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Korean economic Crisis

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Korean economic crisis: The intervened Banking system

This paper is divided into 2 parts. The first part seeks to validate that government intervention on the banking system in Korea as a primary cause for the collapse of the economy in 1997; the second part examines the intent and rationale behind the intervention.

Causes for the collapse of the Korean economy

Currency crisis is commonly cited as a main result of improvident macroeconomic policies (Hong, p.206-207). However, economic indicators on Table 1 reveal no indications of imprudent macroeconomic policies by the Korean government.

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Table 1

The GDP growth rate though faced a slow down from 1995's 8.9% to 5.9%, it generally remained a steady positive growth rate though the 5-year period. The Domestic Savings rate hovered around an average of 36.3. Since there was no drastic increase or decrease in the domestic savings rate, it reflected that the outlook of the economy was stable and that the economy was growing steadily. Saving is proportionally related to investment, ceteris paribus. Domestic Savings rate are commonly used to measure the level of investment on resources that are devoted to the increases in physical, human capital and technological improvements (Rittenberg, p.407). The current account deficit confirms the high level of investment rather than consumption (Hong, p.206-207). Clearly, all the indicators do not suggest the collapse of the Korean economy in 1997.

The economy downturn was sparked off by a mistake in the forecasting of major export items. It was speculated that the international prices of semiconductors, steel and petrol-chemical products would rebound; the prices, however, did not recover. They instead plunged significantly during 1995-1996 (Hong, p.207). The chaebols (large family-owned conglomerates) had high corporate leverage and overly invested in risky projects hence, suffered tremendous losses. The condition was made worse, since chaebol firms are highly interdependent financially through cross sharing and cross loans guarantee (Hong, p.209). This triggered a series of severe financial crisis among the chaebols resembling a "domino effect". The conglomerates, competing with each other to expand capacity in automobiles, semiconductors, and other industries, were granted excessive loans from the Government-supported banks (Shorrock, par.17). To the surprise of many economists, the Korean government actually encouraged short–term borrowings by lowering mandatory requirement ratios of medium and long–term borrowings for financial institutions (Suh, par.9)

The series of large corporate insolvencies inevitably undermine the health of the financial institutions with large exposure to these conglomerates. According to an official report, non-performing loans (NLPs) of commercial banks as of the end of 1996 stood at 11.9 trillion won (3.9 percent of total loans made by commercial banks), and they almost doubled to 22.7 trillion at the end of 1997 (Hong, p.209-210).

Furthermore, the proximity of the general presidential election and the Hanbo scandal weakened and divided the ruling party, inhibiting its capacity to act effectively (Haggard, p.57). As such, foreign investors began to lose confidence in the Korean economy; large inflows turned to sudden outflows, which amounts to about 9.8 billion dollars (Hong, p.208). This resulted in a serious liquidity problem. Korean firms had difficulty in turning non-liquid investments (such as expensive machineries) into liquid assets (cash) to repay their loans. This phenomenon paved way for the collapse of the Korean economy in 1997.

Possible reasons for government intervention

Although Korea's financial crisis of 1997-98 was triggered by foreign currency shortages in financial institutions, there is little doubt that financial troubles in the corporate sector, particularly the chaebols (large family-owned conglomerates), were at the epicenter of the crisis (Luna-Martinez, p.3-4). The troubles at the large chaebols had put banks in a very difficult position. Under government intervention, the Korean corporate sector shifted the pain to the large banks, which must accept debt-for equity swaps, maturity extensions or outright forgiveness of loans (Fons, par. 20). This paper seeks to explain the government intervention from the social, political and economic perspective. These factors are closely related and interconnected; some even having complimentary effects, magnifying each other's effects in policies making and stands that the government take. Before I continue, I must stress that the collapse of the Korean is not due to a single factor; it is a collective effect from all the factors. However, I argued that Korean government's intervention in the Korean banking system is the primary core of the factors that caused the economy to collapse. Thus, I am interested to know why the Korean government would want to show such favoritism.

Before we begin analyzing and examining the factors, it is important to have some background information about the culture and working attitudes of Asians. In the Asian region, as Lee Kwan Yew unblinkingly puts it, "authoritarian arrangements are essential to economic success." The culture of the Asian community advocates deference and obedience to the authorities (Hitchcock, par.2-5). Korea follows closely to the teachings of Confucius. The Confucian heritage focused on (1) emphasis on education; (2) respect for the moral value of loyalty to the King and the nation, which is translated to loyalty to the constitution; (3) the teaching of public integrity in the public service. On the other hand, it brought about the open oppression of the commoners by the ruling class (Nam, p.4-5). The Confucian heritage stresses diligence, self-help and cooperation. This notion ensures social harmony, which was an important ingredient for the Asian economic miracle. Nevertheless, as a country modernizes, it requires transparency through its ranks to ensure efficiency and effective working of the free market mechanism. However, the culture indirectly created pragmatism among people. They were inculcated with values, which asked for their "blind" obedience to the authority. This facilitated special transactions and relationships among businessmen and government officials behind closed doors.

Such deals made behind closed doors and through connections provided an ideal sanctuary for bad loans and indebtedness, such as the $50 billion of underreported Korean debt (Hitchcock, par.7). The spark that ignited the whole series of aftermath that eventually led to the collapse of the Korean economy was the bankruptcy of the Hanbo Group in January 1997.

Hanbo, which started as a construction company, invested heavily in steel operations relying mainly on borrowings from Korean banks. While Hanbo was making a huge capital investment in steel, the world steel industry went into recession. A combination of large debt and recession drove Hanbo to the brink of bankruptcy as early as mid–1996, but creditors tried to save Hanbo through a series of emergency loans. By the time Hanbo filed for bankruptcy in early January 1997, its debt amounted to 5 trillion won (Suh, par.14-16).

