Quality Management

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Total Quality Management

What is Total Quality Management? Quality is not determined or defined by the producing company. The customer determines quality. Thus quality of a product or a service is the customer's perception of the degree to which the product or service meets his or her expectations. Total Quality Management (TQM) is an approach to improving competitiveness, effectiveness, efficiency and flexibility of the organization in satisfying the customer demands. It is a process that recognizes the need to determine the customers requirements and uses that knowledge to drive the entire organization to ensure those needs are fully met. It is essentially a way of planning, organizing and understanding each and every activity that takes place in the organization, and depends on every individual at his or her own level in the organization. Thus from Senior Executives to the person just cleaning the premises has to be involved in the quest for continual improvement towards the same goals, recognizing that each person and each activity interacts and has an effect on others. Why TQM? Companies strive for Total Quality Management in an effort to · Increase customer satisfaction · Increase customer retention? TQM not only focuses on gaining a new customer but maintaining the current customers. · Reduce customer complaints · Attract new customers · Increase organizational effectiveness · Reduce costs due to less waste and rework? Quality costs and every time something is done incorrectly, money is lost. · Increase profitability · Achieve a greater market share · Maintain a competitive advantage Dr. W. Edwards Deming's Quality Chain Reaction in figure 1 provides a logical rationale for implementing a quality improvement effort. It says that if an organization improves quality, costs will decrease due to fewer errors and more efficient use of materials and time. This causes an improvement in productivity and leads to capturing the market due to higher quality and lower prices. Therefore, a company will stay in business and provide more jobs1. Figure 1. Deming's Chain Reaction provides the rationale for why an organization should start with quality. What are the specific reasons why a company should consider using TQM efforts? (1) Become more profitable The main effects of quality on profits are realized through lower costs due to efficiencies achieved, higher customer retention, greater attraction of new customers, and the potential to charge higher prices (refer to figure ). () Competitive position What makes your company different from the one down the street? Why should a client keep your company or choose your company to do business with rather than your competitor? Competitive advantage is a unique strength relative to competitors, often based on quality, time, cost, innovation, or customer intimacy. If properly done, TQM and the resulting high quality can often serve as a competitive advantage because most firms have not yet adopted TQM.1 () Employee involvement TQM requires total employee commitment to the process or it will fail. The whole idea is to permit the people who actually carry out the activities to continuously improve them. They are, after all, the ones who know them the best. They have a vital role to play and firm management must keep them involved. It is a complete change to the way business has been carried on in the past. Figure . HOW QUALITY LEADS TO PROFITS how do you Implement TQM? By applying following eight Quality Management Principles, organizations will produce benefits for customers, owners, people, suppliers and society at large. Principle 1 - Customer-Focused Organization Importance of Customer Satisfaction Indirectly the company does not pay your wages, but the consumers do. Without their orders, no money would come into the company. Thus nobody would get paid at the end of the month. The customer is the most important person to the company. Customer satisfaction is the result of the number of positive and negative factors that are experienced by the customer. Organizations depend on their customers and therefore should understand current and future customer needs, meet customer requirements, and strive to exceed customer expectations. Customer satisfaction is the result of the number of positive and negative factors that are experienced by the customer. The more satisfier factors present, the higher customer satisfaction. Eliminating dissatisfiers alone (by improving processes) will not result in increased satisfaction level. It will only result in fewer dissatisfiers. A delighter factor is very positive to the customer when experienced; things must happen that the customer considers extraordinary and is possible only if the customer is satisfied to begin with1. For continued survival, the attention and commitment of very few dissatisfiers and more satisfiers and delighters than the competitors are necessary for achieving business success. By measuring customer satisfaction and making customer needs visible, targets can be linked to customer expectations and the performance of the organization optimised. Principle ? Leadership Leaders establish unity of purpose and direction of organization. They should create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organizations objectives. Changing behaviours is probably the most critical area in the process of change. People do not necessarily resist change - they resist being changed. It is important to give people time to understand the true needs and the process of change. Leaders promote open communication and clear vision of the organizations future. The stronger culture/values towards the market place, the less need for policy, instructions, organizational charts, etc. Leaders empower and involve people to achieve the organizations objective. Principle - Involvement of People In TQM everyone is involved in the process of making the company a successful business. Everyone in the company is responsible for producing quality goods and services and reducing the cost of quality. People at all levels are the essence of an organization and their full involvement enables their abilities to be used for the organizations benefit. Fully involved people will be innovative and creative in furthering the organizations objectives. It is beneficial for the organization when people are satisfied with their job and are actively involved in their personal growth and development. Principle 4 - Process Approach A desired result is achieved more efficiently when related resources and activities are managed as a process. A process is a series of steps that when combined produce a result. Processes should be managed to meet requirements and needs of both internal and external customers. Being process-orientated eventually prevents problems from occurring. Focusing on the process means that you will put the customers needs first. That will prevent errors, reduce rework, and decrease frustration. Principle 5 - System Approach to Management Identifying, understanding, and managing a system of inter-related processes for a given objective improve the organizations effectiveness and efficiency. An effective system provides confidence in organizations capability to meet customer's requirements. Principle 6 - Continual Improvement Quality improvement is a continuous activity, aiming for even higher process effectiveness and efficiency. These activities often require new values and behaviour focusing on measuring customer satisfaction and acting on results. The Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle (Figure ), by W. Edwards Deming, is commonly used when describing continual quality improvement. PDCA Cycle Figure . Deming's PDAC Cycle Plan. As the name suggests, this is the planning step. You plan which process you will improve, examine the data to determine possible improvements, determine how you will measure the improvement, establish a target, and decide who will be involved in the improvement effort. Do. In the do step process improvement is implemented often as a trial run. Data is collected before, during, and after the improvement. Check. In this step the pre-improvement data is compared to the post-improvement data. This analysis provides information about whether the root cause of the unwanted variation has been corrected. Act. The act step uses the analysis from the check step to determine the next action. If the root cause was found and corrected, the improvement would be standardized to hold the gain and the cycle would start again with another process. If the root cause was not corrected, if the original target was not reached, or if there is room for further improvement, the cycle would begin again.1 Principle 7? Fact-Based Decision Making Effective decisions and actions are based on the analysis of data and information. Management by fact is one of many management concepts to teach managers to prevent management by opinion. Facts are unknown until they are established through the collection of measurement data. Using at least one of the 8 tools of quality does this collection. These 8 tools are Flow chart, tally chart, pareto chart, cause and effect diagram, scatter diagram, histogram, run chart, and control chart. The analysis of relevant data allows informed decisions to be made and significantly reduces the risk for decisions based on opinion. Performance and data are often viewed as just numbers. However, performance can be improved by using data. Decisions and actions should be based on the analysis of data and information to improve results.1 Principle 8 - Mutually Beneficial Supplier Relationships An organization and its suppliers are independent, and a mutually beneficial relationship enhances the ability to create value. Continuous feedback on customer needs and requirements to sub-suppliers ensure continuous supply of quality products and services. Based on mutual trust and open communication, partnerships for quality are established with selected primary suppliers for jointly understanding current and future needs of the end-customers. Conclusion TQM is all about change. Change for the better and towards continual improvement, thus providing for increased profits. To implement TQM entails quite a bit of work and is not a simple task. Of utmost importance is communication and especially commitment from each and everyone to actually improve. TQM may put the customer at the centre of every activity and consider the process as customer driven, but all other factors that do not involve the customers have to be taken into consideration for the successful implementation of TQM.

