Acid rain

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Acid Rain

Rain is an essential ingredient for life. The water provided by rain allows all life on Earth to survive. Although rain is naturally acidic, it is being increasingly acidified by pollution from homes, factories, power stations and cars. The term used to describe this problem is "acid rain". Acid rain hasn't just occurred in the last twenty to thirty years. In fact a chemist named Robert Smith found rainfall in Manchester, U.K., to be very acidic. He suggested a link between acid rain and SO given off when coal was burnt by local factories. This was over 100 years ago.

Acid rain is caused when pollutants from cars, homes, factories and power stations mix with atmospheric moisture. These pollutants may be carried in clouds for long distances before falling, which means that forests and lakes far away from factories may be damaged by acid rain.

Two of the major ingredients of acid rain are the chemicals sulphur dioxide [SO] and nitrogen oxides [NOx]. When large quantities of these two particular chemicals come in contact with the atmosphere, they team up with moisture [HO] to produce strong acids called sulphuric and nitric acid. These two acids which are formed in the atmosphere, are very strong pollutants.

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Some air pollution comes from natural sources, but most is human made. The burning of coal and oil [fossil fuels] by factories, homes and cars, is the main source of chemicals that cause acid rain. Power stations and factories emit large amounts of sulphur dioxide and also nitrogen oxides, whilst car exhausts contain large amounts of nitrogen oxides. When volcanoes erupt, they emit various gases which have been trapped under the ground, including sulphur dioxide. This can cause air pollution, which can then be made much worse by the addition of human-made emissions. The air in many cities and towns is full of harmful pollutants. In the northern hemisphere sulphur emissions are decreasing steadily, due to pollution controls in industry. NOx emissions, however, are not yet in such steady decline.

The acid from rain takes important minerals from the leaves of trees and from the soil. Acid rain also releases toxic metals from the soil which damage the roots of the trees. The trees are weakened, cannot grow properly and are attacked by viruses, fungi and pests. Eventually the trees may die. Direct damage to trees occurs when SO blocks the pores on the leaves, through which the trees takes in the air they need to live. Forest floods that are affected by acid rain have high concentrations of metals like aluminium and lead. When animals drink from acidic lakes and dew that have been affected, the metals they take in may gradually poison them.

There is a link between acid rain and damage to human health. People can be harmed by breathing in the chemicals from dry deposition, causing chest illness. Also when acid rain causes the release of chemicals and metals into drinking water, it can damage people's health. When air pollution is breathed in as people walk along the street, it gets into their lungs. Once in the lungs, it acts like a poison, causing the airways in the respiratory system to become narrower. This lets in less oxygen and breathing becomes difficult. If SO is breathed in, it can pass deep into the alveoli, which is where oxygen is passed into the blood. The moisture in the lungs can turn the sulphur dioxide into sulphuric acid, and cause damage to the body. In some polluted cities, such as those in California, smog stations have been set up to monitor the output of polluting exhaust gases.

To reduce acid rain industry's have to cut down the amount of SO being produced when fossil fuels are burnt. Therefore, they can use coal which contains little sulphur, remove the sulphur which is in the coal, use another type of fuel, or burn the coal in such a way that the sulphur is destroyed. There are many other ways of combating this problem, however, the best way to solve this issue is to prevent emissions of pollutants in the first place. Reducing the amount of NOx emissions caused by car exhaust is an effective solution. Public transport systems need to be improved so that people can travel without having to use their cars. If more people used public transport, it would cut the number of private vehicles on the roads, and would reduce pollution dramatically. Everybody needs to work together to reduce pollutants to make the world a safer and healthier place to live.

Bibliography

Encarta Encyclopedia 7.

The "Acid Rain" Effect-Philip Neal.

"Acid Rain"-John Baines.

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES AND BIRTH CONTROL METHODS

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Syphilis

Etiology--Spirochete Treponema Pallidum

Type of organism--Bacteria

Specific symptoms--Characterized by a small lesion, called a chancre the secondary stage, a generalized rash appears. Painless ulcers develop in the mouth, and broad, wartlike lesions, may appear in the genital area. Headache, fever, and enlarged lymph glands are sometimes observed.

