Family, Marriage and the Threat of declining birth rate in Singapore

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Family, Marriage and the Threat of declining birth rate in Singapore

I. Introduction

Cheap college papers on Family, Marriage and the Threat of declining birth rate in Singapore

The economy of Singapore is increasing rapidly yet it is also facing the threat of declining birth rate which causes the aging population. This fact is cited in two articles of Wendy Tan and Grace Chua from The Strait Times Interactive Website which are attached in this report. It can be argued that Singapore is not alone among developed nations in having a declining birth rate, however, the aging population, for a small population like Singapore, can be quite serious. It has also been noted that family and marriage are not only the private matters left to individual but also have impacts on our nation and society. Therefore, it is very important for the entire community to find out the problems and solutions for them as well. This can be support and strengthen the formation of families to raise birth rate of Singapore.

As can be seen from these two articles, some reasons were shown such as rising infertility rate, liberal view towards marriage commitment, child-bearing, pragmatic government etc. This paper, hence, aims to evaluate these causes individually based on the theories of Kou & Wong (17), Salaff (17) and Straughan (1) as well as give some recommendations, add some reasons that have not included in the articles and argument in other side of this matter.

II. Extent of the problem

In recent year, we have seen a gradual shift in long-held attitudes towards relationships, marriage and family. More Singaporeans are remaining single, delaying marriage and having fewer children. More Singaporeans place priorities on careers and other material life goals. All of these factors lead to the decreased birth rate in Singapore. Hence, we look at three main problems The family values, the work and family environment and the role of government. These problems can be the reasons for the outcomes stated above.

1. Family values

Values are ideas or beliefs that individuals acquire overtime. What we deem to be important in life is shaped very much by these values. Values guide the decision that we make our relationship, our work and life as a whole as well as the responsibilities that come with them. Just as families are the basic building of blocks of society, values are the foundations that underpin the family.

Singapore is now experiencing tremendous changes in society in the past few decades, especially in family values. Globalization and technological change have created new views for Singaporeans. The Internet has further promoted exchanges among people, fusing cultures and experiences. Our spheres of influence are no longer confined to only we read, see or hear in our own society. In another words, it have expanded beyond our immediate environment. As Kou & Wong stated, with a rising standard of living and education, the social relations are more modern (or "Western" in the context of Asian societies) traits characteristic of industrial societies

1.1. The change in the roles of women

The ChannelNewAsia provide that the female labor participation rate in Singapore is very high. This fact was explained by Straughan, Kou & Wong and Salaff. They cited that with the advent of industrialization, the feminist movement and the increasing in access to better education have created. Therefore, the increased independence and sophistication of women have removed the need for a provider through marriage; women no longer need to marry for economic reasons. It also have created the intrinsic marriage's expectations of women, they now marry for companionship, romantic love and mutual respect. This makes women thinking of marriage as a very intensive and time-consuming social institution. Moreover, these expectations are sometimes unrealistic about their life partners which make them difficult to find one suitable for them.

As a matter of fact, the mean age for the first marriage of women is 6.8. Many delay marriages as they want to build up their careers, are put off by high wedding expenses or prefer to wait for the ideal person to come along. Some even choose to remain single.

1.. A sense of difficult parenting

In her article, Grace Chua stated that some couples interviewed also worry that they cannot be perfect parents. This also is the most problematic issue which was mentioned by Straughan. Parents have to bear full responsibility of taking care of their children. But they are working in the fast paced, stressful environment which requires them to spend most of their time. Hence, they cannot set aside the time to take care and pay attention on their children.

Moreover, the contemporary ideology of true womanhood sustains the image of a "supermom" a devoted mother, a supportive and capable wife for both her children and husband regardless of her working status. As a result, many women choose remain single instead of being a full-time homemaker or play a role as a "supermom".

