Nothingness

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Well this will be a good excuse to do some traveling. Don¡¦t get me wrong the garden was nice and all but It¡¦s good for us to get away together. Which way should we go first? How about west?

(Points toward audience. Eve keeps walking)

Okay, north is good. Eve, you haven¡¦t said two words in the past four hours. Is something wrong?

(Silence)

Online essay help on nothingness

Are you mad?

(Eve stops. Turns and glares at him)

What¡¦s wrong? Did I do something?

(Tries to take her hand but she jerks it away)

What did I do?

(Eve turns and heads stage left)

Come on you¡¦ve got to at least let me know what I did wrong? Did I say something wrong?

(Stops and glares)

What?

EVE

You know what you said.

ADAM

How should I know what I said if you won¡¦t tell me?

EVE

I might just never speak to you again.

ADAM

What did I say!?

EVE

(Mockingly)

That woman You gave me, she gave me of the tree, and I ate.

ADAM

I didn¡¦t say that

EVE

You most certainly did!

ADAM

I did not.

EVE

Look it up.

ADAM

Huh?

EVE

Genesis 1

ADAM

Okay, but I didn¡¦t really mean it like it sounded. I only meant that¡K

EVE

Don¡¦t try to weasel your way out of it. You never want to give me credit for helping, but just let one little thing go wrong and¡K

ADAM

One little thing huh? You call breaking the only rule we had one little thing?

EVE

Not so fast there buster. Who told you, you had to listen to me in the first place? Did I hold you down and shove that fruit down your throat?

ADAM

So I thought I told you not to hang around with the serpent.

EVE

Well he tricked me.

(These are optional lines. They were funny for us. I am 5 ft. 6 in. and played Adam. Our Eve is 6 ft. It brought a big laugh. Obviously it wont work for everybody)

ADAM

Well there you go then. I wonder why he didn¡¦t come around trying to tempt me.

EVE

Probably because he figured you couldn¡¦t reach the fruit.

ADAM

Hey wait a minute.

EVE

But besides, who said this was about me? Don¡¦t you try to change the subject.

ADAM

Uh not so loud Eve. We really shouldn¡¦t be fighting like this in front of the kids.

EVE

We don¡¦t have any kids.

ADAM

Oh. That¡¦s right. Well¡K

EVE

So if you think you can humiliate me in front of God like that and get away with it you¡¦ve got another thing coming Mister. Not even a thought to my feelings.

ADAM

But Honey¡K

EVE

Don¡¦t you But Honey me, you¡K

ADAM

But Sugar if you¡¦ll just.

(Tries to take her hand)

EVE

I wouldn¡¦t let you touch me if you were the only man on¡K Oh. Well never mind just keep your hands off me.

ADAM

Come on Eve, how long are you going to stay mad like this?

EVE

(Silence)

ADAM

Look, I¡¦ll make it up to you.

EVE

Hmmph!

ADAM

I will. I promise!

EVE

Oh yeah? How?

ADAM

Well¡K I¡¦ll toil the ground for you. You won¡¦t have to do any of the dirty stuff.

EVE

Sure like that¡¦s your idea. We both know that God¡¦s making you do that. Tell you what How about if we change assignments. I¡¦ll toil the earth and you give birth in pain.

ADAM

(Thinks)

I don¡¦t know, don¡¦t you think He¡¦s mad at us enough as it is?

EVE

(Grudgingly)

Yeah you¡¦re right.

ADAM

Ok, look I won¡¦t leave clothes lying around, I¡¦ll sweep the dirt. I won¡¦t make any mother-in-law Jokes. Just please give me a hug?

EVE

Can I name the kids?

ADAM

Well, I don¡¦t know¡K

EVE

Hey you got to name all the animals!

ADAM

You weren¡¦t even here yet! I was handling everything all by myself y¡¦know. (Under his breath) Sure was peaceful.

EVE

What was that?

ADAM

Oh uh, I was just reminding myself how lonely it was. Okay Honey, How bout if we name the kids together.

EVE

Well, okay. But I get to name the first one.

ADAM

How about we flip for it. C¡¦mon lets go talk about baby names. Hey, what¡¦s for dinner? (Heads stage left)

EVE

(Watches him leave, shakes her head)

That woman you gave me.

ADAM

Why is this itching so much? AAughh! Eve, Where did you get these leaves?

EVE

Faces audience with mischeivous grin then heads off stage

Adam? What¡¦s a mother-in-law?

Baggage

Husband and wife struggle over things from the past, both material and spiritual. Mostly comedy, serious ending.

Summary

Husband and wife in a struggle with letting go of the past.

Characters

A man and his wife. Any names will work. This is a fun one for a real husband and wife to perform together

Props

„h Large Trashcan

„h One or more medium to large boxes

„h Greeting card

„h Old dirty rag

„h A ream or so of paper any color

„h Photograph

„h Telephone

Setting

A family rec. room. Set may be as simple or ornate as you like.

