Economics in Argentina

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The title of the article from the Christian Science Monitor is Even amid

economic woes, Argentines live it up. The summary of the article fits the title; the

article discusses the current economic crisis in Argentina and how the citizens are

dealing with it. Most of the Argentines are now afraid of investing their money into

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banks in Argentina because they are afraid that they will not be able to get it back

entirely, or the bank will pose limits onto withdrawals so that the people will not be

able to withdraw all of their money. The article estimates that 0-0 billion dollars

is hidden inside the country in items such as shoe boxes and safes.

The country currently faces a 15 percent unemployment rate, a lack of food

causing malnutrition, and currency devaluation. The past problems within Argentina

has helped the citizens to manage through hard times. The article speaks of the

military dictatorship in the 70s, hyperinflation, and economic stagnation in the

0s, which has caused the Argentines to be happy through it, no matter how bad

the times are.

The Argentines are living it up by spending their money on leisure items

instead of investing it into the bank. Many clubs and ranches that are close to the

homes of the citizens are making very good money because the people can not

afford to travel to past favorite destinations such as South Beach and Disney

World; so instead they are going to clubs and local getaways that they can afford.

Elections will be held soon with three candidates for president, but none

seem to favor the new candidates. None have over a 1% approval rate. The

citizens disapproval with government officials can be contributed to the hard past

and the jumpy economy. The Argentines enjoyed a 11 rate of the dollar to the

peso, but now face a 1 rate, which helped the current hard times of the economy.

In class we have discussed the hard economy that the Argentines face,

due to the military dictatorship. We discussed how military intervention has

provided for an unstable democracy, which has led to an unstable economy.

Massive loans have been given to Argentina, which the country is having a hard

time paying back, and the restriction of the country being allowed to reprint money

for a brief period. Also we discussed the unstable elections, which has helped the

citizens to not trust the governments and banks.

Argentina is very unstable and needs to reassure their people of a stable

democracy and the value of investing. The 0-0 billion dollars that the citizens

could invest into banks, could be used to help the economy balance itself and

provide a better economic standard for the people. A true democracy needs to

be better established.