1.. The rising individualism and liberalism

Grace Chua also mentioned that many couples have not prepared to give their freedom up in order to accommodate children. Accompanying modern economic development, Singaporeans are adopting "Western" social values. This implies the rising individualism and liberalism in the "me-first" society, commitment to marriage is running counter to the pursuit of self-satisfaction. As a result, many regard priority on career and other life goals in place of families; adopts increasingly liberal views towards sexual intimacy, marriage commitment, child-bearing etc.

This issue also results in delay marriage of Singaporeans. The mean age at first marriage for both sexes increased .5 years between 18 and 000, to .8 and 6.8 respectively for men and women.

. Work and family environment

Work and family have become highly interdependent with the rise of dual-income families. They are replacing the pre-dominant form of family which is single-income. Individuals face the time-bind as work becomes all consuming in the knowledge economy, leaving them with the little time for their families. Many individuals find it difficult to cope effectively with work and family responsibilities without provisions in the work environment such as flexi-schemes and telecommuting. As a result, it causes stress in dual-earner families and they have more difficult to have more children. It also leads to the increasing infertility in Singapore which can be the results as married couples do not spend enough time together due to work pressures.

In addition, employers expect their employees to attach greater priority to the company and spend much time as needed. As a matter of fact, they'd rather remain single than start a family in order to get a steady job, especially when Singapore is in the recession. They also have little time to spend socializing and meeting potential spouses. Therefore, many young people - more educated ones in particular - not willing to settle for the first person they meet.

Besides, there are more married women in employment. While the culture of gender roles has changed, the practice remains traditional. Once married, most women usually take full responsibility for housework when they hold full-time jobs.

. The role of government

A dramatic fall in the birth rate has changed the family planning policy from Two is enough to Have three or more, if you can afford it and has become the primary concern of government. Some may perceive that marriage, family and child-bearing are private matters and that choices should be left to the individuals. However, these can have collective impact on Singapore nation and society. Therefore, it is important for the entire community as well as government to become involved in bringing the importance of the family to public consciousness.

In fact, Singapore's pragmatic government is offering money and incentives to encourage people to have more children. For example, tax rebates for parents having two or more children; the Baby Bonus and rd Child Maternity scheme were introduced in April 001 to further support parents who wish to have larger families; Edusave, etc.

However, it turned out not effective enough. They do not address issues of values, attitudes and life choices adequately. It also does not strengthen marriages intrinsically. As mentioned in the article of Wendy Tan, money would not feature in the decision of having more children. Therefore, they may not sustainable in the long run the government cannot continue to give more tax incentives or cash grants. Financial incentives can only be part of a total package of measures.

III. Other problems

These three articles address some fundamental reasons to explain the declining in birth rate. However, besides these, there are some more reasons for this trend.

Firstly, traditionally, people in Southeast Asia lived in extended families. Nevertheless, Singapore is not that case. It has been an urban society and most people live with their immediate families in apartments even before industrialization. Today, about 78% of families in Singapore are made up of parents and children only. The average household size is four persons. This proves that the nuclear is not the emergence of industrialized but adapts itself to the modern industrial system. With the increasing in living standard, education and "Western" views, there is also a new breed of better-educated Singaporeans who want smaller families.

Secondly, there are also some young adults enter marriage without careful consideration. When couples compare their married life with the ideals they had embraced, many are disappointed and disillusioned. This causes the marriage fails which sends a strong signal to those around that the marriage is not necessarily always rewarding.

IV. Other side of problem

Firstly, we can see that there is a trend in decreasing birth rate in Singapore. But there are still a lot of Singaporeans enjoy in having children. They think that the perfect parent is a myth; they can make mistakes along the way but what is important is that they learn from them and improve on their parenting skill.

Secondly, the Edusave incentive of government is creating dissatisfaction of Singaporeans. It only accounts for the first children which can discourage would-be parents from having a fourth child unless they have the material means to do so. The Baby Bonus could be handed out for the first child, instead of only for the subsequent ones because after all, the decision to have the first child is usually the toughest. Moreover, free medical care will put a greater load on the Government and, in turn, on the people.