It was suspected that Korean banks gave such a high line of credit due to Hanbo chairman Chung Tae-Soo's political lobbying activities, but investigations revealed a political scandal. More than a dozen of influential politicians from both the ruling and opposition parties were implicated in bribery and influence peddling; even the incumbent president's son, Kim Hyun Chul, was arrested on these grounds. This seriously tarnished the reputation of the president and severely affected the capacity of both the president and the ruling party to overcome the emerging currency crisis.

Before further analysis, we must understand that South Korea was ruled under a strong, and effective leadership by the authoritarian government. Similar to the other 3 tigers of Asia, South Korea's successful economic development was led by export-oriented activities centering especially on the northern American market. The export-based, outward-looking development strategy had led Korea to consistently high economic growth from the 1960s to the 1970s (Rohlen, p.10-11). The South Korea government played an active role in its economic development.

In the 1960s, the government intervened its economy actively by directing its resources into the growth industries. In addition, it gave assistance to selected firms, allowing them to carry out strategic investment projects, achieve economies of scale, absorb foreign investment and technology and above all, maximize exports (Nam, p.6-7). The government intervention was arguably the most important element in the successful take-off of the Korean economic development.

In the 1960s till 1970s, the government played an active role in the banking systems. Since there were limited financial resources, the government intervened actively in the banks' loaning decisions. The government ensured that the limited resources were allocated to the priority sectors, such as exports and basic industries; non-productive sectors such as tertiary sectors received the least allocation (Nam, p.6-7).

This trend has not changed much through the years. In the early 1990s, banks continued to believe that the chaebols were extremely stable due to their size; financial institutions continued to trust that government would intervene and protect them from bankruptcies. Thus, many risky or unprofitable investments were financed (Hong, p.208-209). On the other hand, the chaebols continued to embark on aggressive, leveraged expansion, believing that this export-based strategy will continue to provide them with returns well exceeding the cost of the capital (Luna-Martinez, p.5).

The Government did impose stricter limits on connected lending and credit risk exposure that prevented banks from increasing their loans to the chaebols, whose leverage had already exceeded the reasonable level. However, the policies came too late to produce any effect. Table 2 shows the selected indicators of the banking system in Korea.

Table 2: Selected banking system indicators in Korea

Indicators Korea (1995) Korea (1996) Korea (1997)

Number of domestic institutions 26 26 26

Total assets in US dollars 552 billion 658.2 billion 712.9 billion

Total assets as % of GDP 157 170 169

Assets of banks as % of total assets of the financial system 52 49 51

Total loan portfolio in US dollars 311 billion 389 billion 385 billion

Growth of the lending portfolio over the previous years 19% 25% -1.1%

Non-performing loans as % of total loan portfolio 5.2 3.9 5.8

Provisions for loans losses as % of total loans 1.4 1.4 1.9

Capital adequacy ratio 9.3 9.1 7.0

Return on assets (ROA) 0.32% 0.26% 0.93%

Return on equity (ROE) 4.19% 3.8% -18%

Note: Assets of commercial banks in Korea include both banking accounts and trust accounts.

Source: CNBV, FSS, BOK and BANXICO

The data showed that the growth of the bank credit slowed down in 1997, however, the total growth of bank credit from 1995 till 1997 was still significantly large, considering that in 1995 and 1996 the growth was 19% and 25% respectively whereas the decrease growth rate in 1997 was a mere 1.1%. The table shows that the amount of assets non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) possessed collectively was nearly the amount the commercial banks owned; in 1996, they even held more assets than the commercial banks. The government intervention to reduce bank credit was not effective from preventing the chaebols from embarking on large-scale and risky expansion or pursuing in unprofitable projects. The chaebols merely turned to the NBFIs, such as, credit unions, insurance companies, investment companies, merchant banks and development banks etc. to finance their projects (Luna-Martinez, p.4).

A series of factors including the Hanbo scandal and the weakening international prices of the major export of the South Korean industries plunged the chaebols into a series of financial crisis. The Korean government pushed the chaebols to seek short-term loans from foreign financial institutions to ease the burden of the domestic financial institutions already sustaining medium and long-term loans. The amount of short-term loans from foreign financial institutions amounted to almost 60 percent of the total foreign debt at the time of crisis in November 1997 (Suh, par.12). This action was a temporary solution to ease the immediate crisis. Instead of solving the problem, it led the Korean economy to an utter collapse in 1997 when there was a sudden outflow of foreign funds.

The government's intervention in pushing for short-term foreign loans could be based on several possible reasons. The proximity of the presidential elections should be noted. The relationship between the voters and the ruling party follows closely to the Clientelism model. This patron-client relationship maintained its reciprocity in the form of welfare granted to the voters and their support in return (Handelman, p.145). In view of the proximity of the presidential election on December 18, 1997, the ruling party's effort to ensure the continual good welfare of the people is possibly magnified, in order to secure support in the upcoming election.

I believe that the rationale behind the Korean government's decision is based largely on the concept of Nationalism. A nation as Anderson puts it, "it [nation] is an imagined political community - - and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign" (1991, pp. 5-7). It could be perceived that it is the politicians' responsibilities to uphold the nation's pride and protect the welfare of the citizens.

The chaebols are large conglomerates recognized internationally as the economic pillars of South Korea. The chaebols, such as, Samsung and Daewoo, are recognized internationally and may be perceived as the symbols of economic achievements of Korea well-known brands. Their economic success is closely tied with that of South Korea's. Furthermore, the collapse of the chaebols will reflect badly on the economic outlook of South Korea, which might trigger a loss of confidence in foreign investors that leads to a sudden foreign capital outflow.