Script

Jean

Honey? Im home.

Robert

Im in the rec room.

Jean

(Enters. Looks around the room in astonishment)

Robert

Whaddya think? Not bad for one afternoon eh?

Jean

(Opens mouth but no words)

Robert

I cleaned out the panic boxes that we throw stuff in whenever companys coming. It was like an archealogical dig. The futher into the pile I dug, the earlier the dates were on the mail.

Jean

(Tries to form words, but no sound)

Robert

Well have to pay for about three dump runs, but itll be worth it to have all this junk outta here once and for all. Isnt it great?

Jean

Well, uh...

Robert

We can fit a ping pong table in here now. Or maybe a pool table.

Jean

Honey, I wish you would have waited til I got home to...

Robert

Waited?! Ive been puttin this off for six years! I finally got off my duff to get rid of this junk, and youre gonna complain?

Jean

No Honey I appreciate it. I really do. Its just that sometimes you throw things away, that I want to keep. Like that time you tried to throw away the first gift that Suzy ever gave me for Mothers Day.

Robert

What! Gimme a break! How was I sposed to know? I mean it was a popsicle stick with pencil marks.

Jean

She was only three and a half. To her it saidHappy Mothers Day. I love you very much. Love Suzy.

Robert

Well I did appologize to both of you. Of course she was 14 at the time and didnt have the slightest idea what the fuss was over a popsicle stick with pencil marks.

Jean

Well I kept it. When shes older shell thank me for saving it for her.

Robert

Shes 4, and thinks youre crazy.

Jean

(walks over to trash can) Ok mister smart guy. (Looks inside)

Robert

What are you doing?

Jean

(Reaching inside) Oh... nothing.

Robert

What, are you checking my work?

Jean

(Pulling out card) I knew I couldnt trust you! You know I keep my birthday cards. (Puts card in box)

Robert

I dont believe you! Thats from the car insurance company. Its even computer generated.

Jean

I dont care its still a birthday card. Aaugh! (Reaches in and pulls up a piece of cloth)What were you thinking?

Robert

Its a dirty rag!

Jean

Its Jacobs first spit-up cloth.(Puts it in the box)

Robert

(Looking Heavenward)Help me Lord.

Jean

Oh, youre one to talk mister throw everything away. What about that sweaty towel youve had since before we were married?

Robert

Hey now thats a collectors item.

Jean

Right.

Robert

It is! Thats the towel Wilt Chamberlin had on the bench when he scored 100 points!

Jean

But it smells. At least you could let me wash it.

Robert

What are you, nuts? Thats Wilt the Stilts Sweat on there!

Jean

(sarcasticly)Oh heavens we dont want to lose any basketball sweat. (Reaches into can, and pulls out ream of paper)Honey, these are the programs from Freddies first Little League season. Thats just as important as some stilt guys sweat.

Robert

Thats Wilt the Stilt. Im sorry, I just couldnt imagine why youd keep a hundred of those things.

Jean

I was going to send them to relatives...but I never got around to it.

Robert

Well since you never sent them, why keep them?

Jean

I still might.

Robert

Honey, that was 18 years ago. Half those relatives are dead now. Look I saved two of them. I figured we could keep an extra in case something happened to the first.

Jean

Oh cmon, what if I just keep about fifty? (Drops half in the trashcan

Robert

Five.

Jean

Twenty Five? (Drops more in the can)

Robert

Ten

Jean

Fifteen, and thats all. You can even burn the rest. (Continues to search through trash can)

Robert

Cmon Honey. Youve got to learn to let go of the past. You just cant live for all this material stuff from history. I mean what if the Lord were to call us into some kind of ministry work in another country? How can He use us when were carrying around all this extra baggage?

Jean

(Casually looking through can) Oh I think the Lord could find a way to let us keep some of our momentos for posterity.

Robert

(Looks to the audience throws up hands in defeat)

Jean

(Snatches a few more sheets of paper while he isnt looking)Oh look! Heres that old picture of you and... (Stops suddenly. Looks at husband as if expecting anger)

Robert

I dont even want to hear his name in my house, let alone see his face.

Jean

But hes your sisters husband.

Robert

Thats her problem.

Jean

But it was so long ago... You werent even saved yet. In fact you were both drunk when you had that fight.

Robert

Look, dont bring it all up again ok? I dont need to be reminded.

Jean

No I guess not. You seem to be doing a good job of remembering all by yourself. Ive held my piece about this for all these years out of respect for your feelings, but something you just said a few minutes ago really rings true.

Robert

About living in the past? Ive left him in the past.

Jean

No not that. You asked how the Lord could use us when were carrying around all this extra baggage.

Robert

But I...

Jean

You know you have to forgive him.

Robert

But he wont have anything to do with me.

Jean

Thats his problem. It isnt your responsibility for him to forgive, just for you to. (Hugs him) You know Im right. Tell you what. You work on getting rid of your excess baggage, ... and Ill try to geet rid of some of mine.