College Essays on SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES AND BIRTH CONTROL METHODS

Specific modes of transmission-- the exchange of body fluids such as sexual contact, kissing and oral sex. Infection from contaminated objects is rare because drying quickly kills the bacteria but has been known to happen. A fetus carried by a woman with syphilis may contract the disease, which is called congenital syphilis.

Effects-In most cases the effect are temporary but if left untreated can be permanent.

Medication--Benzathine Penicillin

Is STD curable—Yes

Ways to prevent the specific STD--Don't have sex, two people only having sexual relations with each other, condoms.

Specific description of who needs to be treated if one sexual partner is found to have the STD--The person found to have syphilis and anybody that had contact (see modes of transmission above) with the person.

Gonorrhea

Etiology-- Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Type of organism—Bacteria

Specific symptoms--Gonorrhea is often symptom less, and men are more likely to develop symptoms than women are. When present, symptoms include burning urination and penile or vaginal discharge.

Specific modes of transmission-- the exchange of body fluids such as sexual contact, kissing and oral sex. Infection from contaminated objects is rare because drying quickly kills the bacteria but has been known to happen. A fetus carried by a woman with syphilis may contract the disease.

Effects--In most cases the effect are temporary but if left untreated will be permanent.

Medication--Gonorrhea is treatable with several antibiotics but has become resistant to many of these drugs in the past several decades.

Is STD curable--Yes

Ways to prevent the specific STD--Don't have sex, two people only having sexual relations with each other, condoms.

Specific description of who needs to be treated if one sexual partner is found to have the STD--The person found to have Gonorrhea and anybody that has had contact (see above) with the person.

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Etiology-- Gonorrhea

Type of organism--Bacteria

Specific symptoms--PID causes the Formation of adhesions, frequently massive, between pelvic organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, bowel and pelvic sidewalls. Bowel symptoms such as abdominal cramps and constipation are frequent. Heavy periods or intermenstrual irregular bleeding

Specific modes of transmission-- the exchange of body fluids such as sexual contact, kissing and oral sex. Infection from contaminated objects is rare because drying quickly kills the bacteria but has been known to happen. A fetus carried by a woman with syphilis may contract the disease.

Effects--In most cases the effects are temporary but if left untreated can be permanent.

Medication-- High dose antibiotics

Is STD curable--Yes

Ways to prevent the specific STD--Don't have sex, two people only having sexual relations with each other, condoms.

Specific description of who needs to be treated if one sexual partner is found to have the STD--The person found to have STD and anybody that had contact (see: modes of transmission) with the person.

Chlamydia

Etiology-- Chlamydia trachomatis

Type of organism--Bacteria

Specific symptoms-- Abnormal genital discharge or pain during urination, which appear within 1 to 3 weeks after exposure. In women, Chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and thus potential infertility, inflamed rectum, and inflammation of the lining of the eye. Half of infected women and 25 percent of infected men may have no symptoms whatsoever.

Specific modes of transmission-- the exchange of body fluids such as sexual contact, kissing and oral sex. Because there are often no symptoms for chlamydial infection, people who are infected may unknowingly pass the bacteria to their sexual partners. A fetus carried by a woman with chlamydial infection may contract the disease.

Effects--In most cases the effects are temporary but if left untreated can be permanent.

Medication-- Tetracyclin, Erthyromicin, and Azithromycin but not penicillin,

Is STD curable--Yes

Ways to prevent the specific STD--Don't have sex, two people only having sexual relations with each other, condoms and not having any exchange of body fluids.

Specific description of who needs to be treated if one sexual partner is found to have the STD--The person found to have STD and anybody that had contact (see: modes of transmission) with the person, also anybody that goes through multiple sexual partners needs to be tested on a regular bases because of the high percent of infected men and women may have no symptoms whatsoever.