www.csmonitor.com

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HIP HOP

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Hip-Hop's has lost its original goal of wanting to unite people, today its a way to market violence. I. Hip-Hop started in the west Bronx in the early 170s. A. Hip-Hop wasn't excepted mainstream until 17. B. The first known Hip-Hop group was The Sugarhill Gang. II. As the 80s began more people became aware of the culture that was now known as Hip-Hop A. It started as a positive thing to unite underprivileged kids. 1. There was a song like "Stop the Violence." . Public Enemy and other groups encouraged listeners to stop eating beef. B. Hip-Hop was looked upon by the adult world as dangerous and evil. C. Hip-Hop crossed with pop culture when Aerosmith and Run DMC teamed up, opening up to a new group of listeners. III. During the late 80s Hip-Hop took a violent turn. A. NWA came out and threatened law enforcement. B. Urban anger came out with Public Enemy's "Fight the Power." IV. Marketing increased. A. Suddenly white suburbia was introduced to Hip-Hop B. MTV started Yo MTV Raps C. Two Harvard students started the Source magazine 1. Opening up a new market for Hip-Hop culture, it was a way for companies to promote the "new looks" for kids interested in Hip-hop. V. By the 0s Hip-hop had hit the mainstream. A. MC Hammer came out to the pop culture with "Can't touch this" B. By the end of 10 sales exceeded 100 million Hersh ii C. White rappers like Vanilla Ice were introduced to grab more of a suburbia audience. D. The music was becoming more of a catchy hook and a dressed up rapper than what it once was, a way to change political views. VI. Hip- Hop expanded into all areas of music. A. Public Enemy and Anthrax joined together to re-record " Bring in the Noise." B. White Rapper Marky Mark came out. C. 14 year old groups like Kris Kross were introduced. VII. Movies and Television were affected by this new culture. A. Kid n Play came out with a string of movies called House Party. B. Will Smith became the "Fresh Prince of Bel-Air." C. Rappers turned actors in "New Jack City," and "Boyz in the Hood." Glorifying the street life of gangstas. VIII. Rap proves its marketability. A. Tupac Shukar starred in Juice, with a hit soundtrack. B. The Source had begun to market the "new sneakers," and gear for streetwear. IV. Hip-Hop has become a money hungry market, that has no concern for the children that it once broke out to protect. A. Hard-core thugs like Jay-Z have gone from BET, to Nickelodeon. B. Sean Combs, has started a brand new way to market to audiences of all ages, not having any concerning that his music is inappropriate to the children that he is trying to market to. C. It isn't about the music anymore, hip hop started out as mixing beats and lyrics over old ones. 1. It's now a way to market to all ages, start new trends. . It's exposing children that are way to young to understand about violence, sex, and drugs. Hersh iii D. When stars of one culture and scene expose children of a different upbringing it creates havoc. 1. It glorifies violence, the use of drugs, and twists the images of money. Hersh 1 Hip-Hop The Marketing of a New Culture Hip-hop was started to lead the youth of today in a positive direction. Today hip-hop has lost its original goal of being a positive influence in peoples lives, and it has just become a way to market violence. Hip-hop was born in the west Bronx of New York in the early 170s. It was born as a way for inner city kids without a lot of options to express their anger at society through music.(Margolis) One explanation for the birth of hip-hop, as explained by author Ronin Ro, was that it was partly created in the South Bronx to counter act his birthplace's gang violence Hip-Hop was seen as a form that would inspire political change; we all believed that rap performers breaking barriers on shows like American Bandstand and Soul Train, and hearing our music in commercials for Polly-O String Cheese and Flintstones Fruity Pebbles was merely the first step to running the old folks out of office and replacing them with our political representatives, the Chuck D's, Rakims, and KRS-Ones. Rap albums were selling in the millions, MTV was kissing rappers' asses, a worldwide audience formed and the music was filled with nothing but hope. Hip-Hop would empower the inner city; we didn't see its perversion into the more "marketable" 'hood coming. We were going to be galvanized by art not demonized(……) In our own way, we were as idealistic as the hippies of the sixties, and we truly believed that everything would be alright; we would listen to our music, learn our history and unite to become a political force to be reckoned with. () However, it wasn't considered mainstream until 17, when The Sugarhill Gang released "Rapper's Delight," which is generally considered the first commercial rap record. (Perkins 5) It was viewed as a novelty record because it introduced the world to the new noise that was coming from the streets of New York.(Nelson, Gonzalez xviii) One authors explanation on why hip-hop took so long to become mainstream is that Hersh The invasion was a slow process. For many years the major record companies and media agents made rap music and hip-hop culture into forbidden fruit Anyone who touched or took a bite was tainted. Record companies masked their racism by stating that no one was interested in buying this Black thang. By claiming hip-hop was an underground movement whose low-income followers couldn't afford to buy records, the mainstream music industry could justify not signing any rap acts.(Nelson, Gonzales xix) As the nineteen eighties began more people became aware of the culture that was now beginning to be known as hip-hop. Boogie Down Productions, and Public Enemy urged audiences to stop eating beef, wear more natural hairstyles, and learn about their history. Public Enemy even came out with a song entitled, "Stop the Violence," which impelled its listeners to live in peace. ( Ro ) The new sound was starting to mix with pop-culture when Aerosmith and Run-DMC teamed up together, allowing hip-hop to open up to a whole new set of demographics. (Robinson )One of the more popular pop groups of the time was Blondie, and the band's leaders Deborah Harry and Chris Stein recorded "Rapture." It was a pop song which included a rap interlude. At the same time, graffiti artists were being shown in New York's SoHo galleries. Hip-hop was being seen as hip.