The Civil War:(The Crisis of War)

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Why did the Civil War occur? The Civil War was a crisis of growth. In less

than three quarters of a century, thirteen old British colonies created a nation

with a powerful economy.

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The young U.S profited from their colonial past as well as the land which

procured immense amount of resources and possibilities. The history of the U.S

from 178 to 1865 showed problems of men and resources and the economic boom

will increase differences inside the different parts of the Union.

The civil war could have been avoided, because the American nation gradually

took conscience of itself, and nationalism had been resisted by the second war

of independence.

The difficulty of the American political system (federal and republican system)

will bring with itself the problem of union and liberty. The anti federalists

also known as republicans blame the government for its attachment to Europe and

criticised the reinforcement of the federal power. Another source of problem is

the economic differences; near 1860 two America appeared The North, a country

with much activities, and the South, a country of slavery plantations, attached

to the past.

These differences and divergences reflect on the political view of a nation.

However, this new country could have avoided the Civil War, because at the

beginning, pioneering spirit was very positive; it had brought down class

barriers. Another advantage of that time was to occupy lands or gain possession

of it at low prices, to access to all the jobs. Taxes were not high. The U.S had

the chance to know a great increase of their population (In 1860 the population

is 8 times greater than the one of 170). Food is easy to find, and the jobs are

abundant. The lack and the high price of the labour, partly explain the

maintenance of slavery, and made immigration necessary. On the economic point of

view, independence had made the situation better because the old colonies stayed

dependent upon Europe and mainly England, but in fact, the chances and

advantages of the Americans were considerably high virgin land with tremendous

amount of resources.

All kinds of transports developed (roads, canals,) for example the canal Eri

built up in 185 permitted to reduce 0% the price of transportation of the ton

of their merchandise between Buffalo and New York. The same year, steam boats

enabled to transport a better market at a better price. In 180, the way up of

the Mississippi, from New Orleans to Luisville, did not necessitate 4 months

anymore, but only 8 days. Also the railroads were developed and with the

telegraph, the railroads consolidated the political unity of the Union.

The development of this new country is astonishing with the republicans another

good point is achieved the decrease of the taxes, and the adoption of the

universal suffrage (everybody is allowed to vote).

When the nationalism spirit succeed against the English, literature will reflect

the American power but will not be strong enough to exceed the difficulties

between the North and the South. The differences of interests were the

following the South reproached to the North the customs tariffs, the monetary

political. The North considered the economy of the South as out of date, a dead

weight which slowed down the course of history; the incompatibility of

temperament and a common hate. The reasons of this divorce are of course as well

the problem of slavery. For the South, slavery was essential for their life

style slaves do not cost anything except the food and the surveillance. The

North considered slavery as a shameful act. The expansion to the West made worse

the conflict between the North and the South on the problem if the new States

added in the Union will become states with or without slaves starting in 1850.

The abolitionists, inspired by the Quakers made a huge propaganda which

increased the number of the abolitionists. Also, writers like Beecher-Stowes

book Uncle Toms Cabin motivated many readers. The Dread Scotts affair as

well as John Browns affair stirred up the public opinion on both sides. In 1860

Abraham Lincoln is elected president and will face opposition with the divided

nation. For the South this election is a declaration of war, he secedes and

engages the hostility.

The Civil War happened as a result of a divorce. And this divorce could have

been avoided. The South did not seem to weight a lot in front of the North

agricultural and industrial made of millions habitants. But the South had

professionals officers, and the war lasted for years with more than 100 battles

and 600 000 killed. The Southerners felt anger which divided the South from the

North for years. The Civil War brought so many ruins, but the Union was saved,

and the thirteen amendment of the Constitution abolished slavery.

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Psychology

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Multiple personality disorder ( which the American Psychiatric Association ( APA) renamed Dissociative Identity Disorder in 14,) has always been fascinating and mysterious. In the past people with this disorder were seen as being possessed with demonic spirits and were often treated with exorcisms. When this belief began to decline the true nature of dissociative identity disorder ( also known as DID) began to unfold. With the awareness of a child abuse increasing and statistics showing 5% to 8% of more than a 1,000 patients with DID reporting a history of child abuse (Braun 10), Dissociative Identity Disorder quickly gained the publics attention.