Robert

Well I know that the Lord is going to have to clear the path for it. Im going to need to work through this with prayer. Hell let me know when the time is right to make contact. Ill deal with it when He opens the path. Yeah.

Jean

I know you can do it with His help. Im going to make us some tea. Then Im going to get back in here and throw away some junk.

Robert

Ok

Jean

(Exits. Phone rings.) Its for you... Its your sister.

Robert

(Pause) Ill take it in here. (Goes to trash can, pulls out photo, looks at it before going to phone) Hi Sis....(Pause) Not bad, were all doing pretty good....(Pause)Hey uh... look could you put Jerry on the phone. (Freeze)

Putting On The Armour

Script

Staging Information

Details

There are 7 people in the cast

„h 4 dressed totally in white ( holding swords and a big shield. holding nothing.)

„h dressed in casual clothing, sitting on park bench.

„h 1 dressed in red

Two are on the park bench at downstage center

The four stand behind park bench at Upstage center, holding a large black cloth in front of them to shield them from the audience.

Use only plain light focusing on the on the bench

Script

Scene 1

B and C are arguing while sitting on a park bench.

B

Christianity is so full of lies.

C

What makes you say that?

B

Just look at the Bible, it¡¦s supposed to be Gods word to humans. But, humans wrote it, and it has so many versions...NIV, KJV, Living, and others. You have to wonder how can the original meaning has survived, there are sure to be misinterpretations.

And, the churches are supposed to be the body of Christ and to love each other. But, there¡¦s all the different denominations, each with their own theories, customs, rules and regulations. For example, there¡¦s the Methodist, Roman Catholic, Anglican, Seventh Day Adventist, and many more. Some churches even accuse each other of being a cult or Satan worshipers.

C

Well, you are partially right.

B

I am? Hey, what¡¦s going on here? You are supposed to be the Christian here!

C

Well, we are all human. Churches are made up of people, and people are human, we all fall short of what we are supposed to do. Christians are not perfect.

B

No kidding! O.K., now, think about these Christians. . . . how many of them are real, seems most of them live their church life separate from their weekday life. Some of them even use church as a place to attain a good social standing. Churches are full of hypocrites!

I think all the junk they say about Satan, and demons, and a spiritual life, is just a way that Christians escape from the reality of death, so they come up with all this mumbo jumbo. You see, Christians are weak people, thus the need for a religion.

C

Can you hold on for just a minute? Be right back.

(C kneels down and prays quietly

Lord, open his eyes to see, his ears to hear and his heart to understand. Amen

(speaks to B)

Do you really want the truth? The real truth...

B

Sure. If you can show me proof I will probably believe in God too.

C

O.K., now. Are you ready to go on a trip?

B

Sure where, to? McDonalds?

C

Nope!! Just close you eyes and hold my hand.

Scene

Lights off for 10 seconds

The 4 in white stand up and cover the bench with the black cloth.

C changes into a white costume like the others, holding a sword and shield.

B changes into a black dress with a heavy bag on his back.

B

Can I open my eyes now?

C

Father, I pray that you will open my friend¡¦s eyes, so He can see what is hidden from him, so that he may believe.

B

Hey, are you praying? Dont waste your prayer on me. It will not happen! Now, then. Can I open my eyes now?

B and C stand up.

Change the lighting to dark blue.

B

Can I open my eyes now?

C

OK, but turn around slowly.

B

Wow, where are we?

C

We are still on the bench in the park.

B

Oh no, we are not! This does not look like the park at all, and I am not sitting!

C

This is the spiritual side of the same place.

B (Looks around and falls to the ground in fear)

What happened to you? How did you get that sword and shield, and when did you change your clothes? Hey, when did I change my clothes?

B(As he looks around he sees the other 4)

And who are they?

C

Don¡¦t be scared. (C helps B to his feet) Let me explain. I have been praying for you for a long time now. I thank God for giving me this opportunity to show you what I see. Firstly we are all spiritual beings, as you can see. We do exist and we are real.

B

Wait! Let me pinch myself. Ouch, that hurts! OK, so I¡¦m not dreaming!

C

The 4 people you see are Christians just like me. We are from different churches. The ones holding the swords and shields are Christians who have learned to use the armor that God has given us. The others are new Christians who have yet to learn about the amour. The sword is the Bible. You see, the Bible was written by man, but inspired by God. It is used to correct us and to defend us from the evil that surrounds us, as you can plainly see. The Bible comes in different versions because human culture has changed, and we have so many different languages, thus the need for different Bibles. But the content of the Bible is still the same. We believe in Jesus, the Son of God, who died on the cross to take away our sin, and who gives us eternal life. The shield is our faith in Jesus, and in his promises found in the Bible.

B

Wont those new Christians get hurt in a fight? They have nothing to fight with.

C

We Christians protect each other. We cover them with our prayer, and protect them until they have learn to use their God-given weapons.

