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Tuberculosis
Description- It's a severe bacterial infection that mainly attacks the lungs, but may also affect the kidneys, bones, lymph nodes, and brain. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It's a rod-shaped bacterium to 4 micrometers in length. Children and people with weakened immune systems are most likely to get Tuberculosis. Half of all untreated cases are deadly. Although Tuberculosis can be treated, and can be prevented if you take certain drugs, scientists have never come close to wiping it out. The first phase of Tuberculosis usually lasts for several months. During this period, the body's immune system tries to resist this disease, and most or all of the bacteria are wiped out. However before the attack is over, some bacteria escape into the body and are carried somewhere else in the body where they are stable. Then later on in life the bacteria because active again and attacks the immune system and messes it up. When the bacteria messes up the immune system, the bacteria goes into the lung and other body parts and starts to kill the tissues.
History- This disease has existed since at least 000 BC, because they are found in mummified bodies. References to Tuberculosis can be found in writings of ancient Babylonia, Egypt, and China. The name Tuberculosis was first used in 18, and it comes from the Latin word tubercula, which means small lump, referring to the small scars seen in the tissues of infected patients. Tuberculosis returned in Europe in epidemic form. J. A. Villemin, a French army doctor, showed that Tuberculosis could be transferred from humans to animals. During the height of the epidemic in the U.S., one in every four people died from the disease. In 188 Robert Koch, a German country doctor, discovered the bacteria that caused Tuberculosis. He demonstrated the existence of the bacteria and how it was transmitted. In 14, two French men named Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin prepared the BCG vaccine that would hopefully cure the world from this disease. When they tested it on someone, they found out that it cured him so the vaccine worked. Deaths in 14 dropped from 188 per 100,000 people to about 1 per 100,000 people. People were confident that Tuberculosis was conquered.
Prevalence Between 185 and 11, the number of cases reported increased 0%. Several factors caused the increase in Tuberculosis. HIV is the greatest risk for the Tuberculosis infection to disease. People with HIV have weakened immune systems that increase their chance to get Tuberculosis. In 10, 4% of Tuberculosis cases worldwide were connected with HIV. By the year 000 the rate is expected to rise to nearly 14%. The highest increase in Tuberculosis is in Asia and Africa where the disease is spreading. The rise of Tuberculosis is also happening because people are failing to take their six to nine months medication to fight the disease. Because of this, the bacterium is becoming immune to disease so doctors have to find other medications to kill the bacteria.
Cause- Tuberculosis spreads by droplet infection. This means that when a Tuberculosis patient exhales, coughs, or sneezes, tiny droplets of fluid containing tubercle bacilli are released into the air. This Mist, as it's often called, can be taken in from the nasal passage and lungs from a person nearby. Tuberculosis however, isn't highly contagious compared with some other diseases. Only about one in three close contacts of Tuberculosis patients are likely to become infected. The disease is not passed on by contact with a patient's clothing or dishes.
Risk Factors- Sometimes patients may have to remove severely organs because of the scars that Tuberculosis causes. The risk factor is that maybe something goes wrong in the surgery. Another risk factor is that if you don't continue to take your medication, the Tuberculosis disease will be immune to the medication and you will probably die because there is nothing else that can help.
Symptoms- In the primary stage of the disease, Tuberculosis patients might be symptom free, or may experience a flu-like illness. In the secondary stage, called active disease, Tuberculosis of the lung is usually linked with a dry cough that eventually leads to a larger cough with blood coming out. There might be chest pain and shortness of breath. Patients also spit out a lot of greenish phlegm and have cold sweats at night. The secondary stage is the most contagious stage.
Incubation Period- The incubation period from the first stage of the virus to the second stage of the virus can be at any time. Usually the bacteria just stays in your body and when the immune level is low, the bacterium attacks.
Current Treatment- Antibiotic therapy can be used. Treatment for Tuberculosis involves taking several drugs for 6 to months and eating nourishing foods, having lots of rest, and follow physician orders. Rarely it may be necessary to surgically remove damaged organs. There is also a BCG vaccine, which strengthens the immune system and will kill the disease definitely. However, this vaccine is still being studied.
Long Term Affects- You may die beginning this disease if medication is not taken properly, have trouble breathing, get asthma, or have many scars on your organs that may cause internal pain and further diseases.
Explanation of Need- Research on this disease is important because the strain of Tuberculosis has come back and everyone can contract this disease. We need to find a way to kill the bacteria forever so that no one else will die. Once someone gets this disease, he can give it to a lot of other people. There is no way of knowing if someone has it in the early stages because there are no symptoms.
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