Thirdly, although some may label young married couples unwilling to give up their lifestyle to start a family as selfish, it may be unfair to impose social ideals on every marriage. Encouraging couples to have children may increase Singapores birth rate but it also creates the cost. Parents may end up with more parents sending their babies to 4-hour care-centers because they do not have much time taking care of their children. Therefore, the best thing should be done is to support couples who are committed to bringing up their children well, and not pressure those who are not keen on being parents into having children.

V. Conclusion

Declining in birth rate is affecting the society as well as the economy of Singapore. Therefore

1. In the short-run, the government should implement more effectively in giving incentives to Singaporeans. For example

· The MediSave should also be given for the fourth child

· One of the main reasons couples delay having children is the difficulty of finding childcare. Therefore, the Government should consider waiving the Foreign Maid Levy for new parents for a period of 1 to 18 months, until the child is old enough to be taken care of at a crèche.

· The medical costs incurred by the baby can also be quite significant in his first two years. If the Government were to extend the 100 percent Medisave cover to include this bill, it would be go a long way in persuading couples that having a baby is not that expensive after all.

· The Baby Bonus could be handed out for the first child instead of only for the subsequent ones

. In the long run, the government should focus more on

· Facilitating the setting up of a range of affordable and accessible family services, such as flexible childcare, student-care and family day-care schemes to increase the care options for parents

· Working with the community to promote family life education.

· Encouraging developers to incorporate family-friendly features in their buildings

· Working with employers to promote good work-life practices. Employers can help by offering flexi-work hours, part-time work and telecommuting.

· Supporting parents to prepare for parenthood better. They can draw from family, community and government resources to support them in bringing up their children.

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Magic Boxes

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Definition

A Magic Square is a two-dimensional array of numbers in which the sum of all rows, columns, and diagonals equal the same. This sum is called a magic number.

Background

The time frame, which Magic Squares, were first introduced is under much debate. In ancient times, these Magic Squares were used for different purposes. They possessed mystical and magical powers and some even served as good luck charms. For example, a Magic Square engraved on a silver platter was used as a charm against a plague.

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The first or earliest Magic Square I found was the Chinese Magic Square also known as the "lo-shu". This one dates back to roughly around 500 B.C. and measured x square. Another Magic Square that is well known in mathematics is the Albrecht Durers Melancholia, this 4x4 square indicates the date of its creation in the last row, 15 14.

The Lo-Shu Legend

According to material that I have read regarding Magic Squares, there is a story that tries to explain the Lo-Shu square and it goes like this

In the ancient time of China, there was a huge flood. The people tried to offer some sacrifice to the 'river god' of one of the flooding rivers, the 'Lo' river, to calm his anger. However, every time a turtle came from the river and walked around the sacrifice. The river god didn't accept the sacrifice until one time; a child noticed a curious figure on the turtle shell. Hence they realized the correct amount of sacrifices to make (15).

Now according to research, the number 15 is a magic number for a x magic square, but at this time it is not known what the turtle shell looked like. So from this story, the story of the Emperor Yu was created.

Emperor Yu was standing at the shore of the mighty Huang-He (Yellow River) thinking about his day. It was soon going to be evening and this was good, because the Emperor had a long and difficult day.

While the Emperor looked upon the river his dealing of the day seemed to slip away with the rush of the water. As he gazed on, he found the rivers edge was right below his feet. It was at this moment Emperor Yu saw the divine turtle. The Emperor had seen the turtle, but only as a pattern in the stars, never this close. Emperor Yu knew the story of Lo-Shu and believed that this turtle was a symbol of good luck.

The Emperor approached the turtle in an effort to get a better look at the creature. The Emperor was familiar with its shape, but the design on the shell was new to him. As he picked up the turtle he noticed that the shell looked like puzzle pieces glued together to form two circles around a rectangle. He looked long at these shapes and noticed a pattern of dots etched on them.

Starting with the right leg of the turtle he found that there was a square connected by four dots. Now moving clock wise he saw a row of nine dots. At the five o'clock position, there were two dots. At the bottom or the six o'clock position there were a row of seven linked dots. Continuing, he saw another box with six connected dots, one single dot, another box with eight dots, and at the top a row of three connected dots. In the center of all these he saw a cross-section of five dots.