People also began to gain interest in the disorder with the rise of feminism. When research showed that % of 100 DID cases reported were females, many feminist groups began to show their concern (Kluft, 1). The number if DID cases are increasing rapidly, it is said that DID affects approximately 0.1% of the United States population (Braun 10). However, some people remain very skeptical about this disorder, saying that it is drummed up by the media ( in movies like Three Faces and Eve) While others believe doctors created it. On many lawyer shows at times we do see cases of people with memory defects, moodiness, and unpredictable behavior (symptoms of DID, Nathan & Groman 18) commiting a crime, then convincing a lawyer that they did not do it, that the crime was committed by another personality within them. The lawyer then develops a defense of Multiple Personality Disorder. This leaves audiences in shock and wondering what the disorder really is, How does it develop? And does it really exist?

According to many researchers and the American Psychiatric Association this disorder does exist, and has its origin in dissociation. Dissociation " is a depression in the usual integrated function of the consciuusness, memory, identity and perception of the environment" (Encyclopedia of Psychology,000 pg56). According to Putnam (a leading researcher of Dissociation is said ,to be a normal process that is initially used defensively by an individual to handle a traumatic experience. This may explain why dissociation seems to occur when a traumatic situation is present (Nathan and Gorman 18).

Disassociation becomes maladaptive, it forms four main disorders. These may be considered the children of dissociation, and can fall under the family name dissociative disorders, they are Amnesia, fugue, depersonalization and dissociative identity disorder. When a person is involved in a natural disaster or has been raped, the mind may try to block any memory of that experience; this is known as amnesia. Amnesia becomes maladaptive when people begin to forget their name, age or personal history. Dissociative Amnesia is the most common form of dissociative disorders. People suffering from dissociative fugue are not. Disassociative fugue is characterized by "unexpected travel away from home or one's customary place of daily activities ( for days), with inability to recall some or all of the past." (Nathan & Gorman 18, pg.45). Funguecan seem sometimes like aimless wondering (Putnam 18). Not much is known about this disorder; however , researchers do know that in most cases a person with disorders sometimes take on a new identity and is unable to remember personal information until they return to the original identity (Nathan & Gorman, 18).

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Another form of dissociation is depersonalization; it is a chronic and recurrent experience of feeling detached from one's thoughts. Feelings, sensations or experiencing that they are some how unreal or in a dreamlike state ( Encyclopedia of Psychology,000 pg.57). It is important to realize that these disorders are developed by the mind as a form of protection against traumatic experiences. In most cases of amnesia the mind tries to block traumatic situation from the memory; sometimes this works, sometimes it does not. In fugue state, the mind may be trying to escape the traumatic situation by wondering away from the environment that is causing the trauma. In the case of depersonalization the mind may be trying to create a sense that the experience is not reality, in order to help the person suppress and repress the trauma. Disorder is one of the main four disorder of dissociation. It is the extreme of all four disassociative disorders. According to Diagnosis and Stastistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the fourth edition, there is four criteria for DID The presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. At least two states recurrently that are taking control of the persons behavior. Inability to recall important personal information to which can not be explained by normal forgetfulnesds. This distirbance cannot be caused by a substance or a general medical condition (as cited in Encyclopedia of Psychology, 000).

Dissociative Identity Disorder is example of dissociation becoming maladaptive to the extreme. It becomes maladaptive when "it exceeds certain limits in intensity, frequency or occur in a inappropriate context" (Putnam 18 pg. ). Many researchers believe that there are predisposing factors that leaad to the development of DID. Richard Kluft developed the four-factor theory.

1. The person's innate ability to disassociate

. A pattern of abuse

. Occurrence of overwhelming trauma (which creates a reason to disassociate)

4. Inadequate protection of a child suffering from the trauma,the -P model

Braun and Dachs proposed their model similar to Kluft four factors theory in that they both agree that the same predisposing factor account for DID development . Other researchers on the issue of Dissociative Identity Disorder suggested the double-bind theory (as cited by Kluft, 1). An example of the double-bind theory , would be when a child is raped by a sibling and the sibling tells the child that they are doin it for the child's own good. If the child decides to tell the parent, then he/she may be called a liar and made feel like a bad person for making that type of accusation on a sibling (Kluft,E 1). The child may be left with the feeling of fear, humiliation and conflicting demands to please everyone, without being rejected by others (Waithes 1). Baldwin (author of the article Child Abuse as an Antecedent of Multiple Personality Disorder) explains that this forces the child to become two conflicting person. He or she is forced to create a good and a bad self. Childhood trauma is the leading cause of dissociative identity disorder.