Genital herpes

Etiology-- type 1 (HSV -1) and type 2 (HSV-2)

Type of organism--Virus

Specific symptoms-- Most people infected with HSV-2 are not aware of their infection. However, if signs and symptoms occur during the first episode, they can be quite pronounced. The first episode usually occurs within two weeks after the virus is transmitted, and the sores typically heal within two to four weeks. Other signs and symptoms during the primary episode may include a second crop of sores, or flu-like symptoms, including fever and swollen glands. However, most individuals with HSV-2 infection may never have sores, or they may have very mild signs that they don't even notice or that they mistake for insect bites or a rash.

Specific modes of transmission— the exchange of body fluids such as sexual contact, kissing and oral sex. HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be found and released from the sores that the viruses causes. If either you or your partner have genital herpes, it is best to abstain from sex when symptoms or signs are present, and to use latex condoms between outbreaks. A pregnant woman can pass the virus to her baby during delivery.

Effects--Permanent.

Medication-- Antiviral medications can shorten and prevent outbreaks during the period of time the person takes the medication.

Is STD curable--No

Ways to prevent the specific STD--Don't have sex, two people only having sexual relations with each other, condoms and not having any contact with sores

Specific description of who needs to be treated if one sexual partner is found to

have the STD--The person found to have STD and anybody that had contact (see: modes of transmission) with the person, also anybody that goes through multiple sexual partners needs to be tested on a regular bases because of the high percent of infected men and women may have no symptoms ( they may have symptoms but may think it is something else) whatsoever.

Genital warts

Etiology-- Condylomata acuminata

Type of organism--Virus

Specific symptoms-- Genital warts first appear as small pink or red bumps on the vulva (lips of the vagina), vagina, cervix, penis shaft, urinary opening or rectum. They are usually painless, but some people may have itching, burning or slight bleeding from these areas.

Specific modes of transmission—Contact with the warts and Sexual contact.

Effects—Temporary if treated. Permanent if treated but not treated right. There is no guarantee on how the warts will respond to the treatments.

Medication-- Tricholoroacetic Acid, Podophyllin, freezing the wart with a treatment called Cryotherapy, 5FU Cream, laser surgery, and Interferon injections are used if all other methods of treatment have failed. None of the treatments mentioned here is a guarantee.

Is STD curable--Yes and No, It depends on the treatment, how early the treatment started and how committed you are to get yourself treated. Mostly no.

Ways to prevent the specific STD--Don't have sex, two people only having sexual relations with each other and condoms

Specific description of who needs to be treated if one sexual partner is found to

have the STD--The person found to have STD and anybody that had contact (see: modes of transmission) with the person, also anybody that goes through multiple sexual partners needs to be checked remember that warts are easer to treat when they are few and small.

Crabs

Etiology-- Pthirus pubis

Type of organism-- parasitic insect.

Specific symptoms-- Itching in the genital area. Nits (lice eggs) or crawling lice may be seen.

Specific modes of transmission--Sexual contact.

Effects--Temporary

Medication-- 1% permethrin

Is STD curable--Yes

Ways to prevent the specific STD--Don't have sex with an infected person.

Specific description of who needs to be treated if one sexual partner is found to

have the STD--The person found to have STD and anybody that had contact (see: modes of transmission) with the person, also anybody that goes through multiple sexual partners needs to be checked.

HIV--

Etiology-- Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Type of organism-Virus

Specific symptoms-- The only way to determine whether you are infected is to be tested for HIV infection. You can't rely on symptoms to know whether or not you are infected with HIV. Many people who are infected with HIV don't have any symptoms at all for many years.

Specific modes of transmission-- the exchange of body fluids such as sexual contact.

Dirty syringes, such as drug users.

Effects--Permanent.

Medication--Protease inhibitors, Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Cellular Inhibitors, Entry Inhibitors (including Fusion Inhibitors) are just a few.

Is STD curable--No

Ways to prevent the specific STD--Don't have sex, two people only having sexual relations with each other, condoms. Use sterile syringes.

Specific description of who needs to be treated if one sexual partner is found to have the STD--The person found to have HIV and anybody that had contact (see modes of transmission) with the person.