After a long time pondering these numbers he lined them up and added up the numbers in many different ways.

His sum of the numbers was 15. But what did this mean? What did the sum have to do with him? Was it years of good luck? Or was it years to live? All the questions came easy to him but the answers were no where to be found.

Emperor Yu had come to the river for peace after a hard day, but instead found himself confused and uncertain.

Now let's see how we can create a magic square!

Construction

For me, the easiest magic square construction to explain is the 4x4 magic square. First you would create the square and number the boxes from 1 to 16 (1 to n).

1 4

5 6 7 8

10 11 1

1 14 15 16

Next, you mark the diagonals as highlighted. Take the sum of the first and last numbers of the consecutive ordering (1+16 = 17; or 1 + n). Then, change the other numbers as follows Take the difference between 17 and x, where x equals the number in the cell to be changed. The new numbers are

This is how the new square looks, and the sum is 4.

1 15 14 4

1 6 7

8 10 11 5

1 16

Conclusion

Magic Squares do not end with 4x4 arrays; they can grow as large as you want. However, the difficulty is much greater. While writing this paper and doing research, I came to realize the reason for such interest of these squares is that mathematicians are always looking for new information on numbers. They are always looking at new possibilities to calculate numbers and hopefully find something that no one has yet discovered.

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Economics in Argentina

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The title of the article from the Christian Science Monitor is Even amid

economic woes, Argentines live it up. The summary of the article fits the title; the

article discusses the current economic crisis in Argentina and how the citizens are

dealing with it. Most of the Argentines are now afraid of investing their money into

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banks in Argentina because they are afraid that they will not be able to get it back

entirely, or the bank will pose limits onto withdrawals so that the people will not be

able to withdraw all of their money. The article estimates that 0-0 billion dollars

is hidden inside the country in items such as shoe boxes and safes.

The country currently faces a 15 percent unemployment rate, a lack of food

causing malnutrition, and currency devaluation. The past problems within Argentina

has helped the citizens to manage through hard times. The article speaks of the

military dictatorship in the 70s, hyperinflation, and economic stagnation in the

0s, which has caused the Argentines to be happy through it, no matter how bad

the times are.

The Argentines are living it up by spending their money on leisure items

instead of investing it into the bank. Many clubs and ranches that are close to the

homes of the citizens are making very good money because the people can not

afford to travel to past favorite destinations such as South Beach and Disney

World; so instead they are going to clubs and local getaways that they can afford.

Elections will be held soon with three candidates for president, but none

seem to favor the new candidates. None have over a 1% approval rate. The

citizens disapproval with government officials can be contributed to the hard past

and the jumpy economy. The Argentines enjoyed a 11 rate of the dollar to the

peso, but now face a 1 rate, which helped the current hard times of the economy.

In class we have discussed the hard economy that the Argentines face,

due to the military dictatorship. We discussed how military intervention has

provided for an unstable democracy, which has led to an unstable economy.

Massive loans have been given to Argentina, which the country is having a hard

time paying back, and the restriction of the country being allowed to reprint money

for a brief period. Also we discussed the unstable elections, which has helped the

citizens to not trust the governments and banks.

Argentina is very unstable and needs to reassure their people of a stable

democracy and the value of investing. The 0-0 billion dollars that the citizens

could invest into banks, could be used to help the economy balance itself and

provide a better economic standard for the people. A true democracy needs to

be better established.