According to Putnam , a study done by the National Institute of Mental Health shows that of a 100 reported cases of patients with DID, 7% reported experiencing trauma as a child. Childhood trauma can be sexual abuse, physical abuse, extreme neglect, witness to a violent death, or extreme poverty. Sexual abuse is the most common form of childhood trauma reported. Incest accounting for 68%, making it the most common form of sex abuse. Sexual abuse may include insertion of instrument in the vagina, mouth, anus and sexual torture. Physical abuse was the second most reported, it was reported in 75% of the 100 cases studied. Physical abuse can range from beating with hands or fists to different forms of tortures.

In trying to cope with these traumatic experience DID may develop. It becomes "an adaptive dissociative response of a young child's mind to fear and pain of an overwhelming trauma" (Dell & Eisenhower 10 pg7). Not all children who suffer a traumas develop DID but according to researchers ,DID is easier for children to develop, than for adults. One reason for this is that children tend to be easier to hypnotize, thus making it easier for them to dissociate (Putnam 18). Another reason, according to Stephen Marmer pg85 ( a researcher involved in the study of DID), is that at a certain age about "18 months to 4 and 5 years of age they are at a vulnerable time in development." According to him at thid phase the distinction between self and object is still cloudy and there is a tendency to use the defense mechanisms of splitting instead of repression. He writes that the "cognitive ability to conjure different identities is not present prior to the vulnerability window and the ability to use more advanced commences at the end of the vulnerability window".

Braun (developer of the -p theory) compared the development of DID to the learning process. According to him when a child suffers a trauma he or she develops a response of dissociation to it. A repetition of this trauma reinforcement's the response of dissociation. This response will later become associated with trauma. Then whenever the child experiences this trauma, this response automatically happens. One might say it becomes a conditioned response. After a period of time the child's personality becomes "split". By split this means other personalities develops. This gives the child the sense that the trauma it is not happening to him/her, but to someone else (Waites, 1). This split will now occur whenever the child feels it necessary for defend (DELL & Eisenhower 10). These personalities are known as alternates. These alternate personalities will now act as a "stimulus barrier to overwhelming experience, memories and conflicts serving as a defense against internal disorganization an chaos (Armstrong,14 pg15). These personalities help the child to escape the trauma, but once this type of defense is chosen any stimuli in the environment can trigger a splitting reaction, causing other personality to develop (Whitman, 11).

Dissociative Identity Disorder begins in childhood , but in most cases it is diagnosed in adults. Also children tend to have to have fewer alternate personalities than adults (Baldwin, 10). According to Baldwin, upon diagnosis children have an average of approximately a alternate personalities, while adults have an average approximately 1. Alternate personalities may be a difference in voice, sex, accent, reaction to medication, and even handwriting (Kluft 1). Putman described the many different kinds of alternate personalities that may develop over a period of time dissocitive identity disorder.writing (Kluft 1). Putman described the many different kinds of alternate personalities that may develop over a period of time dissocitive identity disorder. In this research, he found that in almost all cases, one or more of these alternate personalities is a child. Child alternates usually hold the memories of the traumatic experiene. Then there is the protector alternate. This alternate personality protects the host personality from internal and external danger. It tries to bring a balance to the chaos going on inside the host. In most cases the protector personality is a male. There can be many other alternate personality. However, the personality that is depicted the most on television is the prosecutor personality. According to Putnam this personality may have originated from the protector personality. This means it may have been the one to suffer from most the traumatic experience. It blames the host personality for being weak and may try to take control of the host life by sabotaging. It may even try to kill the host personality. Since alternate personalities believe strongly in what they say they are, they do not see killing the host as killing themselves (Waites 1). This alternate personality may try turning the host personality family against them or causing legal troubles for the host personality. According to Putnam 167 the host personality is not the original personality,

It is the alternate personality that has "executive control of the body the greatest percentage of any given time ". They are often not aware of the other personalities. They are also the ones to seek out medical attention (Putnam, 18); Kluft believes that everyone at birth develops at least on alternate and that the original personality is put to sleep and only after intense treatment it is revealed (Putnam,18).

