean, and that we all did a share of the 'dirty work'. I feel that the rules that we followed were very easy and helped our family become the responsible and helpful family we are today.

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The most effective way to undestand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth

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As the famous historian Marc Blauch said "Chidren are more alike to its epoch than to its parents". Considering this, I am convinced that there is a strong link between a generation and the time this generation lives in. Adults used to be the leading force in a society, however some decades ago, the youth's ideas start ruling. In these times, we can consider the youth as a good sample to understand our contemporary culture. The way the youth thinks, acts and expresses helps us understand the way our culture behaves. I am supporting my position by considering the following points

· Historical approach

· Social impact

· My personal experience

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As a person deeply interested in history, I have read several books of the famous historian Marc Blauch. One that I found particularly interesting is " The evolution of men". In this book Blauch, analyzes how each generation has more things in common with its peers than with its parents. Blauch puts as an example an American family in the decade-160s, where the daughter and son are quite liberal and revolutionary, while the parents are very conservative. One particular aspect where he found this to be more evident is with the music each member of the family prefered. The children love The Beatles, while the parents rather prefer Frank Sinatra. So, if we had to choose between the parents or the children to understand the contemporary culture of the sixties, definetely we would have chosen the children, as they are more representative if that epoch.

The youth has participated in almost every major revolution that has taken place in the world. Last year I traveled to Hungary where I met Ana Prosineki, Director of the Hungarian Center for Culture Studies. She told me that in recent studies that the center has conducted they have found that everyday young people influence elder people. One very intresting study was about how children, ages 7 to 16, influence the way the parents dress. Ana told me that this phenomenon was very interesting for Hungarian Dress Industry, the biggest in the country, because with the results of this study they determined to redesign a their existing line of clothes for adults, ages 45 to 65, which was very conservative and dull. They redesigned it to look very similar in colors and style with the line for young people, ages 16 -5.

I would like to relate my personal experience as a member and active player of my generation. The best example to describe how youth has participated and changed the world of today is the Internet. It is amazing how a bunch of undergraduates help build and designed the software that made Internet accessible for everybody. More spectacular is the fact that some of the most powerful companies of the Internet era were founded and are currently run by young people. Back in 16 and 17 when the Internet was introduced massively in Mexico I decided I want to participate in it. So I bought a book at amazon.com, my first ever Internet transaction, on programming web pages "Learning HTML in 4 hours". I was amazed with the book, learning HTML code was not that hard and that meant that I could build pages for everybody else. I bought my own web domain www.zatun.com and founded my construction and design web site. Today I run a very successful and trendy Internet era company.

With all this in mind I strongly believe that the youth is the primary engine of contemporary culture. Now more than ever young people are making more and more decisions that help shape the world.

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OUTLINE THREE MAJOR TYPES OF MANAGERIAL SKILLS

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There are three types of skills managers use to perform functions in management. The three managerial skills that are essential to successful management are technical, human, and conceptual skills. When achieving organisational goals, managers need these key management skills in order to understand and perform their functions, which are planning, organising, leading, and controlling. 'Management is an ongoing activity, entails goal attainment, and involves knowing how to perform management's major functions.' (Bartol, K., Martin, D., Tein, M. and Matthews, G., 000, Management, A Pacific Rim Focus, rd Edn, McGraw-Hill Sydney, pg. 5)

The function of planning is deciding the best method or plan to achieve organisational goals. The function of organising concentrates on using and allocating organisations resources, such as staff and non-human resources, so that plans can be carried out. Leading involves influencing employees to engage in the work behaviors required to reach organisational goals, and managers control organisational activity so that performance harmonizes to expected organisational missions. Managers routinely perform all of these functions, regardless of their level of hierarchy in the organization. However, managers also routinely perform the technical, human, and conceptual skills to create and maintain the internal environments of organisations.

To carry out a task or procedure, it is necessary for managers to have the knowledge of techniques and understanding of the organisation's field of interest. A technical skill is the ability to use knowledge, methods, techniques, and equipment necessary for the performance of specific tasks. Marketing, E-business, technical skills, analytical skills, decision-making skills, problem-solving skills are only a few examples of technical skills that managers all around the world acquire. It is also a sound knowledge of management theories, and the abilities to apply the theories practically in the place of work. This skill may be acquired from experience, education and training. When made evident that tasks are effectively accomplished according to plan, technical skills are used.