www.csmonitor.com

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HIP HOP

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Hip-Hop's has lost its original goal of wanting to unite people, today its a way to market violence. I. Hip-Hop started in the west Bronx in the early 170s. A. Hip-Hop wasn't excepted mainstream until 17. B. The first known Hip-Hop group was The Sugarhill Gang. II. As the 80s began more people became aware of the culture that was now known as Hip-Hop A. It started as a positive thing to unite underprivileged kids. 1. There was a song like "Stop the Violence." . Public Enemy and other groups encouraged listeners to stop eating beef. B. Hip-Hop was looked upon by the adult world as dangerous and evil. C. Hip-Hop crossed with pop culture when Aerosmith and Run DMC teamed up, opening up to a new group of listeners. III. During the late 80s Hip-Hop took a violent turn. A. NWA came out and threatened law enforcement. B. Urban anger came out with Public Enemy's "Fight the Power." IV. Marketing increased. A. Suddenly white suburbia was introduced to Hip-Hop B. MTV started Yo MTV Raps C. Two Harvard students started the Source magazine 1. Opening up a new market for Hip-Hop culture, it was a way for companies to promote the "new looks" for kids interested in Hip-hop. V. By the 0s Hip-hop had hit the mainstream. A. MC Hammer came out to the pop culture with "Can't touch this" B. By the end of 10 sales exceeded 100 million Hersh ii C. White rappers like Vanilla Ice were introduced to grab more of a suburbia audience. D. The music was becoming more of a catchy hook and a dressed up rapper than what it once was, a way to change political views. VI. Hip- Hop expanded into all areas of music. A. Public Enemy and Anthrax joined together to re-record " Bring in the Noise." B. White Rapper Marky Mark came out. C. 14 year old groups like Kris Kross were introduced. VII. Movies and Television were affected by this new culture. A. Kid n Play came out with a string of movies called House Party. B. Will Smith became the "Fresh Prince of Bel-Air." C. Rappers turned actors in "New Jack City," and "Boyz in the Hood." Glorifying the street life of gangstas. VIII. Rap proves its marketability. A. Tupac Shukar starred in Juice, with a hit soundtrack. B. The Source had begun to market the "new sneakers," and gear for streetwear. IV. Hip-Hop has become a money hungry market, that has no concern for the children that it once broke out to protect. A. Hard-core thugs like Jay-Z have gone from BET, to Nickelodeon. B. Sean Combs, has started a brand new way to market to audiences of all ages, not having any concerning that his music is inappropriate to the children that he is trying to market to. C. It isn't about the music anymore, hip hop started out as mixing beats and lyrics over old ones. 1. It's now a way to market to all ages, start new trends. . It's exposing children that are way to young to understand about violence, sex, and drugs. Hersh iii D. When stars of one culture and scene expose children of a different upbringing it creates havoc. 1. It glorifies violence, the use of drugs, and twists the images of money. Hersh 1 Hip-Hop The Marketing of a New Culture Hip-hop was started to lead the youth of today in a positive direction. Today hip-hop has lost its original goal of being a positive influence in peoples lives, and it has just become a way to market violence. Hip-hop was born in the west Bronx of New York in the early 170s. It was born as a way for inner city kids without a lot of options to express their anger at society through music.(Margolis) One explanation for the birth of hip-hop, as explained by author Ronin Ro, was that it was partly created in the South Bronx to counter act his birthplace's gang violence Hip-Hop was seen as a form that would inspire political change; we all believed that rap performers breaking barriers on shows like American Bandstand and Soul Train, and hearing our music in commercials for Polly-O String Cheese and Flintstones Fruity Pebbles was merely the first step to running the old folks out of office and replacing them with our political representatives, the Chuck D's, Rakims, and KRS-Ones. Rap albums were selling in the millions, MTV was kissing rappers' asses, a worldwide audience formed