One other possible consideration for the ruling party could have been the possible rise in unemployment rate. The collapse of a chaebol could result in a massive unemployment, in the case of the collapse of Daewoo, 320,000 employees were threatened with unemployment (Fernandez, par.9). The unemployment rate is a common indicator used to gauge the ability of a government. Besides the loss of support from the voters in the case of massive unemployment, the government had to consider the negative effects that unemployment entails, such as, an increase in dependence on government's support, a rise in crime rates, decrease in revenues and other social problems. A report on the social impact of the financial crisis verified the worrying consequences of massive unemployment. There was a high employment rate due the implementation of the contractionary fiscal and monetary policies that came as part of the IMF rescue package. There were approximately 1.5 million people put out of work which lead to approximately 5000 babies were left at the orphanage without adoption, 6200 families left the cities "to seek a better life in the countryside" and 650,000 members, staged a hunger strike to protest the government-led unilateral reform of the economy (Ching, par.35-44).

Moreover, massive unemployment together with a failing economy could possibly lead to stagflation. This is a situation when there is an increasing inflation together with an increasing unemployment rate. The collapse of the failing chaebols possibly lead to a sharp rise in structural unemployment. Workers from other industries foreseeing worse economic outlook ahead could possibly push for higher wage rates to cushion the harsh times ahead. The rise in the cost of production of the industries inevitably leads to more unemployment and inflation (Rittenberg, p.335-343). Furthermore, discontent workers and citizens may challenge the legitimacy of the ruling political leadership when faced with massive unemployment and inflation. These effects would pose more problems for the government. The government possibly encouraged short-term loans from foreign financial institutions and injecting of funds into the faltering chaebols in order to curb massive unemployment.

Conclusion

The financial crisis was caused by a series of events. It was triggered by a slow-down in the major export industries and a drop in the international prices in the core export products. The situation was worsened by the weakness of the banking sectors of Korea. A lack of transparency in the financial systems led to the forming of "special relationships" within the community. This resulted in excessive reliance on bank borrowing by conglomerates, political collusion between conglomerates and politicians, non-transparent business accounts, and ineffective bank supervisory mechanisms (Suh, par.17-18). This non-transparency is a stark difference Korea from other less affected economies like Singapore, who developed quickly using a similar export-oriented industrialization strategy.

In addition, the use of the banking sector as a tool by the authoritarian Korean government to achieve its economic objectives, such as boosting the highly prioritized export-oriented industries and consciously reducing the funding for the lowly prioritized tertiary sector, severely inhibited the growth and maturity of its banking sector. As such, bank managers developed few skills for independent, efficient and prudent management. They merely relied on the government, who made decisions based on availability of collateral rather than on a proper assessment of risk or future repayment capacity, for determination of interest rates as well as lending decisions (Luna-Martinez, p.10).

The effect was inflated by a loss of confidence among the foreign investors. The foreign investors lost confidence due to the deterioration of the soundness of the banking system, the weakening Korean economic outlook and the weak bankruptcy laws. The Korean government's framework to protect and enforce creditors' rights was deficient. The government maintained industrial development and market stability by restraining controversial debt collection and by actively encouraging voluntary schemes of rescheduling (Luna-Martinez, p.7). The foreign investors facing with inadequate protection withdrew their investments in South Korea, resulting in a sudden capital outflow. This firmly sealed the fate of the failing economy, leading to a total collapse of the economy in November 1997 (Lindgren et al., p.2).

Government intervention in the banking system proved to be the core factor that resulted in the collapse of the Korean economy in the Asian financial crisis in 1997. The reasons behind the intervention spanned a huge array of diverse factors. The Confucian heritage, the ex-military authoritarian government, the corruption and collusion between the conglomerates and the politicians, the proximity of the 1997 presidential election and the concern for the reputation of the faltering chaebols, possibly influenced the government intervention in the banking sector.

Four years have passed since the collapse of the Korean economy. A mixture of short-term contractionary monetary and fiscal policies and long-term expansionary policies from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) had miraculous effects on the recovery of the Korean economy. The Korean economy has shown a strong recovery with substantial economic growth, however, whether the economic growth is sustainable, depends on the structural reforms' contribution to the enhancement of international competitiveness (Hong, p.218).

Works cited

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991.

Ching, Frank. Social Impact of the Regional Financial Crisis. The Asian Economic Crisis: Policy Choices, Social Consequences and the Philippine Case. Asia Society. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 15, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/lil01 /lil01b.html>.

Fernandez, Luciano and Peter Symonds. "Daewoo collapse threatens further financial crisis in South Korea" 8 October 1999. World Socialist website. November 14, 2001. < http:// www.wsws.org/articles/1999/oct1999/kor-o08.shtml>.

Haggard, Stephan. The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis. Institute For International Economics, Washington, DC: August 2000.

Handelman, Howard. The Challenge of Third World Development. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc.: 2000.

Hitchcock, David I. Asian Crisis Is Cultural As Well As Economic. The PacNet Newsletter 1998. April 10, 1998. The Center for Strategic and International Studies. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 15, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/pbei/csis/ pac98/hid02.html>.

Hong, Kiseok and Jong-Wha Lee. "Korea, Returning to Sustainable Growth?" 203-225. Rpt. in The Asian Financial Crisis: Lessons for a Resilient Asia. Ed. Wing Thye Woo, Jeffrey D. Sachs and Klaus Schwab. The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2000.

Jons, Jerome S. Asia's Banking Systems Still At Risk. Conference on Crisis & Credit: Restructuring Asia's Financial Sector Asia Society October 1, 1999, New York. Speeches and Transcript: 1999. Asian Society. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/asoc_spch99/foj01.html>.