To reach organisational goals as a team, managers lead employees to work towards their aim. Therefore, human skills are needed in order to control and motivate the workers. The ability of judgment for working with and through people is vital for managers to understand whether or not tasks are being accomplished. Developed human skills are observant in advantages and disadvantages of certain attitudes, assumptions, and beliefs in themselves, other individuals and groups in relation to the organisation. Case problems and improvised role-playing can effectively assist in the development of human skills, and self-examining personal concepts and values support the growth of useful attitudes towards him and others. Examples of human skills are delegating skills, leadership skills, negotiation skills, recruitment and selection, communication skills, mentoring and coaching skills, staff training and motivation.

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'It is common for many organisations to undergo restructuring in their human resources and personnel functions to ensure that the right people with the right human skills are at every level in the Department.' (UK Government Changes at the Home Office; Top management focus on delivery, M Presswire, Coventry, February 00)

Conceptual skill involves the ability to see the organisation as a whole, to identify how different functions in the organisation depend on one another, and to associate the organisation with the outside world. Managers analyse and diagnose important issues or patterns in complex situations. Training, coaching, guiding and assigning responsibilities allows managers to be aware of their internal environment, which can also strengthen and develop their conceptual abilities. To act according to the objectives of the total organisation rather than only on the basis of the goals and needs of ones immediate work group, managers must understand the complexities of the overall organisation and where ones own operation fits in the organisation. With this skill, they are able to construct strategy-making processes to approach existing and new opportunities that may benefit their organization.

In assisting to planning their goal, managers should acquire knowledge and be kept informed of new information relating to their organisation's field of interest. Managing Director of Janata Bank Murshid Kuli Khan believes that 'to meet the requirements of the customers of the 1st century, Executives conceptual skills should be enriched by acquiring knowledge in specific business areas, for example e-business.' (Bankers urged to acquire knowledge on e-commerce, The Independent, September 00)

The three managerial skills, technical skill, human skill, and conceptual skill apply at all hierarchy levels of management. The hierarchy levels are the basis of two main dimensions. One is the vertical dimension, which is the managerial level of the organisation that includes the first-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. The other is the horizontal dimension, which are the variations in managers' task and responsibility. However, the use of management skills varies in the vertical dimension of the hierarchy, as different levels of management require different amounts of skills.

Generally, the first-level managers need the greatest amount of technical skills, as they are responsible for day-to-day operations in pursuit of their goals. They are directly responsible for the work of operating and supervising technical and professional employees. However, technical skills decreases as managers move up the hierarchy levels for the reason that managers are moving away from people that are performing the technical work of the organisation.

Conceptual skills are the lowest amount of skill required for first-level managers. Yet, this is variable if strategic management responsibilities are delegated down from higher-level managers.

The decrease amount of technical skills for the middle-level managers is due to the fact that they are more distant from the technical employees. Middle-level managers implement the goals of top managers and co-ordinate the work of first-line managers. They also set tactical objectives, which focus on departmental issues and describe the results necessary to achieve organisation's strategic goals. Therefore, there is an increase in conceptual skills.

For the top-level managers, conceptual skills are the largest and most important skill required. These managers have the most power and take overall responsibility for the organisation. To stay ahead of competition, top-level managers set strategic goals that focus on broad issues and apply to the organisation as a whole.

In contrast, there is the smallest amount of technical skills required for the top-level management. Although top managers are furthest away from the technical day-to-day operations, it is vital that they have some technical knowledge of their organisation's products and services.

Naturally, all three levels of management require the same amount of human skills. To understand other employees, work effectively with them, and to get them to work together as a team is the effectiveness of this skill. Managers must establish good relationships with people internally and externally from the organisation.

Principles of good management are generally uniformed in both profit making and non-profit organisations. Management success is gained through accomplishment of mission and objectives. As managers perform their role and execute management functions, the three skills are routinely exercised. With the specific technical skills, they are able to reflect both an understanding of and accomplish daily tasks in their organisation's specialised field. To accomplish tasks through people internally or externally, managers must have strong communication skills to be able to develop relationships. This human skill allows managers to recognize different mixes in the skills according to the environment, which also allows them to lead and control activities to reach expected goals.

Although all three management skills are important at all three levels of management, conceptual skills become relatively more important at the top-level of management. They need the ability to visualize their organisation as a whole, and understand how they fit into the wider industry.

Nevertheless, throughout the organisation managers of different level requires different amount of technical skills, and conceptual skills to function effectively, but all require the same amount of human skills. 'All effective leaders have some technical, human relations, and conceptual skills, but leaders may vary considerably in their styles.' (Jordan, Debra J, Leadership styles Which one is right for you? The Camping Magazine; Martinsville; Mar 16)

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