Hepatitis B

Etiology--Spirochete Treponema Pallidum

Type of organism--Virus

Specific symptoms--Most will go undetected, it causes liver disease.

Specific modes of transmission—Contact with infected blood with open wombs, sexual intercourse, Blood born pathogen.

Effects-- Permanent.

Medication--adrenocorticosteroids, Interferon alpha, lamivudine (3TC)

Is STD curable--No

Ways to prevent the specific STD—There are several ways such as not coming in contact with infected blood, the use of condoms, but the surest way is to have a Vaccination

Specific description of who needs to be treated if one sexual partner is found to have the STD--The person that is infected and the other needs to be Vaccinated.

Prevent STD's Does not prevent STD's % Effective

Abstinence x 100

Tubal Ligation x 99.96

Vasectomy x 99.95

Hormonal implant x 99.95

IUD x 99

Injections/provera x 97

Cervical cap x 82

Latex condom x 96

Diaphragm x 82

Spermicide x 80

Rhythm Method x 0

Vaginal sponge x 90

Douching x 0

Oral contraceptive x 99.95

Nonoxynol-9 x 2 to 4 alone

Withdrawal x 0

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The Vaginal Birthing Process

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The Vaginal Birthing Process

One of the most commonly overlooked body functions of a woman is the birthing process. The mucous plug being released signals the beginning of the birth process. The mucous plug closes up the cervix to protect the fetus from organisms in the vagina. There may also be a slow leak or a gush of amniotic fluid. Irregular contractions of the uterus will begin and stimulation from the prostaglandin may initiate labor.

Labor is divided into four sections. The first stage begins when uterine contractions become regular. At this point, the stage proceeds to cervical dilation and effacement, thinning out of the cervix during labor. In order to deliver a baby, the cervix must be dilated to ten centimeters, or four inches, in diameter. Contractions increase in frequency and intensity until they become very strong, uncomfortable and exhausting. The first stage of labor lasts between and 4 hours. The average time of labor for a first pregnancy is 1 to 15 hours.

The second stage of labor begins with complete dilation and the entrance of the baby's head into the vagina. Contractions and the woman pushing forces the baby through the vagina until it is visible at the entrance. This is known as crowning. Pushing and intense contractions force the head through the vaginal opening. The baby then rotates to the side so the shoulders can be delivered. The rest of the baby is passed easily and the second stage is completed.

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The baby is then suctioned to remove mucus from the baby's mouth and nose. The lungs are then inflated by the cries of the newborn. With the baby's first few breaths, the infant's color changes from a bluish tint to a healthy pink. When the baby's condition is satisfactory, the umbilical cord is clamped, tied, and cut. All physicians evaluate the newborn's condition with the Apgar scoring system. The newborn is observed at one and five minutes following the delivery. Physicians observe the infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflexes, and color. A score of ten is considered the best. A score of seven to nine is considered adequate and no treatment is required. A score of four to six indicates that close observation and some intervention is necessary. A score below four requires immediate intervention and continuous evaluation.

The third stage of labor begins with the detachment of the placenta from the uterine wall. During this stage, the afterbirth (placenta and its membranes) is delivered and discarded. To accomplish this stage, a few more contractions are required. After the uterus has emptied, the muscles of the uterus continue to contract to close off open blood vessels and to control bleeding.

The fourth and final stage of the birthing process is known as the recovery stage. This is when the mother relaxes and finally meets her baby. The mother is examined several times over a period of weeks to be sure that an infection has not occurred and she is healing appropriately. The infant is also examined at one month to make sure the baby is growing properly and maintaining a healthy weight.

In some cases such as inadequate pelvic outlet, breech presentation (other than the head being delivered first), a large baby, ineffective labor or a development of serious problems, the baby may need to be removed surgically. This process is known as a Cesarean section. A Cesarean section, or C-Section, is a surgical procedure that involves cutting through the mother's abdomen and into the uterus to remove the baby and the afterbirth. About 10 percent of all deliveries are C-Section. After a C-Section is performed, if more pregnancies occur, more than likely the female will continue to have C-Sections.