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Ya mum

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on ya mum. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality ya mum paper right on time.

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Due first D&T lesson on or after Monday the 1th May.

The project has five components. Components , and 4 must be submitted in a presentation folder. Marks will be awarded for both the content and the presentation.

1) Selecting a play

You need to select one of the following plays and select one scene

Tom Sawyer Back street with the garden fence OR The graveyard (Day or night) OR The Island

Bugsy Malone A New York street 10's OR the Speakeasy Nightclub OR your own selection

The Man with the Itchy Figger Tringer A Western Saloon Bar.

Lockie Leonard, Human Torpedo A Beach OR your own selection

OR

You may select your own play - to be approved by the teacher.

) Background Research

The History of Stages paper should be about 00 - 500 words and cover Greek & Roman, Middle Ages, Elizabethan, Proscenium Theatre and Modern Stage forms. You need to include drawings or sketches of the different stage shapes and a bibliography of resources used.

) Artist Selection and Background

Once you have selected your scene, the design for the set is to be done in the style of one of the master visual artists of the 1th or 0th century, eg. Hooper, Picasso, Cezanne, Monet, Matisse, Van Gogh etc. The artist may also be a photographer eg. Weston, Cazneaux etc. It is acceptable to copy the works of these artists or to use their work as a starting point.

Once an artist has been selected you must collect a selection of photocopies or prints of his/her work and select the elements you wish to incorporate into your design. A background profile of the artist is to be included along with samples of his/her work and an explanation of how you incorporated their work into your design.

4 ) Design

Using your photocopies and ideas for the scene, you will now do working drawings of your set. The drawings will include a plan view and a front view of the set. The set must be for a proscenium stage. The set should incorporate a backdrop and side legs or flats and be constructed on a scale of 15. If you design a box set with its own 'walls' you may not need the side legs.

Keep in mind that the set must be practical for the actors to move about on and the main acting area needs to be downstage (the front).

5) Construction

As you have over three months to complete this project, excellence in construction method is expected. You will be given a sheet of foam core board to construct the model stage. You may use whatever additional materials you wish. You may need to take the empty set model home to complete the construction. You may use one figure to represent an actor in the construction if you wish.

· Do not use any valuable or irreplaceable materials or props in the construction.

· Do not have any loose pieces in the set presentation - glue them down.