Lindgren, Carl-Johan., et al. Financial Sector Crisis and Restructuring: Lessons from Asia. International Monetary Fund: 1999.

Luna-Martinez, Jose De. Management and Resolution of Banking Crisis: Lessons from the Republic of Korea and Mexico. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The WORLD BANK: March 2000.

Nam, Duck Woo. Korea's Economic Takeoff in Retrospect: 3-19. Rpt. in The Korean Economy at a Crossroad: Development Prospects, Liberalization, and the South-North Economic Integration. Ed. Sung Yeung Kwack. Praeger Publishers: 1994.

Rittenberg, Libby and Timothy Tregarthen. Macroeconomics. 2nd Ed. Worth Publishers: 2000.

Rohlen, Thomas P. A "Mediterranean" Model for Asian Regionalism: Cosmopolitan Cities and Nation-States in Asia. Asia/Pacific Research Center Stanford University. The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University: April 1995.

Shorrock, Tim, Martha Honey and Tom Barry. Asian Financial Crisis: Foreign Policy In Focus. April 1998. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www. ciaonet.org/pbei/fpif/sht01.html>.

Suh, Sang-Mok. The Korean Currency Crisis: What Can We Learn From It? May 1998. Asia/Pacific research center. Columbia International Affairs Online. November 20, 2001. < http://www.ciaonet.org/srchfrm.html>.

Works cited

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991.

Haggard, Stephan. The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis. Institute For International Economics, Washington, DC: August 2000.

Handelman, Howard. The Challenge of Third World Development. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc.: 2000.

Lindgren, Carl-Johan., et al. Financial Sector Crisis and Restructuring: Lessons from Asia. International Monetary Fund: 1999.

Rittenberg, Libby and Timothy Tregarthen. Macroeconomics. 2nd Ed. Worth Publishers: 2000.

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The lottery

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"The Lottery"

"The Lottery" is a short story that can be seen in both negative and positive aspects. The main point of the story is how on person is picked and then stoned to death just because of tradition. The people in the town were so caught up in following tradition that they do not realize what is really being done. At times a human being is unaware of his or her actions because they do not know otherwise, meaning they were brought up a certain way. Many years ago there were race disputes among children because the parents taught the children to think a certain way. As the child grew up they did not know that treating someone differently because of their color was morally wrong. "The Lottery" symbolizes how people can be cruel unconsciously, in both the real world and the town people in the story.

Our country has been through so many disputes about equality in the past. Americans were brought to believe that races should be separated. I don't think many people did it purposely because I believe the mentality of discrimination was just taught down through generations. In schools, it's not unusual to see children isolate themselves from other races because they don't know any better, since that's how they were brought up by their parents. What I am trying to say is that people do things without thinking of the harm that is being caused because they are taught to follow tradition, or in other words the same mentality that their parents had.

Throughout the story, the reason behind the lottery is never really specified. One reason could be for population purposes, but then again it was not a big town. Mr. Summers just kept conducting the lottery each year and everyone just went along with the idea. No one was valiant enough to try to stop it because it was something that they had done every year ever since they could remember. Not one person tried to question anything because no one was bothered with the idea that someone be stoned to death. The children gathered the stones without the hesitation that one of their parents could be chosen. One thing that I thought was unbelievable was that Tessie was trying to add her daughter to the list just beat the chances of her getting picked. It is beyond cruel that such act could be held each year because the town people don't know otherwise, without a reasonable purpose of taking someone's life.

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In our country's history a lot of unfair actions were done such as discrimination. Although some people were aware of their actions, some did not know any better and just went along with the crowd. Just like in the real world, "The Lottery" shows how people do things without realizing that there is not a perfectly good reason for the action. The people in the town just attended the lottery each year like it was a holiday that needed to be celebrated without knowing where and why it originated. Not one person was brave enough to stand up to Mr. Summers to question why one of their loved ones had to be stoned to death. Unfair and cruel actions are seen in both the real world and in the "The Lottery."

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The Old Woman at the End of the Road

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The Day was just like any other day. I woke up as any other day. I felt like I had not slept during the night. As I wiped the sleep from my eyes, I headed towards the kitchen. I needed a cup of coffee, to start this day. While the coffee was brewing, my thoughts of my dream came to mind. The old women at the end of the road raced through my thoughts. Thinking to myself why do I keep having this dream? I poured my coffee, and was still trying to recall more of the dream. I just could not remember the rest of the dream. Thinking to myself, this is the time of the day I enjoy the most, the quietness of the morning, and a good cup of coffee at hand. Glancing at the clock to see if my half hour was up, hoping the time would just stand still, I realized that's not going to happen, time isn't going to stand still not today, or the near future. I had to get going, I had to get to work on time. Remembering my boss is returning back to work today from his vacation. If I'm late I know it's going to be a long day with the silent treatment my boss will give me. I just don't understand the man. If I get to work on time and work late, and give a hundred and ten percent, he is a happy person. The rules of time our on his side not mine, so I must follow the rules of time.

The morning tasks are waiting for me. I hurriedly got my clothes ready, jumped in the shower, brushed my teeth, and combed my hair. I packed my briefcase with my books, and work that I had worked on all weekend for a project that needed to be presented today. Oh no my cat Cheetah needs to be fed, Cheetah meowed at me while I was pouring his cat food. He knew I was off to work. I held him for a few minutes, just to let him know that he was loved. "Cheetah, I must leave now" is what I said while I was heading towards the front door with my briefcase. Cheetah followed me, and looked up at me, with a soft meow. Maybe this is Cheetah's way of saying good-bye. Walking to my car, not realizing that fog was in the forecast today. Proceeding with my lights on, I backed out of my driveway.