( Sexton 6) Then somewhere during the late eighties, hip-hop took a negative turn. It started in 188 with NWA's album Straight Outta Compton. The first three tracks released in addition to its title track , were titled, "Fuck Tha Police," "Gangsta, Gangsta" and " If It Ain't Ruff." (Nelson, Gonzalez 167). The group publicized their anti-police stance.( Ro 114) Andre "Dr. Dre" Young, from the NWA crew never dreamed that Straight Outta Compton would change hip-hop and American youth, and told author Ronin Ro that, now Hersh that it has, he regrets it. Ronin Ro, a well known writer for the Source, and his own book Gangsta, says that if you simply glance at the rise in murders reported in your local newspaper, you'll see how the drive-bys and jackings mentioned by NWA years ago have become a full-scale reality, to the point where these quaint slang terms have now been incorporated into the English language(….)Fourteen kids (age nineteen and under) will be killed in gun accidents, suicides, or homicides before sunset. (For this age group, murder rate has increased 15 percent between 184 and 10.) Not even natural diseases combined can equal the annual number of teenage deaths attributed to firearms. One out of every 8 Black males born is likely to be murdered; for whites, the ratio can equal the annual number by one of your own 10 saw percent of Black murder victims killed by other Blacks. (Ro 5) Now an anger against authority was the popular thing to do in hip-hop. Even Public Enemy decided to venture into this new "gangsta" sound with "Fight the Power," in 18.( Nelson, Gonzales 18) Even though some hip-hop was launching negative views on its audiences, it was growing stronger. Marketing increased. The deep rooted ideas of drug pushing, car jacking, and black on black crimes was being overlooked. Two Harvard undergrads started a flyer called The Source, running it out of their dorm room. (Robinson ). As one writer who writes for them from time to time, Ronin Ro describes The Source as being just another way to promote albums and stereotypes than to reveal the truth and urge their predominantly black audience to pursue more positive paths. (5) MTV joined in this phenomena when they introduced Yo' MTV Raps, a program that aired rap videos and promoted the hip-hop movement. It proved to be one of their top rated shows. (Sexton 0) White suburbia was being introduced to hip-hop. By the nineteen nineties hip-hop had hit mainstream. MC Hammer came out to the pop-culture with "Can't Touch This." And by the end of 10, hip-hop sales exceeded $100 million. (Robinson) There were now white rappers like Marky Mark, and Hersh 4 Vanilla Ice that were huge hits on the pop-charts.(Nelson, Gonzales 68) Even 14 year old groups like Kris Kross were being marketed through the music industry. (Robinson) Hip-hop was characterized by catchy hooks and dressed-up rappers, the opposite of what it once was meant to be. (Ro ) Movies and Television were affected by this new culture and the economic reality involved with hip-hip was very clear. Hip-hop jumped into living rooms. Hip-hop's bubble gum rapper, Will Smith, (who is known for not using any kind of foul language in his music) was signed to star in the television show " The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" which debuted on NBC, and is now in syndication. (Robinson) Kid 'n Play, a well-known rap duo, appeared on the silver screen with Houseparty, which grossed over $0 million at the box office.( Nelson, Gonzales 14) Rap artists quickly turned into actors in movies like Boyz in the Hood and New Jack City, glorifying the street life of gangstas. Making soundtracks to go along with the films, as Tupac Shakur did for Juice (a movie in which he starred), proved to be economically beneficial.(Robinson) The industry started to reach out to more markets of demographics. Rapper Vanilla Ice appeared in the much anticipated sequel to the popular children's film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Loud Records chairman Steven Mind says that Rap has become more universal and sophisticated. It's not just for one audience anymore. And acts like Jay-Z, TLC, and Lauryn Hill have taken it to that net level without leaving their base-the streets.(Mitchell) Hersh 5 The title track of Jay-Z's 18 album Hard Knock Life Vol..II played over pop radio stations nation-wide. Jay-Z's music is mostly about his conflicts with other "gangstas." For the most part his lyrics are about possessions. He is known to be very specific on what kind of car he drives, what watch he wears, and so on. (Mitchell) Jay-Z's 5 city tour was the first tour like it in music history. He sold over 600,000 tickets, selling-out concerts across the country.(Robinson) Sean "Puffy" Combs has performed his tribute to the late Notorious B.I.G, "I'll Be Missing You," on Nickelodeon's Kids Choice Awards, along with MTV Music Awards. He was reaching out to two completely different audiences, with the same music.(Robinson) Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs, head of Bad Boy entertainment, has branched out to advertise for such names as Calvin Klein, Coke, Pepsi, Nike, and Tommy Hilfiger. He thinks that it's inspirational to the kids, because they want what they see on TV; that because they believe in brands, their making choices as a group. There are some positive aspects involved. Puffy claims that he is trying to reject "ethnic" labels, that the youth of America has no color, so that it's all colors. (McCarthy 1) Most hip-hop groups say that they believe that pushing products does not make them a "sellout" to their music or to listeners. Advertising for companies is considered almost a trophy to the hip-hop world. Run D.M.C was "proud" of its deal with Coca-Cola; for them it meant that they had made it. (McCarthy 1). Once hip-hop started sampling, taking old beats and mixing them with new lyrics, to become a part of the mainstream pop-culture, it wasn't about the positive influence over the youth of today. Hip-hop just became another way to market to all ages, a way to Hersh 6 start new trends. It has exposed children to violence, sex and drugs before they are old enough to understand their real consequences. Hip-hop has definitely become a part of American society today. It has glorified violence, the use of drugs, and has twisted the image of money to all its diverse audiences.