The Christians with swords come close to the new Christians as the demon approaches them.

Demon (creeps up behind B)

Dont listen to what he says!

B (Turns around, sees the demon, runs behind C in fear)

Who the hell is that??

Demon

Hell is right my friend. I have been with you for a very long time and we have had a lot of fun together. How can you forsake me now???

B

I have never known you... Get him off me!

C

Go away and do not disturb the plan God has for his life....

Demon

But He belongs to me and I have all authority on him and you can do nothing to me.

C(pointing the sword at the demon)

It is written that all authority in heaven and on earth has been given to Jesus. And you have been defeated by the blood of the Lamb. I am a child of God and in Jesus name I have the authority over you.

Demon

What makes you think he will believe you...this is just a nightmare. Boy, remember this is just a dream. We are not over yet. After this he is still mine. (Demon exits from the stage, laughing)

B

What was that all about.. When did I belong to that freak?

C

God placed you into this world, you are born to your parents. As you grow, your parents and the world influences you, and as you begin to believe in what they say you reject God and you begin to sin. You soon get so comfortable with that sin that eventually you don¡¦t even realize you are carrying it. (As C points to the bag behind B.)

The demon¡¦s job is to make sure you continue to remain in that state until you die so that he can take you to Hell with him and claim you as his trophy. He is the one placing all the wise ideas in your head so that you reject the calling of Jesus in your life.

(B tries to take the bag off but fails)

C

Jesus has tried to reach out to you before. He wants to give you a life to the fullest so that you can live this life on earth with him and together explore all the wonders that He has created for you. But you have rejected him. Throughout all this Jesus has never given up hope for you. He will do anything to make you His, but he does not force you. The choice is yours to make. You must choose to believe in him instead of the demon and accept His gift for you on the cross so that you can be free from Satan¡¦s hold.

B

How do I get this sin off me? I don¡¦t want to go to Hell. I want a better life. Please help me!!!!

C

There is only one person who can remove that burden and He is Jesus. First you have to go to the cross. He will meet you at the empty cross. (C points to the cross)

(A blue light shines on a cross on the far left/ right side of the stage)

(B walks to the cross and at the cross falls on his knees. The four Christians surround B to protect him as he begins to pray. The red demon comes in and starts to jump about screaming around the Christians.)

B

Jesus I don¡¦t know what to say. Just that I am sorry for what I have done and the hurt I have caused you. All I want is for you to walk with me and guide me. Teach me Jesus, about what I must do. Forgive me Jesus for all my sins. Make me yours Lord. . . make me yours.

(The demon runs screaming off the stage. The Christians kneel down together with B )

Voice

For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him.

For I know the plans I have for you,....plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future. Then you will call upon me and come and pray to me, and I will listen to you. You will seek me and find me when you seek me with all your heart. I will be found by you, declares the LORD, and will bring you back from captivity.

Come now, let us reason together, . . . . Though your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red as crimson, they shall be like wool.

(B raises up, dressed in white and the burden is off this back)

Thank you Lord for indeed you are a God of Love and compassion.

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Financial Development

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As discussed in the previous paper, purchasing procedures are an important to any

company doing business. After examining the current procedures in place at the Kansas City Housing authority, some inadequacies have been found. The team has decided on a recommended course of action to be followed to streamline the system for better performance of the organization.

This paper will suggest certain processes be put in place to assist in the purchasing and procurement procedures. These processes will not only improve the manner by which items are obtained, but will ultimately save the organization both time and money. The intent is to re-organize the method in which these types of transactions are processed; as well as put safe guard measures in place to ensure inventory accuracy. Through several process changes, the entire process can be improved and made more efficient.

The first item that the team addressed was that there is currently no clear understanding of the current system as it is toady. This was largely attributed to a lack of communication between the people that are responsible for processing transactions through out the purchasing process. The first step should be to decide if the system truly needs an upgrade, or if further training and understanding could improve the current system.

One suggestion is to use the same form for the requisition order and the purchase order transaction. This would reduce paper work as well as simplify the process by eliminating a step. Another idea is to have these forms stored electronically, enabling users to sign the document without the need for printing. This solution would allow the document to flow seamlessly through the system and possibly even to the supplier without a paper copy being generated. This would also allow key personnel to maintain the status of current requisitions and ensure timely payment of accounts payable invoices.

Prior to the implementation of a new system, the group would suggest that both an internal audit and an inventory audit of the current system be conducted. Having a clear understanding of where the current problems are via the internal audit, will add insight to the design and development of the new system. A comprehensive inventory audit would prevent the double ordering of goods and supplies already on hand. This would not only detect problems with the current system, but would also provide a clean starting point for the new system to begin if required.

As each of these processes are developed and system enhancements are implemented, a comprehensive training system needs to be created. This program should include a manual and specific training time for anyone responsible for the procurement function.

Through these suggested upgrades and process changes, we feel that the overall efficiency of the purchasing and procurement process will be improved. System redundancies and unclear processes only lead to added problems in the procurement procedures.