Treatment of dissociative identity disorder may involve, psychoanalytic techniques, encouraging integration of alternate personalities and formal hypnosis in order to facilitate.

Memory retrieval (Nathan & Gorman 18). Hypnosis as a treatment is causing most of the controversy about the validation of dissociative Identity Disorder. Skeptics claim that through suggestion and hypnosis patients are made to believe that they have this disorder. This means that while patients are made to brlieve that they have this disorder. This means that while patients are under hypnosis doctors use the power of suggestion to create this disorder , by implanting information into the patient's memory. Some also say that individuals looking for therapists willing to believe their condition created dissociative identity disorder.

The supporters of DID claim that skeptics are just plain "missing it, either failing to look for it or by recognizing it" (North, Ryall, Ricci,&Wetzel,1,pg7). The argument between the two sides about the validity of DID is a very heated , to the point where doctors are questioning each others compentency. According to North, Ryall, Ricci, and Wetzel, to settle this disagreement the five phrases of validating a psychiatric disorder should be used. The first clinical description, which means that the criteria of the disorder should be specified. One of the arguments made by skeptics is that the diagnosis of DID have risen dramatically because of the media influences. Supporter says this not so, the criteria is too vague, which cause DID to be misdiagnosed for illnesses such as schizophrenia. Secondly, laboratory studies, which would involve neurophysiologic investigation. These would attempt to observe the physiologic difference in the alternate personalities.

Skeptics believe that actors can be trained to trick doctors into believing that they have this disorder. Supporters of DID say that anyone could pretend that they are ill, however ,that may not be the truth. The third phase is delimitation from other disorders. This means specifying the criteria that an excluded, making sure this disorder can't be mistaken for any other disorder. The fourth phase is follow-up study. North. Ryall, Ricci, and Wetzel pg41. Claim that it will support the validility of dissociative identity disorder "if time proves the disorder remains the same it will suppoet the idea of natural history and prognosis".

The final phase involves a family study. This entails looking into family history since most psychiatric disorders seems to run in the family. According to North, Ryall, Rucci, and Wetzel these five items are called Robins Guze Methods, can help prove the validity of any psychiatric disorder. They claim that researchers are "struggling with the first item in that laboratory investigations, deliniations from other disorders, followed-up study, and family all have yet to yield consistent findings" (pg.41).

The fact that the American Psychiatric Association recognizes this disorder has existed shows that much has already been discovered about this disorder. We now know Dissassociative Identity Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identity stating that one take control of the body and is a result of trauma suffered as a child; and is not a result of demonic spirit taken control of the body, but there is still much work to be done. One thing to keep in mind, is just as there will always be skeptics about Dissassocitive Identity Disorder, it will always remain a fascinating and mysterious.

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A place like no otherimagery

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A Place Like No Other

The temperature starts to rise and students are awaiting freedom for a few short

months. This is the time of year when people are dreaming of escaping the everyday

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hassles, with not one trip to the store or one more day of eight to five. To have a favorite

place that takes your breath away even for one short weekend is a place like no other.

Hardy Arkansas was a place of magnificent scenery with beautiful tall hills that

looked like they were overlapping each other. The sun shined down as if it was only

shining to show everyone what was just ahead of them. Cypress built houses that blended

with their surroundings stood two stories high with square shaped windows on each side

of the front door. A street of gifts and souvenirs attracted tourists as if these shops were

hypnotizing them and luring them in. T shirts hung outside on a metal rack, flags of all

colors blew in the wind, wind chimes created their own harmonious music, and windows

were stuffed with glass ornaments.

The next best thing about Hardy was the A framed houses that were available to

stay in. The house was shaped like an A and when you first walk in, the smell of a newly

built house with fresh paint just takes you away. It was two stories high and up stairs was

the bedroom with an A shaped window looking out at the clear lake below. Downstairs

was the kitchen and family room. The kitchens beautiful oak cabinets was a sight for the

eyes. The family room had a fireplace that created a feeling of warmth and security.

There were double sliding doors that led out to a deck in which you could sit and smell

the air coming off the glassy lake. Somehow this house gives you the peace and

happiness that helps the body relax.