Bibliography

Gonzales, Michael, and Havelock Nelson. Bring The Noise. New York Harmony Books, 11. Margolis, Lynn. Hip-hop gives voice to Urban culture. Christian Science Monitor. UMI-Proquest. 11 Feb. 000. McCarthy, Michael. Hip-hop moguls, admakers rap Music titans flex marketing muscle. USA TODAY. UMI- Proquest. 1 Dec.1. Mitchell, Gail. Rap and Hip-Hop What it is. Billboard. UMI- Proquest. 4 Dec. 1 Perkins, William Eric. Droppin Science. Philadelphia Temple UP, 16. Ro, Ronin. Gangsta. New York St. Martins Press, 16. Robinson, Ruth Adkins. Rap and Hip-Hop Hip-Hop History. Billboard. UMI- Proquest. 4 Dec. 1. Sexton, Adam. Rap on Rap. New York Dell Publishing, 15.

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Bob

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Copyright 00 Plain Dealer Publishing Co.

Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio)

September 11, 00 Wednesday, Final / All

SECTION ARTS & LIFE; Pg. E1

LENGTH 74 words

HEADLINE A perfect tribute to lives unfinished

BYLINE Donald Rosenberg, Plain Dealer Classical Music Critic

BODY

CLASSICAL MUSIC

It is eminently fitting that musicians around the world have chosen to perform Mozarts Requiem this morning to commemorate the first anniversary of the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.

Unlike Berlioz, Verdi or other beloved composers who wrote works set to the Latin Mass for the dead, Mozart was unable to complete this act of creation. Just as the lives of the victims of Sept. 11 were cut short, Mozart died at age 5 in December 171, leaving to colleagues and future composers the impossible task of matching his inimitable musical voice in the Requiem.

Yet whatever version of the Mozart Requiem musicians opt to perform (and there are many), they are touching upon some of the most sublime artistic moments in Western culture. The sections in the Requiem known to be by Mozart are heartbreaking, angry or soothing - penetrating explorations of death by a composer at the height of his incomparable skills.

As part of todays international Rolling Requiem, which includes 180 complete or partial performances of Mozarts Requiem in 7 countries, the PAND Orchestra and Chorus and Cleveland Orchestra assistant conductor Steven Smith will offer the work in its entirety starting at 80 a.m. at St. John Cathedral in downtown Cleveland.

After the Kyrie, Bishop Anthony J. Pilla of the Cleveland Catholic Diocese will give the invocation, followed at 846- the moment a year ago when the first plane struck the World Trade Center - by a minute of silence. The remainder of the Requiem then will be performed.

So much about the Requiem has been blurred over the centuries that its hard to know what to believe. Milos Formans movie Amadeus, an entertaining variation on Mozarts life, revels in poetic license, though details often come close to historic truth.

In the movie, Mozart is visited by a masked messenger - to the ominous strains of the Don Giovanni overture - who requests that the composer write a Requiem for an unnamed patron. Were led to believe that Mozart never knows who commissioned the piece and that Antonio Salieri, the elegant court composer who resents his earthy colleagues genius, helps him complete the Requiem.

But musical detectives long have known that a certain Count Walsegg, with whom Mozart might have been acquainted, asked for the piece as a memorial to his young wife. It is possible that the music-loving count had his steward make the request so that Walsegg could remain anonymous - and pass the Requiem off as his own.

Whatever the circumstances, Mozart accepted the commission but couldnt begin work until he finished two operas, La Clemenza di Tito and The Magic Flute. When he finally got to the Requiem in October 171, he was already ill and often unable to compose.

From Nov. 0 until Dec. 5, the day of his death, Mozart was confined to his bed, though he occasionally asked that the score of the Requiem be brought to him. At one point, he said he was composing the Requiem for himself.

Mozarts death presented Constanze, his widow, with more than a few challenges, including the responsibility of finding someone to complete the Requiem (and thus enabling her to obtain the rest of the counts fee). Constanze turned to three Viennese composers to work on the project before entrusting the bulk of the assignment to Franz Xaver Sussmayr, who has been both celebrated and reviled for his treatment.