The fog was so thick my driving was going to be a bet slower today. Not being able to see very far in front of me I proceeded with caution. Not one car was on the road. Looking at my clock on the dash, it didn't seem to move, the time had not changed, and I know I had been driving for about half-hour. The clock must have broken, turning on the radio, they will soon be giving the morning news, and time. The radio, only gave me static "Great, no time, and radio I'm sure going to be late today".

Deciding to pull over to see my location in the road. Looking through the car window I still could not see anything. I got out of the car, to take a closer look. I noticed a light in the far distant, still no sign of any cars on the road I needed to make a decision.

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The first choice was to turn back, and go home and call my boss, and tell him I was going to be late. This would take me longer; I definitely would lose more time.

The second was to walk towards the light I had just spotted on the hill. The walk would do me some good. I could call my boss to let him know my circumstances.

The second decision was the best choice. The walk to the light on the hill would be good exercise. I really didn't want to take any more chances in driving in the fog.

As, I got closer to the light, the structure in the fog looked like a small house. Finally, I reached the door, knocking on the door several times. An old woman came to the door. She asked me if she could help me, "Are you lost young lady?" I explained to her that the fog is so thick that I had to pull my car over. I asked her if I could use her phone to call my boss. She asked me to come in, so I did. Later she explained that she did not have a phone. The old woman offered me a cup of coffee and suggested that I relax and wait till the fog clears so I agreed. Looking around her room, I noticed she had lots of paintings some against the wall and some hanging on the walls. I asked the old woman if she had painted all of them. She then pointed to me, with no explanation. I asked her what time it was, she looked at me I have no clock, time to me is my own I get up with the sun and go to sleep when night has fallen. Knowing my heart I would give anything to not worry about time. Just to be able to paint day and night.

The old woman comes to where I'm sitting and tells me the fog has cleared, but before you leave I have to show you something on top of the hill, as we walked outside, and up the hill I could not believe my eyes there were hundreds and hundreds of easels, and each easel had a different painting. "Those are beautiful. Who painted all of these?" The old woman just pointed again at me. I didn't understand what she meant. The old woman headed towards the end of the road, and shouted at me saying "you painted all the paintings" and then the old woman was gone.

As my thoughts rushed, I needed to get to work. I heard my clock. I got up to find that this was just a dream. I guess I better get this day started, and get to work on time.

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Effects of tech on language

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Abstract

The effects of new technology on language was investigated. It was found that all technology has an effect on language, both positive and negative. Every field of technology that was investigated showed some effect on the way that language is used in and around it. The more that people got used to the technology, the more language was effected. The internet has weakened our ability to communicate with each other face to face. Cell phone use etiquette should be a priority to cell users. It is shown that society is becoming rude. The medical field has grown significantly, adding many new terms to language. Medical organizations have come up with ways of dealing with all this new technology.

Effects of Technology on Language

Technology has influenced our language in a myriad of ways. The introduction of

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communication satellites has ushered in a new era of near instant communication around

the globe. We now have the internet with its online chat forums, private chat, and Email.

Satellites have also facilitated cellular or wireless communication via devices such as

cellular telephones, pagers, or personal digital assistants.

The various elements of this technology have had both positive and negative

effects on our language and the way we communicate. In the following text our group

will briefly examine each of these elements and identify their impact on our language.

The "Galactic Network" concept originally conceived by J. C. R. Licklider of

MIT in 16, laid the foundation for what we now know as the internet. The internet has

existed in various forms since 165 when a TX- computer located at MIT was

connected via a low speed dial up connection to a Q- computer in California. The

internet has evolved from a system limited to use by researchers only, into a world wide

domain accessible by virtually anyone with the required linking device. Licklider's vision

of the internet has impacted 0th. Century communication and access to the written word

much like Guttenberg's invention of the printing press impacted people of the 15th.

Century.

The internet has ushered in the age of Email and online chat. Now, rather than

writing a letter to a friend or family member, we can create a single document and send it

to any number of friends and family members at once. In addition, we have the ability to

attach photos or other data. Unfortunately, since "a picture is worth a thousand words",

we no longer make the effort to describe what we can simply attach. As a result, our use

of expressive, descriptive language is becoming more and more limited. This technology

has also seen the rise of electronic slang or shorthand, particularly among participants in

online chat. A visit to an online chat room will reveal terms such as btw (by the way),

damhik (don't ask me how I know), eod (end of discussion), hhok (ha ha only kidding),

and plos (parents looking over shoulder). Considering that all the communication is input

via keyboard, terms such as these are certain time savers. Especially for the digitally

challenged among us. However, there is cause for concern as well. How long will it be

before we see these terms accepted in regular communication? Recently, we have

witnessed the acceptance of "nine eleven" as reference to the attack on the World Trade

Center. In contrast, we do not refer to the attack on Pearl Harbor as "twelve seven".

Cryptic terms are becoming more and more accepted. A simple search for internet

abbreviations for pen pals will yield a listing of one hundred eighty four examples of

such terms.

Another more troubling aspect of these abbreviations is the ability of the user to

prevent others such as parents or guardians from understanding what is being sent and

received. To the uninitiated, it may as well be a foreign language. Similar shorthand is

employed by users of mobile messaging, a feature of many cellular telephones. In this

instance, such shorthand seems appropriate given the limited method of input. Using a

numeric keypad to type out a message may appear fun or cool in television ads, but the

reality is far different for most users as it is actually cumbersome and time consuming.

Advancements in computing technology have resulted in personal computers

becoming economical and available to users worldwide. To date, in excess of one billion

personal computers have been sold since Intel's introduction of the microprocessor in

171. According to an Intel press release dated July 1, 00

Today PCs are in roughly 60 percent of U.S. households, followed by 4 percent

in Western Europe and 8 percent in Asia Pacific. At the end of last year, nearly

half a billion people around the world had access to the internet from their homes.