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Democratic Significance in Colonial America

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There was no significant political, economic, or social democracy in Colonial America. Early Colonial America showed no signs of democratic future till near the Revolution. Democracy did not exist in any of these aspects in early Colonial America. Politically democracy did not exist because the colonies were the King¡¯s colonies and was ruled by him. Economically democracy did not exist because there was a huge gap between the rich and the poor. Finally there was no sign of socially being democratic because of the huge inequality between the people of colonial America.

Politically there was no sign of democracy in Colonial America. One might say that the representative assembly is one form of democracy in Colonial America, but this isn¡¯t true. The representative assembly was only attended by certain group of people, not all people were free to attend the representative assembly. Most of the assemblies only allowed male that were in their colony¡¯s religious order to attend and vote at an assembly. Also the colonies were very much influenced by their church they were under. In a sense this was going backwards to medieval times where church ruled the state. Again colonies only allowed active members of their church to vote or be in government. In Virginia the assemblies were carried out under the King¡¯s permission. This meant that the assemblies were limited to what they were able to vote in. Also governmental officials with the most power were assigned by the King like Sir William Berkley. Also the form of freedom of speech was non existent. When people like Anne Hutchinson and Roger William questioned church and government officials they were persecuted and banished from the colony they were originally in. Also only the educated are allowed to be in government which translates to the rich, because only the rich can get education. This strongly resembles old England where only people by noble birth are able to gain a seat in government office. One may argue that the chance for wealth was for all but this is not true due to the fact the poor oppressed by the wealthy and exploited enough that they had little or no chance of gaining wealth. With these ancient ideas still influencing Colonial America how can it be democratic.

Democracy is no where to be found in the economy of Colonial America. Democratic economic should allow all have the opportunity to gain wealth and none should be oppressed doing so, but there was a huge gap between the rich and the poor. The rich often exploited and controlled the poor to their free will. The rich had mass lands where poor people like indentured servants will work under them with little pay. This is more feudalistic than democratic. Even signs of communism were more seen than democratic ideas in Jamestown. In start they were very communal and shared everything. Later they traded in communist ideas for feudalistic ideas where the rich had land and the poor served under them. Its true some poor people owned land but these they owned were worthless much like communal lands in European era of feudalism. Capitalism did not exist, in theory all could become wealthy, but the poor was oppressed by the rich. For example the Bacon¡¯s Rebellion was partly ignited by the oppression poor farmers have faced from the wealthy. Colonial America economics did not retain a democratic idea it was really just a mess of different ideas from old England.

Socially there was no democracy during those times. Even if the traditional class system may have been abolished a new class system has risen to replace it. This new class system was the rich, poor, and the slaves. The rich had the power over all, the poor had little rights but they did have rights, and slaves were nothing more than personal property. With each of these classes with huge gaps between them how could one say the idea of equality from democracy was practiced in Colonial America. Nearly 40% of Colonial America is made up of slaves and almost all farm owners owned slave. The rich in Colonial America is nothing more than a new form of noble class and slavery is the new form of peasantry. In Colonial America there was no middle class, it¡¯s either you are rich or poor. Also the assemblies didn¡¯t allow certain people to vote such as women and people from different religious background. When a woman like Anne Hutchinson gain power and rose to a status with some what power, the government officials oppressed her for being a women that spoke her mind. When there is such big class differences in Colonial America how could it been said it was socially democratic in Colonial America.

To see that there was democratic significance politically, economical, and socially is a false illusion of Colonial America. Even the existence of these colonies is a very undemocratic. Colonial America was certainly not democratic it was more of a national experimentation on what works and what doesn¡¯t work.

Please note that this sample paper on Democratic Significance in Colonial America is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Democratic Significance in Colonial America, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Democratic Significance in Colonial America will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Effectiveness of the woolf report reform

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In the mid nineteen eighties the English Civil Justice System was deemed to be in an unsatisfactory state, so in 186 the Civil Justice Review, headed by Maurice Hodgkinson was set up to investigate the flaws and make recommendations on how to improve it. The report issued in 188 did not receive popular support from the legal profession due to vested interests; Hodgkinson was not a lawyer and the recommendations he made, if implemented, were most definitely to result in a reduction of money received by lawyers, barristers and judges. Consequently only a few changes were made by the Legal Services Act 10. Thus in 14 the Conservative government appointed Lord Woolf to head a review into the whole system, 16 saw the publication of the Access To Justice Report AKA The Woolf Report.

In his report Lord Woolf identified fundamental problems with the system and suggested ways in which they could be overcome, he declared eight principal aims and concluded that none of them were being achieved. According to the report, the Civil Justice System should aim to deliver fairness and justice at a reasonable speed and cost, be understandable to the people using it, provide certainty, be responsive to the needs of the people and be adequately resourced and organized. However, there are some inherent contradictions in these aims - for example a system that is quick and cheap does not necessarily provide justice. The recommendations were implemented in stages, the first one being the Civil Procedures Act 17, and since April 1 the majority of the changes have been in place. November 18 - April 000 was a changeover period when there was £1 million put into the system for retraining programmes for staff. As a result of the Woolf Report the Civil Justice System has been radically reformed, however, the effectiveness of these alterations is open to question.