Although the birthing process is the most overlooked body function of a woman, it is the most important for life. The woman giving birth endures a great deal of pain, but when all is through life prevails. The first stage consists of the mother dilating while the second stage is when the baby is then delivered. The infant is the evaluated with the Apgar scoring system. The third stage then proceeds with the afterbirth being delivered along with the placenta. While the fourth stage follows as the recovery process. After the last few check ups with the mother and the first few check ups with the baby, the mother and her newborn finally start their life together.

Please note that this sample paper on The Vaginal Birthing Process is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Vaginal Birthing Process, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Vaginal Birthing Process will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from essay writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Max payne - half life cheats

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Halflife

Slow motion

If you look at the credits, (all the way to the bottom) Youll see the code right,square,up,triangle,right,square,up,triangle

Info submitted by Zweettooth on Saturday, November , 001 at 544

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Max Ammo

Go to the cheat screen and press Down, X, Left, Circle, Down, X, Left, Circle

Different Gravity

Go to the cheat screen and press Up, Triangle, Down, X, Up, Triangle, Down, X

Be Invincible

Go to the cheat screen and press Left, Square, Up, Triangle, Right, Circle, Down, X

Be Invisible

Go to the cheat screen and press Left, Square, Right, Circle, Left, Square, Right, Circle

Get Alien Mode

Go to the cheat screen and press Up, Triangle, Up, Triangle, Up, Triangle, Up, Triangle

Max Payne

Some code(s) below have been reported by our users as invalid, you decide

After Game Play

Unlock All Levels

play through subway A1 then return to the main menu and enter the following button combination

UP,DOWN,LEFT,RIGHT,UP,LEFT,DOWN,CIRCLE

this will open all levels

During Game Play

these are done at the pause screen

Invulnerability

During gameplay pause and press L1,L1,L,L,R1,R1,R,R, Triangle, Circle, X, Square. Need to reenable code after auto saves

All Weapons & Full Ammo

During gameplay pause and press L1,L,R1,R,TRIANGLE,CIRCLE,X,SQUARE

NOTE invulnerability doesnt always stay on watch your health after an auto save this can get you killed

Info submitted by StrifeMM on Tuesday, December 11, 001 at 04144

Unlimited Ammo

During gameplay pause and press L1, L, R1, R, triangle, Square, X, Circle

8 Pain Killer Pills

Press Start to pause game and press L1, L, R1, R, triangle, Circle, X, Square.

Info submitted by Leslie on Sunday, December , 001 at 1850

Sounds in Slow Motion

Press Start to pause game and press L1, L, R1, R, Triangle, Square, X, Circle

Unlimited Bullet Time

Press Start to pause game and press L1, L, R1, R, Triangle, X, X, Triangle

Get Bonus Level Last Challenge

Finish the game using the dead on arrival difficulty setting

New difficulty settings

Finish the game using the Fugitive difficulty to get Dead on Arrival difficulty

Hidden Room -Part Chapter

On the first crane you come to, the cab door is open. Jump from the top of the door to the top of the cab. Then carefully jump onto the crane arm and walk up it to about the mid point. There are some large crates to the left of the arm. Align your sight with the left side of the crates and, after brandishing a gun, shootdodge forward. Max should land safely on the concrete ledge. On the left end is a room with grenades and some ammo. Be sure to utilize the crate along the ledge when jumping down.

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Germany's fault in ww1

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development of political and military alliances caused tension and hostility among nations leading up to World War I. Two major alliance systems developed due to conflicting national interests, which had been evident during the past two decades throughout Europe. These were the "Triple Alliance" of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy and the "Triple Entente" of Britain, France and Russia. Also several smaller countries became indirectly involved in the alliances, which effectively divided Europe into two "Armed Camps". The events that lead up to the July crisis were imperial rivalry, arms race, alliances and the Balkan wars.