The computer age has spawned a wealth of new words and terms in addition to

new meanings for existing words. Many are in the form of acronyms such as BIOS (Basic

Input/Output system), others bring new meaning to old terms such as cold boot. Most people

living in a cold climate can relate to a cold boot as what one feels while getting dressed in winter.

However, thanks to the computer age, we now think of a cold boot as starting our computer after

it has been shut down for some time. The lexicon of computer related words and terms make

most novice or casual computer users feel as though they have entered a foreign country upon

entering a computer store. The ever helpful staff is most willing to impress you with their

knowledge by bombarding you with product information such as "this one has a .75 Gig

processor, 51 megs of Ram, and a 100 Gig hard drive". For many this only makes them feel

even less a part of today's computer age. However, there is hope. A web site (no not a spider's

hangout, but an electronic catalog of sorts located on the internet) called Bella Online

offers an informative dictionary of common computer terms. Expressed in layman's

terms, this offering is most helpful in understanding the geek speak of the computer sales

staff. This is a must read for any but the most computer literate, prior to purchasing a

computer.

In addition to technical terms related to computer performance as mentioned

above, the internet has fostered countless new words and phrases. Most of these are like a

secondary language, born of English, yet unique unto itself as geek speak.

Searchstorage.com offers the following

Geek speak often sounds like normal English that doesn't quite make sense

because familiar words have been given a new meaning. A port is no longer

where a ship docks, and a spool is no longer what thread comes on. And for that

matter, a thread is no longer a thin strand of cotton. And executing a program is

not the same thing as killing it.

To those in the know, technical terms and acronyms are often useful as an

expedient method of communication. The government and particularly the military have

used acronyms for many years. Many of which over time, have been assimilated into

everyday language. Most adults are familiar with ICBM, and when the occasion arises

will use this acronym in place of intercontinental ballistic missile. However, when this

acronym was first introduced, only a select few understood it's meaning. The same holds

true for most of the geek speak lexicon. It is quite likely that some of the geek speak will

find it's way into everyday use by the general populace. Unfortunately, until that time

most of us will be relegated to the unknowing masses, unable to speak or understand this

language. There is hope for us. The Tech Target Network offers an online, searchable

reference of internet acronyms and lingo. Terms such as "egosurfing" looking to see

how many places on the web your name appears, "hacktivism" the act of hacking, and

"googlewhack" searching the Google search engine with a two word or more search

argument that will produce exactly one result as indexed by Google. Examples of which

are maladroit wheezer, blithering clops, and comparative unicyclist. This web site offers

a listing of 07 unique terms. Visitors may click on any term to see the definition, and

may also enter a term in the search box to see the definition. Interested web surfers

should go to http//whatis.techtarget.com to access the listing and dictionary.

From this we can see that the impact of technology is multi-faceted. First we have

the wealth of new technical terms such as ram, cdrom, and megs, which are rapidly

becoming commonplace in everyday language. Second, there are the sub-culture terms

and Email/chat shorthand which are used not only as timesavers but as a means of hiding

from outsiders. Whether it is kids trying to keep their parents in the dark, or cyberpunks

and hackers trying to evade prosecution, use of technology driven terms is here to stay.

The benefits of technology on our language are significant. We now have the

ability to communicate both verbally and in print with others across the street and around

the world in real time. A wealth of information is virtually at one's fingertips via the

internet. However, there is a price we must pay for this technology in addition to the

obvious costs of hardware and services. Word processing programs today offer not only

document formatting, but spell checking, auto correct, punctuation and grammar

correction. Users no longer need to concern themselves with spelling or punctuation, as

long as they remember to have the computer do it for them. Even more troubling is the

increase in the number of form letter type inserts in Christmas cards, and the printed

envelopes or address labels. It seems that what was once a meaningful, thoughtful

expression has been reduced to an electronic bulk mailing Even worse are those who opt

for a generic Email message to all in lieu of a card or letter. Receiving a card that is

personally signed by the sender is becoming the exception rather than the rule.

Technology is robbing us of the ability to communicate effectively, on a personal

level. Staring at an Email message on a monitor, one cannot accurately discern the

sincerity of the sender. Just as the truly classic movies with excellent dialogue have been

replaced by mediocre dialogue, gratuitous sex, explosions and car chases, our language

itself is under attack by technological terms and acronyms. Just as nine eleven has

become accepted, it is quite possible we will soon be using terms the likes of ezine,

internesia, and webify.

Another term that has become common place because of technology is cell phone. Cell phone is term that comes from a group of transmitting towers arranged so that the towers overlap each other to create a cell of wave lengths for the phone to connect to. Each tower's own area is called a cell, and the phone is used in the area to place calls. Up until ten years ago cell phones were only for on the go business men. Today the use of cell phones has drastically changed the way that we communicate. When cell phones were first introduced, they had two major problems, they were the size of a VW beetle and they also relied on cellular wave towers to give a signal in the majority of locations and many areas didn't have cell towers. Since then phones have been made smaller, and towers appear everywhere. Cell phones have become a part of everyday life. Families use cell phones to keep in touch with each other. Mom and dad can keep tabs on the kids, and the kids can keep in touch with each other. Businesses use cell phones to stay on top of the competition. If the main office hears of a possible big deal, they can call the salesman in the field, and get him on it right away.

Cell phones have also made travel safer. A cell phone is almost a necessity when traveling anywhere. If the car breaks down, it is much easier and safer to call for a tow truck. Close to one hundred thousand emergency calls are made on cell phones everyday, but technology isn't sophisticated enough to track the location of the calls like the 11 system can (Vanzi 00, pg. ). When in an unfamiliar area, the cell phone can be used to contact AAA (Automobile Association of America) to get directions. No more stopping at the local gas station to get directions from a twenty five year old with a bad sense of humor sending the way ward traveler in the wrong direction.