The main focus of the changes is that going to court should be attempted to be avoided in as many cases as possible, instead a pre-trial settlement (Alternative Dispute Resolution) monitored by the courts will be encouraged. It entails both parties negotiating an agreement whilst an independent arbitrator oversees the proceedings to ensure that justice is being done. With regard to the issue of justice ADR is an advantage as it combats the problem of unequal bargaining positions, the arbitrator is neutral thus no bias will be shown, both parties agree on who the arbitrator will be and agree to stick to the decision made. The claimant ensures that they get at least something - although it may be less, it cuts out the risk of losing the case and receiving nothing. The defendant prevents high profile publicity that could easily ruin their reputation (especially prominent in cases involving large companies) and also it means that they avoid the risk of losing the case and having to pay an even larger sum. ADR saves both parties and the courts a lot of time and expense. Although ADR has for the most part plenty of advantages it does also have some disadvantages, the most significant probably being the fact that there are no policies of precedent. No guidelines are provided for future cases due to each case s judgment being based on its intrinsic rights and wrongs. Decisions may prove difficult to enforce, as the courts do not make them.

Case Management is probably the most significant reform as it is crucial to fulfilling many of the intended aims. It means that nowadays the court plays an active role in how and when things take place. Currently the nature of English law is that of an adversarial system, the introduction of case management has meant the slight movement towards an inquisitorial system. The adversarial system creates a battle between the two sides i.e. the adversaries, and naturally a battle resorts to the use of tactics. A common tactic used by lawyers is delay, this in turn costs money, in order to avoid this the courts can set strict deadlines which if not met can lead to penalties in the form of a reduction of compensation received. Now the only way a case can be stopped or slowed down is if either side offers to settle.

Cases are classified primarily by financial value of the claim, however complexity and importance may also be taken into account, the classification of the case will then determine which type of track it is allocated to. Three different tracks have now been established to deal with different levels of cases; Small Claims, Fast Track and Multi Track. Small claims courts resolve disputes with claims involving less than £000 and are typically cases of consumers taking companies to court over faulty goods. The process is quick and cheap, the average time of a hearing is less than half an hour and the procedures are simple enough to be understood by Lay people. The Judge is called a Registrar and is usually a junior civil law judge. By having Small Claims courts it raises the public s confidence in the legal system by proving that justice is within reach of everyone - not just people with money and power. It does not follow the same procedures as the higher courts so it is not compulsory to have a lawyer, people are allowed to represent themselves or have what is commonly known as a McKenzie Friend (another Lay person) to represent them, this contributes to fact that it is much cheaper than higher courts. The disadvantage for the claimant of having a McKenzie friend to represent them is they will probably be facing a large company with trained and experienced lawyers specifically employed to deal with law suits.

Fast Track cases are heard in the County Court and deal with straightforward actions with a claim value between £5000 and £15000. The courts will set out the course of events according to a strict timetable in order to bring case to trial within a short but reasonable timescale. Ideally the cases themselves will only last for one day thus no oral evidence is heard from the witnesses in person, instead evidence will be read from a pre-prepared statement. Each side is only permitted to use one expert witness. Lord Woolf did also propose the idea of fixed rates for lawyers, he recommended £500 as the upper limit for fast track cases, needless to say this has received much criticism and little support from the legal profession. Although limits have been introduced for the trial itself, fixed pre-trial costs have yet to be implemented and lawyers are still charging open-ended hourly payments. The third and final case allocation track is Multi Track, dealing with cases exceeding £15000 claims and heard generally in the High Court. If the case is complex then a staged approach will be taken, some issues will be sorted out in a pre-trial review. The Judge will not automatically set a trial date, which leave s flexibility, instead an individually tailored timetable will be organised to fit the needs of the case.

Nowadays, rather than just simply reacting to the cases put forward by lawyers, the courts take a much more pro-active approach in order to accomplish the key goal of achieving justice. In order to do this the court must; identify issues early, decide which issues need further investigation, encourage ADR and co-operation between the two parties, assist in pre-trial settlements if possible, decide upon the order of issues to be addressed, examine the cost benefit of the decisions, deal with the case without parties attendance, make appropriate use of technology and ensure speed and efficiency when possible.

Case management combats the problems that arise due to the unregulated market for services. In other words a party who opts for a lawsuit in ordinary courts will probably prevail over their opponent who would prefer a lower cost alternative as they can exploit this fact - especially if they are richer. However, it has been criticised by some academics, such as Professor Zander, who claims it is only appropriate in a minority of cases. He also feels that the courts are not in a position to set suitable timetables as they do not possess enough knowledge of the workings of a solicitors office and Judges do not have the time, skills or inclination to take on the job of case management in the first place.