But why did Germany lost the war? Why was Germany weak? After all, its armies had won on the eastern front and were winning on the western front and had very good military machinery like submarines . But Germany was experiencing severe famine, most of the people were starving and the politicians were worried. In 1918 Germany also lost the support of Bulgaria, Austro-Hungary and Turkey. This made the situation worse for the Germans; not only were its people discontented; they had lost all support from the "Central Powers." It could be argued that due to their fears and defeat of the other "Central Powers" they initiated armistice talks in October 1918 with the Allies. But when America joined the war in 1917 they brought with them what both sides desperately needed; munitions, morale, fresh men, technology, food and new leadership. Although many of the victories against the Axis powers were not credited to America, they took a considerable amount of the strain away from the allies on the western front. Therefore the Allies could spare forces for new offensives against the Axis powers; they also provided the supplies for these offensives to take place. The Americans played their most vital role in the summer of 1918 when the German offensive threw the British and French forces back. Working with French and British soldiers they halted the final German offensive and then aided the Allied counter attack. Most notably on 12th September they defeated a particularly strong German salient at Saint-Mihiel capturing 14,000 men.

When World War I ended on November 11, 1918, peace talks went on for

Months due to the Allied leaders (France) wanting to punish the enemy and "Dividing the spoils of war." A formal agreement to end the war was made and called the treaty of Versailles. The issue that took the most time was the territorial aspect because the empires of Russia, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman, and Germany had collapsed. These fallen empires had to be divided up and America's President Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and David Lloyd George of Great Britain. The Treaty of Versailles was either a treaty of peace or a vengeance for the Germans.

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The Treaty of Versailles was enacted into history in June 1919 with Germany forced to accept sole responsibility for causing World War I, Guilt clause, article 231. Since then there has been considerable debate concerning the war but even today historians still cannot fully agree upon the causes. Some support has been given to the theory that Germany was totally responsible for the war, Fisher for example, in 1961 states that war in 1914 was not a "tragedy of miscalculations" but was brought about deliberately by German leaders for two main reasons: Germany wanted to fight an expansionist war aimed at establish Germany as a world power both economically and politically and also wanted to ease the tension on international political affairs. However substantial evidence does not support that view. Therefore the insistence by the victorious powers to include in the Treaty that Germany accepts total blame cannot be justified.

When Germany surrendered and changed its government, it expected a negotiated peace rather than the harsh terms of the Versailles treaty of 1919. The allies were determined to receive reparations for their losses and to see that Germany was never in a position to harm them again. Germany lost the Alsace-Lorraine to France and lost West Prussia to Poland. It also lost all its colonies and had to give up most of its coal, trains, and merchant ships, as well as its navy. Germany had to limit its army and submit to Allied occupation of Rhineland for 15 years. Worst of all, the Germans had to accept full responsibility for causing the war and, consequently pay its total cost. The Germans did not consider themselves anymore guilty than anyone else and could not possibly pay all of the costs demanded. The Versailles treaty seemed fair to the Allies point of view, but it did not ensure a lasting peace. By accepting the treaty the German

Government gained a bad name among its people. The war reparations put an enormous strain on a country already bankrupted by four years of war. The economic situation made matters worse because the German government could not pay off reparation requirements, so France invaded Ruhr in1923 to take over coalmines. The government encouraged the workers to resist passively, printing large amounts of currency to pay them. The result was an "inflation that wiped out savings, pensions, insurance, and other forms of fixed income, creating a revolution that destroyed the most stable elements of Germany" . Aided by the Dawes plan of 1924, which set reasonable amounts of reparations and provided for foreign loans, the brilliant German Minister Gustav Stresemann reorganized the monetary system and encouraged industry.

But Germany was no the only country who lost with the war. The Austria-Hungary Empire collapsed, the treaty which concern this Germany allied was the treaty of Saint-Germain, a peace treaty between the Allied powers and Austria after World War I, signed at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, on September 10, 1919. The treaty required Austria, the only remaining part of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, to recognize the sovereignty of Hungary; to cede territories to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and Italy; and to accept regulations protecting ethnic minorities within the new Austrian borders. The military clauses allowed Austria a volunteer force of 30,000 men, but the Austro-Hungarian navy was destroyed or distributed among the Allies. Financial reparations for war damages were called for, but money was never paid. "Article 88, which forbade any compromise of Austrian independence, were designed to prevent any future union with Germany" . This article was responsible for the Austro-German tensions of the 1930s, and it was discarded by Adolf Hitler, who annexed Austria in 1938.