Sussmayr didnt bungle the job, but he certainly never approached Mozarts level. (Who could?) The music entirely or mostly by Mozart (Kyrie, Dies irae, the first eight bars of Lacrimosa, Domine Jesu, Domine hostias) is as inspired as anything the composer wrote. Sussmayrs main contributions are the Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei, which are stylish yet conventional, and he wisely repeats earlier Requiem material by Mozart in the Lux aeterna and Cum sanctis tuis.

As listeners around the globe listen to the Requiem this morning (the Sussmayr version is being used in Cleveland), they arent likely to ponder the travails of this great work or the pain of a composer about to pass into another world. But the emotional illumination and depth that Mozart achieved in so much of the piece surely will exert its powerful effect - and compel us to recall those whose lives were unfinished symphonies.

Rosenberg is classical music critic of The Plain Dealer.

To reach this Plain Dealer reporter

drosenberg@plaind.com, 16--46

GRAPHIC ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE PHOTO Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was unable to finish his great Requiem before his death in 171, but what he did write includes some of the most sublime artistic moments in Western culture. Mozart

LOAD-DATE September 1, 00

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Saint Jerome

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St. Jerome in his Study is a profoundly detailed engraving by Albrecht Durer. I personally like this print because it so detailed at every point. I also appreciate the picture due to the quality of craftsmanship required to complete something of the engraving's magnitude. Engraving at this time was limited to two colors black and white. Using two colors limits different color and light in the print. This Print reminds me of my own scholastic environment. I need a place to study that is unique to my own comfort. Durer attempts to depict St. Jerome's personal study, with random tools and attributes placed uniquely all around. I don't have attributes, because obviously I am no saint, however I do have a certain things that I enjoy listening too or looking at while I am reading, studying, researching, or just relaxing. Just like St. Jerome I have my bed and many pillows in my study. This piece in my mind brought comparison between a study now in the 1st century compared to a 4th century study in a 16th century architectural structure. I personally feel the artist of the engraving put certain objects in certain places to give the depiction of St. Jerome studying in his study. The attributes and objects are uniquely his own. The study in this print looks as if it may be a corner of larger room because the shelf on the back wall cuts off; but the wall could continue. Also on the bottom left of the print there is a big cement pillar, when looking carefully at the bottom left corner there is symmetrically equal shading across the pillar. Suggesting there is another window directly on the left right before the pillar. The stair case could just be and entrance way from another room. It is hard to determine because of the color and shade is not one hundred percent distinct Engravings like this leave a lot of space for interpretation due to the contrasting problems between light and color.

Working with engravings has many disadvantages, because the engraving print only comes in limited colors, black, grey, and white. Color and bright light help bring out more emphasis on areas or the whole print itself. Since color cannot be displayed, the contrast from black to white is the only way to represent light, shadow, and physical detail in the picture. In the case of St. Jerome in his Study the limited colors actually benefit the detail of the print. The engraving uses light and shadow often to display depth and vivid detail. Where the lighter colors are the objects of that area are detailed. Durer uses the contrast of black and white to give sequence to the viewer's focal attention while viewing this print. When looking directly at the picture the areas with lighter or brighter colors grab your attention immediately with extreme detail. Darker or dimmer engravings normally have detail in environment and a definite form of depth. The center of the picture is St. Jerome working at his table. Surrounding him are objects that one might find in his study, including some of his saintly attributes. The center of the print is at the back of the study. Details shown by light and shadowing bring out the depth of the study.