As the courts experience problems enforcing payment of compensation, new sanction rules have been introduced and if the parties don t follow these rules they can be punished. The court can do one of either two things; increase/decrease the amount of compensation or Strike Out the whole or just part of the case, usually for failure to keep to agreed timetables. Previous to the 1 reforms the onus was on the party being wronged to apply for a sanction on the other party. Now the emphasis has changed as sanctions have become automatic and the onus is on the party who has committed the wrongdoing to apply for it to be lifted. Once again one of Woolf s reforms initially appears to be a good idea but under closer examination we see that perhaps it is not actually going to be that effective. Professor Zander argues prearranged timetables for fast track cases are virtually impossible for large firms to adhere to; therefore they will have to be applied on an immeasurable scale ensuing many appeals. Zander draws attention to the point that there is evidence to show that lawyers are poor at keeping to timetables and just because of sanctions this is not necessarily going to change, so it is unfair that litigants should be punished for their lawyer s failings.

Another key change is the procedure in the High and County Courts is now the same, they used to have completely different sets of rules; the High Court had them written in the White Book and the County Court in the Green Book . A writ was needed to start a case in the High Court and a summons had to be issued to start a case in the County Court, now it is just a Claim Form document in both courts. The rules are written in much simpler English, whereas before it was legal jargon; for example what used to be called the Plaintiff is now known as the Defendant . This has made things much simpler and achieves the aim of making things understandable to the people using the system. The use of e-mails and fax has now been permitted, this is a big advantage over the old system which allowed only letters for correspondence, it saves a lot of time and as a result, money - therefore fulfilling the aim of delivering a service with reasonable speed.

Pre 1 the disclosure, or discovery as it was then known, of documents entailed each party having a duty to provide the other with a list of documents used in their case. Woolf proposed that disclosure should only involve documents that would hinder a party s case as the previous method was time consuming and expensive, however, the new rules are not actually that different. Documents must be disclosed which adversely affected or supported a party s case (Elliot and Quinn), but the documents no longer have to be of material extent .

In order for the courts to aim to become self-sufficient, court fees have been significantly increasing. There is now a pay-as-you-go system, which was introduced in 1 by the Labour government, this entails paying at each stage of action. For example the Small Claims commencement fee is £0 and the High Court commencement fee is £00. Nevertheless, there is still a legal aid system where people on financial support can get aid to help them take someone to court. The introduction of court fees has been condemned, as it is believed people with low incomes will be discouraged from taking reasonable action to ensure the enforcement of justice. It is also arguable that justice is an essential part of everyday needs, as are health and education, which don t have to be directly paid for by the user.

In an attempt to resolve things more quickly a set of guidelines has been established called Pre-action Protocols, they are to be enforced before going to court and encourage people to settle before the case goes to trial. Currently only three sets of protocols have been established; personal injury, medical and negligence legislation and housing cases - more are hoped to be developed to build on the three existing ones. A typical example of a Pre-action Protocol would be both parties agreeing on a timetable whereby certain deadlines are set in order to achieve the intended aims, e.g. agree on one expert witness - saves time and money.

Although on the whole the recommendations and reforms have been well received and greatly supported, there has been further criticism as to possible changes that have remained unmentioned in the Woolf Report. The majority of the reforms are based around the fact of trying to overcome delay, which is believed to be principally caused by having an adversarial system, however, there is no real evidence to prove that this is the case - Professor Zander is, once again, the main attacker. He highlights research into the causes of delay carried out in 14 for the Lord Chancellor s Department and emphasizes that not all delays are the fault of the system; therefore changing it won t reduce delays. According to the research the main causes are the type of case, the parties, judiciary, court proceedings, court administration, lawyers and other external factors. The reforms will probably not resolve the problems if Lord Woolf has made mistakes in identifying the causes of them.

In the U.S.A. Class Actions can take place. This is when a case has involved lots of victims and one person can take a company to court on behalf of all of them, a win would mean everyone receives compensation. Currently in this country we don not have Class Actions so every person would have to take out an individual case, therefore wasting much time and expense. At the moment the legal aid board is looking at ways of introducing them in Britain. An example of a class action case is the Thalidomide Case - in the early 160 s a company sold a drug to pregnant women and as a result their children were born with severe limb abnormalities. In the 170 s a class action was taken out against the company.

If compensation is awarded it is not always paid, either because the defendant is quite literally not able to pay or because they are just avoiding paying. If the defendant doesn t pay, the claimant must take them to court again to enforce the judgment - needless to say yet again more time and expense. In 16 the Payne Committee investigated the problem and recommended setting up an Enforcement Office, but it has not been put in place as the Civil Justice Review regarded it too expensive for the system.