and the music was filled with nothing but hope. Hip-Hop would empower the inner city; we didn't see its perversion into the more "marketable" 'hood coming. We were going to be galvanized by art not demonized(……) In our own way, we were as idealistic as the hippies of the sixties, and we truly believed that everything would be alright; we would listen to our music, learn our history and unite to become a political force to be reckoned with. () However, it wasn't considered mainstream until 17, when The Sugarhill Gang released "Rapper's Delight," which is generally considered the first commercial rap record. (Perkins 5) It was viewed as a novelty record because it introduced the world to the new noise that was coming from the streets of New York.(Nelson, Gonzalez xviii) One authors explanation on why hip-hop took so long to become mainstream is that Hersh The invasion was a slow process. For many years the major record companies and media agents made rap music and hip-hop culture into forbidden fruit Anyone who touched or took a bite was tainted. Record companies masked their racism by stating that no one was interested in buying this Black thang. By claiming hip-hop was an underground movement whose low-income followers couldn't afford to buy records, the mainstream music industry could justify not signing any rap acts.(Nelson, Gonzales xix) As the nineteen eighties began more people became aware of the culture that was now beginning to be known as hip-hop. Boogie Down Productions, and Public Enemy urged audiences to stop eating beef, wear more natural hairstyles, and learn about their history. Public Enemy even came out with a song entitled, "Stop the Violence," which impelled its listeners to live in peace. ( Ro ) The new sound was starting to mix with pop-culture when Aerosmith and Run-DMC teamed up together, allowing hip-hop to open up to a whole new set of demographics. (Robinson )One of the more popular pop groups of the time was Blondie, and the band's leaders Deborah Harry and Chris Stein recorded "Rapture." It was a pop song which included a rap interlude. At the same time, graffiti artists were being shown in New York's SoHo galleries. Hip-hop was being seen as hip.( Sexton 6) Then somewhere during the late eighties, hip-hop took a negative turn. It started in 188 with NWA's album Straight Outta Compton. The first three tracks released in addition to its title track , were titled, "Fuck Tha Police," "Gangsta, Gangsta" and " If It Ain't Ruff." (Nelson, Gonzalez 167). The group publicized their anti-police stance.( Ro 114) Andre "Dr. Dre" Young, from the NWA crew never dreamed that Straight Outta Compton would change hip-hop and American youth, and told author Ronin Ro that, now Hersh that it has, he regrets it. Ronin Ro, a well known writer for the Source, and his own book Gangsta, says that if you simply glance at the rise in murders reported in your local newspaper, you'll see how the drive-bys and jackings mentioned by NWA years ago have become a full-scale reality, to the point where these quaint slang terms have now been incorporated into the English language(….)Fourteen kids (age nineteen and under) will be killed in gun accidents, suicides, or homicides before sunset. (For this age group, murder rate has increased 15 percent between 184 and 10.) Not even natural diseases combined can equal the annual number of teenage deaths attributed to firearms. One out of every 8 Black males born is likely to be murdered; for whites, the ratio can equal the annual number by one of your own 10 saw percent of Black murder victims killed by other Blacks. (Ro 5) Now an anger against authority was the popular thing to do in hip-hop. Even Public Enemy decided to venture into this new "gangsta" sound with "Fight the Power," in 18.