Last but not least, was the Spring River. The baby blue and glassy river that was so cold yet so refreshing in the middle of summer, was so clear that you could look down and see fish swimming by. Trout fishing in the Spring River was one way people blew off steam in Hardy. The trout do not get very big and are different colors like a rainbow. You can stand in the middle of the river and throw your line just a little ways out and you can see the trout biting your line. It was almost as if they were trying to hold on to something while fighting against the fast currents and small waves.

Escaping for a weekend can be a dream come true. Hardy is the perfect place for unwinding, relaxing, and just having a great time. From the beautiful scenery, to the A framed houses, and how they create the warm and wonderful feelings, to the luxurious Spring River. These are all just a few examples reminding everyone how wonderful it feels just to get away and how there is one place to everyone that is a place like no other.

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Vitamin c abstract

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Obi Okafor

Biology 40

The history of Vitamin C can be traced back to 1500bc when there was an outbreak of scurvy in Egypt. It came up again in the 1400's in Europe when there were repeated cases of shipmen dying off during expeditions from scurvy (1). Modern research of scurvy started again in 107 when two Norwegian scientists in their quest to determine the cause of Beri beri in guinea pigs discovered scurvy instead (1). The theory of an antiscorbutic vitamin was postulated in 111, but it was not untill 18 that Dr Szent Gyorgyi isolated a substance from oranges, cabbage and the adrenals of Oxen. He called this substance Hexuronic acid, and determined its chemical formula to be C6H8O6. He gave some of his substance to W.M Haworth an English sugar chemist who determined the structural formula and they both named it ascorbic acid, from a-scorbutic which means anti-scurvy (). Gyorgyi received a noble prize for his discovery in 17, but there has been a lot of debate on who really discovered the vitamin (1).

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Vitamin C also called ascorbic acid is one of the most essential vitamins for human survival. It is a water-soluble vitamin and is present in every cell of the body especially cells of the nervous system, blood, teeth, bones and glands such as the thymus, adrenals and thyroid (5). Deficiency of vitamin C is scurvy. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding of gums, looseness of teeth, and weakness of joints. Without treatment scurvy can lead to death. An intake of 10mg/day of vitamin c is required for protection from scurvy, but for optimal health a much larger intake is needed (1). The average RDA value for children is 0-45mg/day, men and women 75-0mg/day and pregnant and lactating women 80-10mg/day. It is also advised that people who their metabolic turnover of vitamin C is more rapid than normal like smokers should add an additional 45mg/day to their average intake (8). Vitamin C is non-toxic, and has no harmful side effects. There have been cases of people taking 10 to 0g of vitamin C with no side effects. The only effect that was reported was diarrhea in the first couple of days (1).

Man, some species of monkeys and guinea pigs are the only mammals that cannot produce vitamin C endogenously. All other animals produce their vitamin C in their liver and hence never suffer from scurvy. Because we don't produce our own vitamin C it means that all vitamin C used by humans is received through foods and supplementation (1,,6). Foods rich in vitamin C are fruits and vegetables like oranges, lemons, grapes, tomatoes, green and red bell peppers, cabbage etc (1,,4). There is also a little vitamin c found in meat, but there is hardly any vitamin c left after meat is cooked.

Vitamin C is absorbed by active transport in the gut and is reabsorbed in the kidneys. Because the absorption mechanisms in the gut and kidneys can reach a saturation point, it is better to take multiple doses of vitamin c throughout the day rather than all at once (6). Some of the primary functions of vitamin C are in collagen metabolism, because the collagen protein requires vitamin C for hydroxylation. Vitamin C also helps optimize our immune system by stimulating the activity of antibodies and immune system cells like phagocytes and neutrophils. It is also an antioxidant along with vitamin E and helps stop free radical chain reactions that can lead to tumors and cancer (5). Research in vitamin C is very has gone far and wide in checking the influence of vitamin C on almost every biochemical process there is in the body and the role ascorbic acid in the prevention and cure of a variety of diseases ().

A study that was performed in Valencia Spain was conducted to check if vitamin C was associated with a reduced of cataract in the Mediterranean population. 4 cases with cataract and 4 age /sex frequency matched controls aged 55 to 74 yrs were selected from an ophthalmic outreach clinic. Participants were interviewed about their diet and education, also blood samples were analyzed to get the level of antioxidants. Blood levels of vitamin C above 4micromols/L were associated with 64% reduced odds for cataract (p0.0001). The data strengthened the evidence for a protective role for vitamin C on the aging of the lens (7).