There are 100 million cell phone subscribers in the United States (Schumacher 001, pg. 1). Many people have abandoned the home phone, for the cell phone. This means that the majority of phone calls are made on a cell phone. As most people have noted, cell phone conversations do not have much meaning. Most calls are just a quick "Hi" or "how are you"? There made simply because we are in the car or walking around the mall. Calls are made just because they can be made. Ease of access has made our conversations less and less meaningful. Instead of calling relatives once a week with new information, families contact each other frequently. Traveling in a car or walking through the mall is not a meaningful way to have a conversation with loved ones. Everyone around becomes part of the conversation. The person making the call usually has to raise their voice to drown out the sound of the people around them.

In this day and age of technology and personal communications there is a concern for the uncharacteristic change of language. Children as young as ten years old are given cell phones by there parents. The parents say that they give these phones to extend the reach of their parenting arm (Vanzi 00 pg. ). Children think that there parents give them the phones to show trust or a level of responsibility. Many of these phones are equipped with text messaging, a simple form of e-mail. Since the message is typed in over the key pad, the messages take a long time to prepare. The solution to the problem is shorthand.

The shorthand that people use in text messaging is turning up in school work and everyday life. As a teacher in the Philippines stated, "I have been reading student essays recently and noticed the frequent use of common text messaging in these essays. Terms such as, 4u, gthr, and yrs." (Vanzi, 00 pg.). These students also stated that they didn't see any negative effect on language. At such a young and impressionable age these children should be learning the proper form and spelling of language. Much of the population already has a difficulty with spelling. Shorthand use only makes this problem more evident.

It is almost impossible to go anywhere in public without seeing someone on a cell phone. Unfortunately the people having these conversations aren't shy about what they are saying. Most people have been interrupted by that annoying person with the cell phone. Classes in schools are distracted by ringing phones. Business meetings are constantly interrupted by cell phones. We are starting to become a society of rude people. Constantly having to answer the call waiting during the middle of a conversation is common place.

The cell phone companies try to sell these phones as personal communication devices. Are they, or are they just another road block in the way we communicate with each other? The first time that you meet someone, a new bud or possibly a new flame, the conversation turns to communicating with each other, "How do I get a hold of you?", is a popular question. It just used to be, What's your phone number? Imagine someone trying to use this pick-up line. What is your email, cell phone number, or what chat room do you frequent? Technology is a wonderful thing, but at what expense. When is enough technology enough. There are already people who have social anxiety. At what point does technology help to create a generation of people who can not communicate with each other. When we can no longer express ourselves with speech have we gone too far? In a recent conversation with a computer technician, the statement that struck me as interesting was, "I would much rather e-mail someone then talk to them on the phone." What a sad statement from someone who is in a position of influence on people.

Business people are always looking for ways to organize their lives. The invention of the PDA or the palm pilot has made instant personal organization possible. Once again these devices take some time to use. The message or note is put in with a small pen tapping on the letter that is to be input. Shorthand is used immensely. Unfortunately this shorthand has found its way into written communication. Too many people have lost the ability to communicate with each other without technology. It should not be surprising that teenagers have hard time answering the easiest questions about their lives, but put a kid on a computer, and he can talk all night.

Understanding and dealing with the rapidly increasing number of technology driven

terms and acronyms on an individual basis is no small task. However, when a specific sector of

society is faced with managing a proliferation of self-generated terms, it becomes a Herculean

task.

The advances of technology in the medical field have influenced our language in numerous ways. With advances in medical technology progressing at a rapid pace our language is impacted profoundly. With new drug treatments comes new terminology. With a more complete understanding of the human body come new procedures for treatment. With new information technology comes a whole new system of communication from the most simple diagnosis to the most complicated surgical procedure to the most complete follow-up care.

These technologies have differing elements that affect our language and the way that we communicate. The following text will examine these elements and identify how they have impacted our language.

Perhaps one of the language groups most impacted by medical technology is the field of "Medical Informatics". Medical Informatics comes with varying definitions depending on the background, viewpoint and preoccupation. According to Tolentino (1), the definition most encompassing for our discussion is,

"Medical informatics is a developing body of knowledge and a set of techniques concerning the organizational management of information in support of medical research, education, and patient care….Medical informatics combines medical science with several technologies and disciplines in the information and computer sciences and provides methodologies by which these can contribute to better use of the medical knowledge base and ultimately to better medical care." Association of American Medical Colleges, (186, p.1).

In short, Medical Informatics is a dynamic field in which medical and information technology is combined with our existing language to create new terminologies and languages that better serve our medical knowledge and treatment systems.

The sudden growth in medical informatics has had a far reaching affect on all portions of our health care system in America. With the introduction of computers into medicine we have seen an explosion of efficiencies that out-pace the cognitive ability of all but the most gifted human beings.

Medical informatics is a discipline which involves the coordination of various types of data. These include but are not limited to medical records, vocabularies, data coding classifications, data bases and analogue and digital imagery. As technology influenced medical language it became necessary to coordinate the technological language into a new system to better handle the onslaught of information. Over the last 1 years the national Library of Medicine has been working on this unique challenge. This work has resulted in an ongoing work categorized as The Unified Medical Language System. This project is an attempt by the medical industry to standardize language in order to create better and more accurate efficiencies while using the advantages that technology has to offer. The main components of this system work together when a chronological application of the information vocabulary allows a computer to recognize the relationships between the individual parts of data and formulate the type of result that the computer is programmed to achieve.