The light source in this print comes directly from the windows. The study is only lit up in certain areas where the light would shine through the windows into the room; these areas are given extreme detail in their appearance. The windows the light comes through are not normal blank windows. They are windows that are sub-divided into about twenty five equal square pieces, which appear to have some loop or circle stained into the glass. The light shining through reflects these shapes on the side of the windowsill. Each stained sub-division of the window has a shadow on the windowsill in its proper geometrical position. Other examples of the shadows being proportional to the light source is St. Jerome's desk, and the shadow of the big blocked separation between the two windows on the left side up on the middle of the ceiling. All shadows match up theoretically where they should for there given position, but there is one spot on the ceiling where there is no shadow and there is supposed to be. On the ceiling directly above St. Jerome's head is a solid bright light source. The halo on his head is another point brought to the viewer's attention right upon viewing the print. The places where the light was shining are more visible to the viewer. The wood on the ceiling is engraved quite extraordinary. Durer engraved so much detail the grooves and knots are seen on the wood ceiling; other woods not on the ceiling have carvings of designs and are quite exquisite. Some parts of the wood are engraved in great detail and can be seen by carefully observing. Even parts in dark regions can make out some detail. Parts of the ceiling beams and borders even in dark regions are darker and still have detail. The beams and border of the ceiling have a special pattern to them showing great engraving craftsmanship by the artist. The horizontal bar of the window has a shadow on the windowsill's wall, which is positioned quite well for a small engraving. There are many other details in this engraving to notice, for example the chipped stone from the windowsill's and the cracked wall in the back left of the study. The highly refined woodwork of the shelves on the back wall of the study has many complicated designs as well as engraved handles. Details like these raise questions and assumption to the peaceful room. Light shines directly to St. Jerome's desk in the middle of the study. St. Jerome is placed in the center of the engraving, where the lighter color is most intense. It is most intense there because of the halo on his head and the light from the windows beaming down on his forehead. More light is concentrated on the top of St. Jerome's head because his head is angled towards the light, the crucifix, and downward at his book. The artist emphasizes on St. Jerome's eyes, his eyes have the highest concentration of white in them. Other than his head St. Jerome's body is hidden in the darkness of the shadow. The table prevents any light from really shining on his body, but looking closely at his body and his feet, he is wearing robe of some sort and he is also wearing shoes which is unique because there are a pair of slipper on the floor under the bench next to him. St. Jerome is the central figure in this print, but yet he has the least detail compared to other objects in the room. This raises questions of why St. Jerome is portrayed this way.

There are many different effects caused by the white and black of engraving. The main is distinguishing the different areas of light and shadow. Lighter colors are seen before the darker colors, in an engraving. This causes someone to view a print in an artist intended sequence. The objects shown in lighter colors are located in the light source in the engraving. The objects shown in darker colors are not emphasized enough or not placed in the source of light. In St. Jerome's study there are many random objects that placed in the light giving them a whiter color. There are eight objects total that have light on them or being represented in a lighter color, St. Jerome, a lion, a dog, a gourd, a cardinal's hat, hour glass, and a skull. These items all are in light colors because they are either in the sunlight or they are just being a little more emphasized. All of these different items are in different sizes and depths. Although the objects are different in sizes and depth, all of them seem to be proportional to their actual size. The lion is at the very bottom of the floor in the front of the room in a laying position. The lion takes a good amount of space in the bottom portion of the picture showing great emphasis on his presence. The Lions main is shown in great detail along with many other features. Although the lion seems to be looking at you his eyes are not visible in any form. The gourd is hanging from the ceiling. The artist shows the gourd hanging form the very front ceiling border. The gourd is the most right object shown in a lighter white color. The gourd shows texture based on the lines all around the gourd. On the back wall behind St. Jerome is a cardinal's hat. This hat is very large with two darker tassels hanging off it. Depending on what angle you look, it may appear that the halo actually is the light source shown on the hat. Right next to the hat is an hour glass with refined detail in the wood surrounding the glass. The closest object in emphasis near St. Jerome is a modest wood looking crucifix at the right corner of his desk. The crucifix is the smallest object with emphasis on it. There is not a lot of detail even on the cross it's very simplistic. The windowsill on the right of St. Jerome has a skull not very large in size. The skull for some reason is missing its mandible. The skull is directly in the light, so the contours of the skull are shown in good detail. The last object in a lighter color surrounding St. Jerome is a dog. The dog is sleeping directly in next to the lion. Just like the lion the dog's eyes are not visible. The dog is about one-tenth the size of the lion in. Since the artist highlighted all of theses objects the most likely have some sort of meaning to St. Jerome.

These important objects are placed randomly all over the room. Suggesting to a certain degree of what Durer thought St. Jerome's study could have been, or the objects that would have been in his study. Besides these seven objects of lighter color, there are other tools that are randomly around the study that are unique to St. Jerome's study. Other random things around the study are books, in a very un-organized manner. These books are very large and even though the picture is dim you can still see some of the pages separation in the bottom of the closed book. The slippers on the floor are not even put down in an orderly fashion. The slippers are in a cross-like format facing the bottom corner of the first windowsill. Some of the tools he may have used in his study are on the back wall and on the back shelf in darker colors, such as scissors, scrolls, papers, hand broom, and a candle. All of these objects bring the idea St. Jerome's study and the objects are placed randomly through a somewhat tranquil room. The only thing that is not randomly placed is a writing board which is parallel with the right border of the print. On the writing board are Albrecht Durer initials and the year 1514 when the engraving was done. This is the only thing that is not capable of actually being in his study. The writing board ruins the random placement of the objects in this engraving. This writing board was purposely added to bring in the artists name.