Another study was performed to check the influence of environmental tobacco smoke on the vitamin C status in children. The study involved 51 children aged -1yrs, 50% of them were exposed to ETS because their parents smoked. When the results were gathered it was found that plasma ascorbate concentrations were lower, by . micro mol/L on the average, in the ETS-exposed children than in the unexposed children who consumed equivalent amounts of vitamin C. This was highly significant difference (p=0.00). The results suggests that children that are exposed to any amount of tobacco smoke should be encouraged to eat more foods with vitamin C or should be given equivalent doses as supplements (8).

Please note that this sample paper on vitamin c abstract is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on vitamin c abstract, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on vitamin c abstract will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Tourism Industry Analysis in Kenya

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………1

COMPETITION IN THE INDUSTRY …………………………………………….1

Threat of New Entrants …………………………………………………….1

Bargaining Power of Suppliers …………………………………………….

Bargaining Power of Buyers ………………………………………………4

Rivalry in the Industry ……………………………………………………..4

Threat of Substitute Products ………………………………………………6

DOMINANT ECONOMIC FEATURES ………………………………………….6

DRIVERS OF CHANGE …………………………………………………………..7

KEY SUCCESS FACTORS ……………………………………………………….

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………...10

INTRODUCTION

Competition in the tourism industry is very high where destinations are fighting to retain and increase their market share of the shrinking tourism industry. Competitiveness between destinations is such that tourists will travel to the destination where they will get the best quality experience for their money.

Many countries are now developing uniform and standard criteria for their tourism services. This means that today's traveler will pay for value enhanced products but will also seek value for money and quality services throughout the full range of tourism product from budget tip end. These trends only serve to place greater emphasis on Kenya's ability to reposition itself in the international market place as a quality value added destination-delivering value for money.

I COMPETITION IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS

Kenya tourism industry is competing in the international market where the various destinations available in different countries compete against each other for tourists. Destination competition for Kenya varies between the source markets and importantly between the types of product under consideration. Kenya beach product may be said to compete against others Goa in the UK market, Mauritius in the French Market, Cuba in the German Market and the Bahamas in the US market. The rejuvenation of the Northern Tanzanian tourist circuit of Ngorongoro crater, Serengeti plains and Lake Manyara are also a threat.

The following table shows a matrix of product attributes across a combination of all source markets competing with Kenya.

Beach only

Cuba

Dominican Republic

Goa

Tunisia / Morocco

Mauritius

Caribbean Beach and culture

Thailand

Egypt

Indonesia

Malaysia

Mexico

Sri Lanka

Adventure and activities

South Africa

Botswana

Australia

Brazil / Paris

Nepal Beach and wildlife

Tanzania

Mozambique

Kenya clearly has various competitors for differing aspects of product portfolio. However, Tanzania's beach offering is questionable and Mozambique has yet to fully develop its potential, Kenya's simple combination of beach and wildlife makes the destination unique on the world wide stage.

Competition also takes the form of market presence in creating awareness and interest amongst potential customers, and in this aspect Kenya's share of voice has been minimal for a number of years. Direct marketing expenditure by key competitors such as Egypt and South Africa significantly exceed that of Kenya. Egypt has extensive advertising linked with good trade support. South Africa with a brand identity as "a world in one country" informs the travel trade within South Africa of key developments in originating markets while operating a strong in-market presence overseas. Destinations such as Australia promote strong advertising campaigns integrated with partnership marketing and are a leader in web-based travel trade training.

BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS

Competitor analysis seeks to identify aspects of competitive advantage whilst recognizing and acting upon areas of weakness. Kenya tourism as a better bargaining power and a more competitive edge against her competitors because of her unique competencies. These include

ɨ Unique wildlife and safari product combined with world class coastal resources and scenic diversity

ɨ People, heritage and history

ɨ Highly experienced travel industry

ɨ High levels of destination recognition in key source markets

ɨ Climate and proximity to key markets

ɨ Good will in relation to a new government both local and internationally.

All these competencies work towards increasing the bargaining power enjoyed by the Kenyan tourism industry. They are able to attract and influence the cost and revenues accruing to the industry. The industry can charge high rates to tourists while minimizing their costs.