( Nelson, Gonzales 18) Even though some hip-hop was launching negative views on its audiences, it was growing stronger. Marketing increased. The deep rooted ideas of drug pushing, car jacking, and black on black crimes was being overlooked. Two Harvard undergrads started a flyer called The Source, running it out of their dorm room. (Robinson ). As one writer who writes for them from time to time, Ronin Ro describes The Source as being just another way to promote albums and stereotypes than to reveal the truth and urge their predominantly black audience to pursue more positive paths. (5) MTV joined in this phenomena when they introduced Yo' MTV Raps, a program that aired rap videos and promoted the hip-hop movement. It proved to be one of their top rated shows. (Sexton 0) White suburbia was being introduced to hip-hop. By the nineteen nineties hip-hop had hit mainstream. MC Hammer came out to the pop-culture with "Can't Touch This." And by the end of 10, hip-hop sales exceeded $100 million. (Robinson) There were now white rappers like Marky Mark, and Hersh 4 Vanilla Ice that were huge hits on the pop-charts.(Nelson, Gonzales 68) Even 14 year old groups like Kris Kross were being marketed through the music industry. (Robinson) Hip-hop was characterized by catchy hooks and dressed-up rappers, the opposite of what it once was meant to be. (Ro ) Movies and Television were affected by this new culture and the economic reality involved with hip-hip was very clear. Hip-hop jumped into living rooms. Hip-hop's bubble gum rapper, Will Smith, (who is known for not using any kind of foul language in his music) was signed to star in the television show " The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" which debuted on NBC, and is now in syndication. (Robinson) Kid 'n Play, a well-known rap duo, appeared on the silver screen with Houseparty, which grossed over $0 million at the box office.( Nelson, Gonzales 14) Rap artists quickly turned into actors in movies like Boyz in the Hood and New Jack City, glorifying the street life of gangstas. Making soundtracks to go along with the films, as Tupac Shakur did for Juice (a movie in which he starred), proved to be economically beneficial.(Robinson) The industry started to reach out to more markets of demographics. Rapper Vanilla Ice appeared in the much anticipated sequel to the popular children's film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Loud Records chairman Steven Mind says that Rap has become more universal and sophisticated. It's not just for one audience anymore. And acts like Jay-Z, TLC, and Lauryn Hill have taken it to that net level without leaving their base-the streets.(Mitchell) Hersh 5 The title track of Jay-Z's 18 album Hard Knock Life Vol..II played over pop radio stations nation-wide. Jay-Z's music is mostly about his conflicts with other "gangstas." For the most part his lyrics are about possessions. He is known to be very specific on what kind of car he drives, what watch he wears, and so on. (Mitchell) Jay-Z's 5 city tour was the first tour like it in music history. He sold over 600,000 tickets, selling-out concerts across the country.(Robinson) Sean "Puffy" Combs has performed his tribute to the late Notorious B.I.G, "I'll Be Missing You," on Nickelodeon's Kids Choice Awards, along with MTV Music Awards. He was reaching out to two completely different audiences, with the same music.(Robinson) Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs, head of Bad Boy entertainment, has branched out to advertise for such names as Calvin Klein, Coke, Pepsi, Nike, and Tommy Hilfiger. He thinks that it's inspirational to the kids, because they want what they see on TV; that because they believe in brands, their making choices as a group. There are some positive aspects involved. Puffy claims that he is trying to reject "ethnic" labels, that the youth of America has no color, so that it's all colors. (McCarthy 1) Most hip-hop groups say that they believe that pushing products does not make them a "sellout" to their music or to listeners. Advertising for companies is considered almost a trophy to the hip-hop world. Run D.M.C was "proud" of its deal with Coca-Cola; for them it meant that they had made it. (McCarthy 1). Once hip-hop started sampling, taking old beats and mixing them with new lyrics, to become a part of the mainstream pop-culture, it wasn't about the positive influence over the youth of today. Hip-hop just became another way to market to all ages, a way to Hersh 6 start new trends. It has exposed children to violence, sex and drugs before they are old enough to understand their real consequences. Hip-hop has definitely become a part of American society today. It has glorified violence, the use of drugs, and has twisted the image of money to all its diverse audiences.