Another proposed change is the integration of the County and High Courts so as to have one single Civil Court . The Gorell Committee investigated this recommendation but rejected it on the basis that if you had one court looking at both small and large claims, then it is likely that the small claims may not get sufficient consideration. The idea was also suggested in the mid 180 s by the Civil Justice Review and received support from consumer organizations. Barristers did not support it, as the rights of audience would pass to solicitors so they could represent clients in all courts, causing London barristers to lose business to local solicitors. High Court Judges objected because they basically thought that having to deal with low profile cases would reduce their status. The Review Commission rejected the recommendation, as there was little support, uncertain financial implications, possible unfavorable affects on the standing of the High Court judiciary and the requisition of a major legislation and extensive implementation. The current Vice Chancellor Sir Richard Scott has said that he thinks eventually the High and County Courts will amalgamate.

The Woolf Report has meant there has been a slight move away from the Adversarial system and towards the Inquisitorial System through the introduction of Case Management and Pro-active Approach. In theory the system could move totally towards that of an Inquisitorial nature, where the judge would take on a much more investigative role. However, although it has been suggested, this change would be highly unlikely as the Adversarial system is too fundamentally ingrained into the English Legal System. It is all down to how different legal systems develop i.e. in Europe they have an Inquisitorial system because it has developed from Roman Law. However, in England and Wales the system developed from Common Law hence why we have an Adversarial system. Consumer groups do argue that an Inquisitorial system would be beneficial for Small Claims cases.

The idea of a No Fault System is particularly concerned with tort law, which includes Trespass, Negligence and Defamation. All of these things rely on having to prove that the other person was at fault. At present we do not have a no fault system so essentially it is quite possible that two identical situations may end up being treated completely differently if one party manages to prove fault and the other doesn t. So in effect one party may receive compensation and the other may not and then be forced to rely on state and disability benefits (if the injury was serious enough). This onus of proving fault is a basic part of English law, however, in some other countries such a New Zealand they do have a no fault system. The advantage of this system is everyone is treated equally as if someone is injured as a result of a crime, accident at work etc, they do not have to take the other person to court to prove that they were at fault for the injuries caused. Instead they just simply put in a claim to a state administered compensation scheme. The disadvantage of the no fault system is that the compensation is paid for by the taxpayer, as the scheme is run by the state. This could be seen as enabling the perpetrator to go unpunished. In 17 the Pearson Committee in this country considered the idea but rejected it.

The Woolf report is a very valuable document as it outlines the failings of the previous approach and provides a concise statement on the objectives of the system. It is true that the Woolf Report has received its fair share of criticism and it is arguable that in some areas of the reforms the disadvantages and problems are still significant. In spite of this the report has proved to be the most influential one of recent history and there is no doubt that the reforms that have come about as a direct result have revolutionized the English Civil Justice System. There is still a great deal to improve and a long way to go before the system is satisfactory, but we must also bear in mind the question; is it really possible to achieve a system that is wholly supported by all and acceptable to everyone? The evidence suggests not.

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Genetically modifying food crops can increase their nutritional value and resistance to pests. Fears that genetically modified foods will harm human health or environment are overblown and not supported by scientific evidence. Antibotechnology activist's true goal is to have such foods not merely tested and labeled but banned, and their real target is not unsafe food but capitalism and globalization. By keeping genetically altered foods away from people who need them, these protesters may condemn millions to starvation or malnutrition-induced disease.

Genetic engineering is a kind of "biotechnology". Biotechnology it self means the use of living organisms or other biological system in the manufacture of drugs or other products foe environmental management, Basically refers to any method of manipulating living organisms to server human ends. All living organisms from algae to human beings comprise a certain number of cells, and every cell contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Individual segments of DNA are known as genes, and they contain the hereditary information that makes each living thing unique. In genetic engineering, a gene from one organism's is transferred to another organism's DNA so that the second organism takes on that gene's trait.

GE foods are genetically altered by scientists to enhance the foods nutritional value, boost their resistance to disease, insects and weeds, or lengthen their shelf lives. GE foods do not differ from traditional selective breeding in principle but merely provides a means to carry out these processes more quickly and efficiently than ever before. Planting engineered crops can actually lessen farmers' reliance on environmentally harmful chemical pesticides by as much as 50%. Chemical pesticides can seep into water supplies and make foods dangerous to eat. Many foods have already been made healthier as a direct result of genetic engineering government scientists say. Close to 40% of all crops are lost to insect blights, weeds, flooding or drought each year. But with all these working act's to save people from starvation and malnutrition comes the taxing act on GE foods, many companies will want more and more money to make plants that are top of the line foods to feed the worlds burgeoning population in the decades to come. Which the result of this happening could lead to a set back up to 7- years, which many countries cold loses mass population from starvation

GE foods have so many recourses to them that people don't understand how much of an impact it could have on today's booming population, if GE foods are not to be the way to ease world hunger what other plain will the U.S.A and other countries think of to feed starving people around the world. So the question is do we feed help less countries that need food or wait for a proper tax to come out that will be suitable for many big corporations.

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