The Kenyan industry being at risks of losing these tourists is pushed to lower their charges instead of loosing the tourist altogether.

The bargaining power of suppliers is low due to the following reasons

ɨ The current threats of terrorist attacks

ɨ Persistent security and crime perceptions

ɨ Poor infrastructure especially roads

ɨ Weak product interpretation

ɨ Limited quality control

ɨ Air access limitations

ɨ Entry impediments visa and airport logistics

BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS

Many of the world's independent travelers some of whom are maturing away from the younger budget travelers will also seek out nature and culture destination preferring a more flexible and individual style of travel but still demanding an authentic experience. Independent travelers will often arrange their own flights and accommodation then purchase an excursion or safari after arrival in Kenya on a walk in basis. If it meets the requirements they will pay a lot for a unique Eco-tourism experience and adventure activity, long stay often compensates for low daily budgets.

However, tourists are also gaining bargaining power by getting more and more experienced and have increased awareness of what the markets are able to offer and the competition there in. They are increasingly aware of the weaknesses in the Kenyan industry and take the advantage of bargaining for lower charges.

RIVALRY WITHIN THE INDUSTRY

Different destinations with similar features are competing stiffly for the few tourists landing in Kenya

ɨ Travel agents - Many tourists arrange visits to Kenya through travel agents. The many travel agents in Kenya are competing against each other to attract as much correspondence as possible.

ɨ Hotels and lodges In 001 the Ministry of Tourism and Information (MTI) reported a total of ,8 hotels in Kenya. Of these the majority are on the coast 456 hotels with 8,74 beds, 48 of which (14,185 beds) are classified as 4 or 5 star. There are 4 hotels in Nairobi with 15,684 beds. Of these, 18 hotels (4, beds) are classified as 4 and 5 star. Park and reserves have 67 hotels with 5,75 beds, and the rest of Kenya has 1,7 hotels (MTI).

Hotels are competing with one another to attract more tourists to occupy their premises.

ɨ Local Handicrafts and Authentic Craft These with multi-cultural influences feature woodcarving, beadwork, painting and drawing, basketry, weaving, clothing ornaments and jewelry in a wide range of quality and price. Several thousand-licensed curio dealers in Kenya offer a great diversity of souvenirs. There are opportunities in Kenya crafts to be improved and promoted o international markets. These handicraft owners are competing to spread benefits more widely into local communities, reinforce pride in traditional practices, and help establish the national image of a rich cultural destination.

ɨ Game parks Kenya is firmly established as a leading wildlife safari destination. Kenya's 5 National Parks and Reserves cover approximately 8 percent of the total area of the country. Kenya's parks and reserves received a total of 1,56,00 visitors in 001, down 1 percent from 1,644,00 visitors in 000 (CBS). Each protected area is unique in its diversity, attractions, character and scenery. Arid and Semi arid ecosystems form the largest percentage of Kenya's famous parks and have a great diversity of spectacular and easily observable plain wildlife. These diverse entities strive for tourists to visit their destinations, as park fees constitute a large sum of their income. While inside the park, they visit hotels within the parks and consequently bring in income to the park.

THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS

The focus on the tourism industry in Kenya is the available natural resources. Artificial facilities created e.g. the Nature Trail in Mombassa only add to the anesthetic value.

Substitute products may include

ɨ Low cost hotels in the town centers

ɨ Artificial facilities like Bamburi Nature trail

ɨ Illegal villas

ɨ All inclusive clubs

ɨ Home stays

ɨ Timeshare establishments

II DOMINANT ECONOMIC FEATURES

a) Competition

Competition is quite high in this industry due to its global nature.

b) Shrinking Potential

Terrorism and terrorist threats have lead to a decrease in industry size.

c) Resource Pooling

This is done at the regional level where resource pooling establishes regional joint marketing programs. This lower costs, increased growth in destination awareness, greater media exposure, earlier product positioning and more rapid penetration into target markets.