Bibliography

Gonzales, Michael, and Havelock Nelson. Bring The Noise. New York Harmony Books, 11. Margolis, Lynn. Hip-hop gives voice to Urban culture. Christian Science Monitor. UMI-Proquest. 11 Feb. 000. McCarthy, Michael. Hip-hop moguls, admakers rap Music titans flex marketing muscle. USA TODAY. UMI- Proquest. 1 Dec.1. Mitchell, Gail. Rap and Hip-Hop What it is. Billboard. UMI- Proquest. 4 Dec. 1 Perkins, William Eric. Droppin Science. Philadelphia Temple UP, 16. Ro, Ronin. Gangsta. New York St. Martins Press, 16. Robinson, Ruth Adkins. Rap and Hip-Hop Hip-Hop History. Billboard. UMI- Proquest. 4 Dec. 1. Sexton, Adam. Rap on Rap. New York Dell Publishing, 15.

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Copyright 00 Plain Dealer Publishing Co.

Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio)

September 11, 00 Wednesday, Final / All

SECTION ARTS & LIFE; Pg. E1

LENGTH 74 words

HEADLINE A perfect tribute to lives unfinished

BYLINE Donald Rosenberg, Plain Dealer Classical Music Critic

BODY

CLASSICAL MUSIC

It is eminently fitting that musicians around the world have chosen to perform Mozarts Requiem this morning to commemorate the first anniversary of the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.

Unlike Berlioz, Verdi or other beloved composers who wrote works set to the Latin Mass for the dead, Mozart was unable to complete this act of creation. Just as the lives of the victims of Sept. 11 were cut short, Mozart died at age 5 in December 171, leaving to colleagues and future composers the impossible task of matching his inimitable musical voice in the Requiem.

Yet whatever version of the Mozart Requiem musicians opt to perform (and there are many), they are touching upon some of the most sublime artistic moments in Western culture. The sections in the Requiem known to be by Mozart are heartbreaking, angry or soothing - penetrating explorations of death by a composer at the height of his incomparable skills.

As part of todays international Rolling Requiem, which includes 180 complete or partial performances of Mozarts Requiem in 7 countries, the PAND Orchestra and Chorus and Cleveland Orchestra assistant conductor Steven Smith will offer the work in its entirety starting at 80 a.m. at St. John Cathedral in downtown Cleveland.

After the Kyrie, Bishop Anthony J. Pilla of the Cleveland Catholic Diocese will give the invocation, followed at 846- the moment a year ago when the first plane struck the World Trade Center - by a minute of silence. The remainder of the Requiem then will be performed.

So much about the Requiem has been blurred over the centuries that its hard to know what to believe. Milos Formans movie Amadeus, an entertaining variation on Mozarts life, revels in poetic license, though details often come close to historic truth.

In the movie, Mozart is visited by a masked messenger - to the ominous strains of the Don Giovanni overture - who requests that the composer write a Requiem for an unnamed patron. Were led to believe that Mozart never knows who commissioned the piece and that Antonio Salieri, the elegant court composer who resents his earthy colleagues genius, helps him complete the Requiem.

But musical detectives long have known that a certain Count Walsegg, with whom Mozart might have been acquainted, asked for the piece as a memorial to his young wife. It is possible that the music-loving count had his steward make the request so that Walsegg could remain anonymous - and pass the Requiem off as his own.

Whatever the circumstances, Mozart accepted the commission but couldnt begin work until he finished two operas, La Clemenza di Tito and The Magic Flute. When he finally got to the Requiem in October 171, he was already ill and often unable to compose.

From Nov. 0 until Dec. 5, the day of his death, Mozart was confined to his bed, though he occasionally asked that the score of the Requiem be brought to him. At one point, he said he was composing the Requiem for himself.

Mozarts death presented Constanze, his widow, with more than a few challenges, including the responsibility of finding someone to complete the Requiem (and thus enabling her to obtain the rest of the counts fee). Constanze turned to three Viennese composers to work on the project before entrusting the bulk of the assignment to Franz Xaver Sussmayr, who has been both celebrated and reviled for his treatment.

Sussmayr didnt bungle the job, but he certainly never approached Mozarts level. (Who could?) The music entirely or mostly by Mozart (Kyrie, Dies irae, the first eight bars of Lacrimosa, Domine Jesu, Domine hostias) is as inspired as anything the composer wrote. Sussmayrs main contributions are the Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei, which are stylish yet conventional, and he wisely repeats earlier Requiem material by Mozart in the Lux aeterna and Cum sanctis tuis.

As listeners around the globe listen to the Requiem this morning (the Sussmayr version is being used in Cleveland), they arent likely to ponder the travails of this great work or the pain of a composer about to pass into another world. But the emotional illumination and depth that Mozart achieved in so much of the piece surely will exert its powerful effect - and compel us to recall those whose lives were unfinished symphonies.

Rosenberg is classical music critic of The Plain Dealer.

To reach this Plain Dealer reporter

drosenberg@plaind.com, 16--46

GRAPHIC ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE PHOTO Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was unable to finish his great Requiem before his death in 171, but what he did write includes some of the most sublime artistic moments in Western culture. Mozart

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