For the Hungarian case, the peace treaty of Trianon was signed between Hungary and the Allies at the Grand Trianon Palace, Versailles, France, on June 4, 1920. The treaty, the acceptance of which had been delayed for some time by revolution in Hungary, included terms similar to those of the Treaty of Saint Germain between the Allies and Austria, except for specific territorial adjustments. In accordance with the treaty Hungary lost about two-thirds of its territory and half of its population through the loosed territory given to countries such as Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia and to Austria; and of small sections of territory to Italy and Poland. The Hungarian army was limited. The treaty also provided that "livestock was to be furnished" by Hungary for devastated countries and that "Yugoslavia was to receive, without cost, annual allotments of coal from Hungary for five years". Financial reparations were to be made. The Hungarians resented the treaty, which was the cause of many subsequent disputes.

The treaty of Neuilly was signed at Neuilly, France, on November 27, 1919, for the defeated Bulgaria. By its terms, Bulgaria ceded small portions of territory to Yugoslavia, whose independence it thus recognized, and gave up its part of Thrace to Greece, thus sacrificing the Bulgarian seaboard on the Aegean Sea. Dobrogea (Dobruja) was restored to Romania by the terms of the treaty.

And for the last German allied, the treaty of Sevres, between Turkey and the Allied powers, excluding the USSR and the United States. The agreement was signed on August 10, 1920, at Sevres, France. It dissolved the Ottoman Empire and limited Turkey to the city of Constantinople and surrounding territory and to part of Asia Minor, or Anatolia.

But the Powers had also lost. European countries channeled all of their resources into total war, which resulted in enormous social change. The result of working together for a common goal seemed to be unifying European societies; Death knocked down all barriers between people. "All belligerents had enacted some form of a selective service, which leveled classes in many ways" . But wartime scarcities made luxury an impossibility and unfavorable. By the end of war 8.5 million people were dead, the double were wounded, famine were threatening may regions. International tensions had not ended. Britain declared not support to France in any aspect against Germany (except if Germany attacked first). Each country was looking for own benefits.

But this was not United States case. They rejected the Treaty of Versailles and stayed away from the Leagues of the Nations. However, European countries borrowed heavily from the United States during the war. Thus, they could never stay isolated from the outside world. For example, the Dawes Plan helped Germany recover from inflation by letting them borrow two hundred million to rebuild on. Charles Dawes, an American banker and statesmen headed it. The United States became an important source of income for all the countries. The Isolation issue never came successful since problems occurred across the world. United States expanded their business across the globe. They expanded their overseas operations to Latin America. Many countries depended on United States' goods too. The world economy was based on the United States. "They were like a balanced house of cards. If the United States fell, the whole world would collapse with it."

Because of all of the above, it can be clearly seen that although the "great War" had ended and the supposed Guilty country wad been punished, every European country lost something, whether it was land, money, population, reputation or power. For common benefit, a reconsideration of attitude between countries had to be made in order to gain, whether it was money by letting the market flow again, or international support.

Bibliography

http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Dimension/7689/arm.html

http://campus.northpark.edu/history/Koeller/TII/VersaillesTreaty.N.html

http://www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/%7Ebsilva/projects/great_war/causes.htm

http://www.attridge15.freeserve.co.uk/20th_century/ww1_end.htm

http://momo.essortment.com/versaillestrea_reif.htm

Albertini, Luigi. The Origins of the War of 1914, II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1953

Tierney, Brian, Kagan, Donald and Willams, L. Pearce. The Outbreak of World War I—Who Was Responsible?. New York: McGraw-Hill Co., 1977.

"World War I," Microsoft (R) Encarta. Copyright (c) 1993 Microsoft Corporation. Copyright (c) 1993 Funk & Wagnall's Corporation

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