Black and white print is hard to represent emphasis on color and some forms of light. The way Durer reflects the lighter and darker colors in a print could possibly cause the viewer to view a work a certain way or in sequence. This contrast leads to more emphasis on the color of objects regardless of the significance. Durer uses different types of detail in order to show depth and texture among some the objects, like the wood of the ceiling or indentations in the gourd. In Albrecht Durer's engraving he is trying to casually portray St. Jerome's study.

Durer's image of St. Jerome in his Study (1514) was one of many favored by northern artists. Durer became one of the most celebrated artists during the German Renaissance because of his depictions of St. Jerome. St. Jerome was responsible for the translation of certain religious texts. St. Jerome was a 4th century saint, but this engraving was not made for another 1 centuries. Germany during this time had many artistic works depicting different Hagiography of Saints. Detail is what makes Durer's art so fascinating. Why did mostly northern artists portray St. Jerome in his study, compared to him being out in the dessert in despair? Was it because of the way the audience wanted it depicted? The Renaissance was a time of new knowledge or a re-birth in knowledge. Why did the most people want to tribute St. Jerome for? St. Jerome did translations of the bible and other religious documents to other languages, which made the spread of one religion a very realistic thing. Language difference was no longer a barrier among certain belief systems. In general people have tributes in a scholarly way rather than a sad and despair way. Attributes of saints are highly emphasized and given reason or an explanation of how they acquired them. If interpreting the meaning of the object, the explanations or reasons for there attributes would certainly be helpful when interpreting the meaning of the object. The rebirth in old documents was large during the Renaissance; everyone wanted ways of learning classical information. Naturally people would depict a scholar who translated religious documents If ever interpreting Durers meaning in his work the question would be why St. Jerome, why not any other what is the correlation between northern Europe and St. Jerome. What is the difference between him in the dessert or in his study?

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Antogone

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When I first read this play, I thought to myself, how selfish of Creon to take only his own feelings into consideration. Additionally, who does he think he is, going against the will of the gods and declaring that Polyneices could not be buried? Dying with honor, being buried, and mourned properly was very important to these people. Then I found myself actually taking his position into consideration. How difficult it must be to rule over such a great city as Thebes? After all he was only doing what he thought was best for the survival of the state. In the long run, and any which way you look at it, Creon boldly and out rightly defied the Gods in ordering that his nephew, Polyneices not be buried "but leave unwept, unburied, a dainty treasure for the birds that see hem, for their feast's delight" (Sophocles 161). I felt that Antigone was strong willed and passionate in what she believes in. She believes that the law of the gods must take precedence over the law of the king. A king is only a man, with earthly wants and needs as well as faults. A god on the other hand, is all knowing, omnipotent and knows what is best for all of humanity, which incidentally does not always coincide with the convenience of any particular individuals. And though I in a way I thought of Antigone as being heroic in perspective to her own time and place, I am baffled at quickness and passion with which some of the characters give up on life and commit suicide. I also find idiotic, some of the ideals held by the Greek aristocrat (such as Creon). Some of them were so pompous and self-righteous.

The theme of the "sins of their fathers" does reverberate as an element in this work. We see that emerge as Creons' actions have killed his whole family. We also see this as the effects that Creons' history and forefathers' actions have affected him in the way he thinks and rules. He also says to Creon that, "the trees that yield preserve their branches safely, but those that fight the tempest perish utterly. The man who keeps the sheet of his sail tight and never slackens capsizes his boat and makes the trip keel uppermost I realize the noble attribute of conviction and holding tightly to ones ideals and not being easily swayed, however as Haemon pointed out, "For a man, though he be wise, it is no shame to learn-learn many things, and not maintain his views too rigidly (Sophocles 167).

I felt that the Chorus was an interesting and very effective way to relay certain thoughts and information to the audience. Sometimes the Chorus represents the people of the town or even is used to build or reduce tension created in previous or future scenes. Much more lively and multi dimensional than the use of a narrator

I also found it very interesting that though there was a lot of war and violence in their world, the Greek playwrights of Sophocles' time did not believe in depicting scenes of violence on the stage.

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