The Metathesaurus is the first main component. A metathesaurus is a database of information that is designed to connect the vocabularies of different systems into semantic types. Each of these semantic types form a semantic network that links the concepts to one another. This allows either a system or a human to create an information sources map that allows for efficient placement and retrieval of that information.

The United Medical Language System Metathesaurus is issued annually to subscribers who sign a licensing agreement. This agreement allows for respect of the intellectual property rights of the contributors to the metathesaurus. This in turn allows for broad participation in the medical field to advance the positive effects this technology on language.

The second main component is the Semantic Network. Each of the Metathesaurus terms is assigned a Semantic Type. This allows for the standardization of meaning so that relations existing between these concepts can be recognized by computers and formed into a network. This network allows the technology to apply the information in the most efficient manor.

The Information Sources Map is the third component. This organizes the information into a workable draft for the efficient storage and retrieval of that information.

The result of the first three components of the United Medical Language System is a Specialist Lexicon. Simply put this is a unique language that serves as a basis for the use of technology in all aspects of medicine. Without this specialized language, developed by and for the medical industry, the impact of technology on medicine would not be as powerful and sustained as it has been.

As a result of the exponential growth of technology in medicine over the last 1 years the 18 Metathesaurus contains 1,051,01 biomedical terms, 476,1 concepts and 40 source vocabularies. Clearly technology has a major impact on language.

There are many positive and negative impacts that medical technology has had on language. The most important positive impact is the afore-mentioned impact on efficiencies in patient care and records. Information is power and the ability to efficiently use that information is the key to advancing the quality of our medical care system. The language used in the medical arena can help to strengthen our use of its technology.

The most recent negative impact may be the introduction of Telemedicine. Telemedicine is the use of remote audio and visual technology to hold appointments for routine medical matters. In this situation efficiencies are greatly increased because the doctor can see many patients from a single location. This saves time for the doctor and ultimately the patient, however the personal contact between doctor and patient is lost and the relationship must rely more heavily on language to substitute for the lack of physical contact. In this situation technologies impact on language has made the language more important to the situation but less desirable to the patient.

Another negative impact that medical technology has had on language is the vocabulary of acronyms. Acronyms are the abbreviation of words in order that the words can be used more efficiently. This works both ways, while AMA can be an acronym for the American Medical Association; AMA also is used medically to mean Against Medical Advise. Without the proper Metathesaurus structure in place the information would be lost in translation.

In the world of medicine there is a multitude of technology that both influences and controls language. These vocabularies have their strengths and weaknesses based on their intended and actual uses within the field of medicine. It is our observation that the proliferation of technology has led to a wider use and development of language vocabularies that inevitably leads to their improvement in both meaning and efficiency. We must welcome medical technology and the nuances it brings to our language.

As our group has demonstrated, technology in these fields, has effected our language in numerous ways. While some forms of technology have been beneficial to our language, others have been quite detrimental. Whether a good influence or a bad influence, technology will always have an impact on our language. The way it affects our language is totally up to the people who use it. We all have a duty to ourselves and to our future generations to keep language pure and uncontrolled by the effects of the technology. On the other hand we all need to embrace new terms, and use them in the proper manner.

Understanding and dealing with the rapidly increasing number of technology driven terms and

acronyms on an individual basis is no small task. However, when a specific sector of society is

faced with managing a proliferation of self-generated terms, it becomes a Herculean task.

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Heather Corinna is a writer, editor, photographer, artist, educator, and web publisher. She has been an early childhood educator at a Montessori school and ran an independent school or four years. She also graduated from Chicago's Academy for the Arts with honors, where she studied creative writing and music. She, I am assuming, is responsible for everything that is done with this site. There is also a literary agent by the name of Christopher Schelling, Ralph M. Vicinanza Ltd. The author has set up this site so that young adults and teenagers can be informed with the correct information instead of hearing it from friends or off the streets. Both the author and the literary agent can be contacted for verification on anything from the scarleteen web site. When I sent a message to the author, I got a reply in about 1 ours, which isn't too bad because that is by far the quickest anyone has ever replied to off a site. I also didn't find any biases on the site which is great because they talk about everything and there are no pre held assumptions on any topics. The site also advertises clothing, accessories and other hygiene products. However they have taken advantage of their clothing by printing sayings on their clothing such as; "No glove, No love". They also have a section that asks for donations due to the fact that they are a volunteer based site. All the money they make on the site goes to the site.

I find that this site is very appealing to the eye and the only flashing advertisement on this site is on the shopping section. It is sort of set up like a magazine with different sections and I assume that it is updated every once and a while. The colors used on each page of the site are subtle, yet vibrant and don't distract the viewer from the information. For example, there is a section that is called "Pink Slip" and they used the color pink in the background but kept the box with the information white for better clarity. The wall paper is plain colored with no drastic patterns or designs. They only use pictures or graphics that relate to the subject that is being discussed. I thought that the writing was informative and simplistic enough for young people to read and not get bored. I didn't stumble upon any spelling mistakes or errors, so this tells me this is a very upstanding site. I also couldn't find the web master although I'm sure there is one. The whole object of this site is to inform people of the accurate information on sexuality and the body. Whether you're young or old, this site can be viewed by anyone.

This site is in supreme condition; nothing is under construction. All the information is appropriate towards the purpose of this site. Some topics include teen pregnancy, parental information, and the female and male sex organs. This is a volunteered site which means that any money made off this site is directly used to keep up the site.

The main audiences for this site are teens and young adults. However, there are also sections that parents and even grandparents may want to peruse. I found this site very informative and easy to understand. It is mentally and visually appealing to me, which grabs my attention and lures me in. I also found that the scarleteen web site mimics most teen magazines which are very appealing to the younger generation. Overall, I give the site an A+ on content, accuracy, authority, quality, purpose and audience.

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