Joint management of resources, cooperative security, cost effective joint marketing and cross order protected areas such as Mara Serengeti, Amboseli, Kilimanjaro and Lake Victoria regions in Kenya.

d) Partnership

This exists between public and private sectors and it is advantages for smaller businesses with limited resources to market their products internationally. In Kenya we have initiatives between Kenya Tourism Board (KTB) and

ɨ Kenya safety center, (KSC)

ɨ Ecotourism Society of Kenya (ESOK)

ɨ Beach operators Relocation Programme (BORP)

ɨ Kenya Professional Safari Guides Association (KPSGA)

e) Strategic Positioning

Kenya tourism industry is well placed to respond to the global interest in eco-tourism.

Currently, there is a direct flight to Kenya that aims at encouraging frequent visits by the international tourists.

f) Product Differentiation

Kenya has stunning topography ranging from snow capped peaks of Mr. Kenya (51m) the cradle of civilization in the great Rift Valley, Alpine highlands lunar semi deserts, rolling Savannah plains, wilderness, deserts and some of the best palm fringed beaches in African and even the world over.

g) Distribution channels

The industry has a well elaborate distribution channel ranging from travel agents, telex and Internet.

h) Marketing

Tourism industry is characterized by heavy promotions to increase patronage. Nowadays marketing strategies are basis to any tourism industry in the world.

III DRIVERS OF CHANGE

 Long term growth

Industry showed positive growth despite various challenges.

i) During 001 tourism revenue rose to 4 million (US$07 million) representing .7 per cent total exports.

ii) Contributes to balance of payment exceeded in export value.

iii) In the Year 00 it contributed 8% of GDP.

 Product Innovation

i) Dedicated websites enable tourism to share experiences of tourism destinations.

ii) Digital television is a means whereby product information is obtained and

holidays are booked.

iii) Customers get access to greater range of information sources.

 Technology Change

Has become a fundamental aspect of the industry

i) Modern technology lowered costs of service delivery through efficient systems.

ii) Fast and quality services are offered.

 Market Innovations

i) Target marketing aims at consumer with a combination of technology through the

web and data casting T.V.

ii) The marketing bodies alert people about destinations encouraging hence encouraging business by securing email addresses including arrival and departure times.

iii) Special offers encourage visitors to return to Kenya.

iv) Extensive co-operation and partnership from with and without the travel industry to promote the industry in Kenya.

 Globalization

i) Same service/product is found in quite a number of countries.

ii) Regional cooperation provides linkages.

iii) East African tourism council formed aims at joint National Park fees, common visa and resolution of conflicting tourism policies.

 Government Intervention

The Kenyan Government has enacted legislatures governing the industry for purposes of providing safety standards and proper general welfare of all tourists in the country.

IV KEY SUCCESS FACTORS

ɨ Security

Acquire modern security gadgets for all the tourist destinations in Kenya.

ɨ Branding

Establish a strong and sustainable brand positioning providing optimal yield and season spread.

ɨ Different target market focus

Focus on core domestic markets and extend into emerging markets through emphasis on market specific web sites, trade and public relations.

ɨ Partnerships

Provide strong leadership to Kenyan tourism firms and develop valuable strategic relationships with stakeholders and relevant non-tourism organizations to harness the collective resource and expertise.

ɨ Product innovation

Enhance established products and develop a diverse portfolio of small-scale culture, adventure, activity and eco-tourism niche products.

ɨ Infrastructure

Acquire good means and modes of transport.

Effectively exploit the benefits of new media communication and distribution system to improve the speed, timeliness, depth and breadth of Kenya destination information.

ɨ Organization

Build a focused organizational structure and culture to increase efficiency and effectiveness and increase the quality and delivery of customer research and market intelligence to the travel trade.

Differentiate Kenya with a distinct market image and positioning in target markets as a "Uniquely Kenya" quality safari and coastal destination offering a rich diversity of culture, adventure activity and eco-tourism experiences.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The Kenyan tourism industry is one of the industries that has experienced some unique dynamics. Security in tourist destinations is a very critical issue. It is one industry that needs a lot of reorganization. Terrorist attacks as well as threats have caused a great deal of depression in the industry. However, the technological, product and marketing innovations have determined which firm continues to stay in the industry and which one is pushed out. Only those firms who have placed their strategies well have been able to stay in the industry.

Firms in the tourism industry need to change their market focus, improve on their organization, enhance product/service innovation, take up more aggressive marketing strategies, acquire some modern technology and lastly ensure safe and secure environments. The Kenyan Government should assist in improving the infrastructure in order to attract more local and international tourists.

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