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Globalization

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"Outline the differences between economic growth and economic development. Discuss how economic development may be measured. Outline how globalisation may impact upon a nation's development. Where appropriate make reference to a relevant case study."

Although economic growth and development are similar in meaning, they have some essential differences. Economic growth refers to the increasing ability of a nation to produce more goods and services. Economic development basically implies that individuals of that nation will be better off and takes into account changes in economic and social structures that will reduce or eliminate poverty. Economic development can be measured in a number of different ways including the Human Development Index, a Gender Empowerment Measure, a Human Poverty Index and a Human Freedom Index. All of these measures were developed by the United Nations Development Program. The World Bank also has its own indicator called the World Bank Development Indicator. Globalisation can have both negative affects on a nation. It can impact on the levels of economic growth a country may experience, impact on levels of unemployment or it may impact on a country's quality of life.

Economic growth is the expansion of a country's productive capacity. This leads to a rise in total national output. Growth can occur in two different ways; the increased use of land, labour, capital and entrepreneurial resources by using better technology or management techniques and increased productivity of existing resource use through rising labour and capital productivity. While theoretically having an increasing national output means greater material welfare and a rise in living standards, it does not equate to having higher levels of well being for individuals in that nation. Economic growth can, in fact, have negative impacts on a nation including environmental degradation and the loss of traditional cultural values. It also may mean there is greater inequality between different classes in society, that is, the gap between the rich and the poor may grow. It is for these reasons that economic development measurements are also used.

Economic growth as a measure fails to account for other important social and economic factors such as the size of the black market, domestic work which is not given a financial value, the level of damage to the environment and inequalities in income distribution. Various indicators have been developed to compensate for the limitations of economic growth measurements. Rather than just measuring the economic living standards in a country, development indicators measure the welfare of individuals in that country. The main development indicator used is the Human Development Index (HDI). It was devised by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to measure the economic achievements of a nation in combining economic growth as well as social welfare. The HDI takes into account three major factors

· Life expectancy at birth High levels of longevity are critical for a country's economic and social well being.

· Levels of educational attainment The HDI measures adult literacy and the ratio of people in primary, secondary and tertiary education.

· Gross Domestic Product per capita seen as being a measurement of the ability of people to access goods and services.

The HDI is essentially a score between 0 and 1. A score of 0 would mean no human development has taken place and a score of 1 is the maximum amount of human development. In 000, the Human Development Report places Canada as the top ranked nation with a HDI of 0.5. Australia was ranked fourth, with a HDI of 0. behind Norway and the United States. The lowest ranked nation was Sierra Leone with a HDI of 0.5. When comparing the HDI of certain countries, the GNP per capita should also be considered. A nation with a much higher-ranking HDI than GNP per capita has had a relatively high level of economic development given their level of economic growth. Examples of this are Tajikistan (+4) and Cuba (+40). In contrast, some nations may have a higher GNP per capita ranking than their HDI ranking. This indicates that there is a very high level of inequality, that is high income levels are only enjoyed by a small proportion of the population. A country with this problem is South Africa with a GNP per capita ranking 54 places higher than their HDI ranking.

The UNDP has also developed a number of other indicators. It has developed a specific Gender Development Index which compares the HDI between male and female populations, a Gender Empowerment Measure, which shows gender inequality in economic and political opportunities and a Human Poverty Index (HPI) which measures similar outcomes to the HDI, but examines the extent of disadvantage faced by people who are being deprived of human development. The HPI is adjusted for developing and developed countries.

In 11, the UNDP developed a one off indicator called the Human Freedom Index (HFI). This included such things as the right to travel in ones own country, the right to teach ideas and receive information, the right to have an ethnic language, the freedom from forced or child labour, the freedom from compulsory work permits, the freedom from censorship, the freedom for political, legal, social and economic equality for women, social and economic equality for ethnic minorities and the existence of independent trade unions. The UNDP discontinued this measurement as it was based on subjective facts and would not be a consistent measurement from year to year.

The World Bank Developed its own indicator called the World Bank Development Indicator (WBDI). This was made to supplement the Human Development Index. The WBDI mainly measures the quality of life, the success of measures to alleviate poverty, the current account balance, malnutrition, traffic congestion, tax rates, life expectancy, population size, educational standards such as literacy and infant mortality.

Another smaller economic development indicator is one developed by economists, James Tobin and William Nordhaus called the Measurement of Economic Welfare. This index takes into account real GNP per capita plus the value of a family's work. It also takes into account the balance of hours spent in leisure and work, pollution levels and the rate of environmental damage.

Globalisation can impact a nation in a variety of ways. A positive effect of globalisation for many nations is that it allows for them to achieve higher levels of economic growth. With higher levels of trade, world output will increase which inturn should mean higher levels of economic growth followed by increased standards of living. This has been particularly true for rapidly developing economies such as Thailand, Malaysia, Korea and Singapore. They have seen phenomenal growth figures throughout the nineties, although many were sent back to recession in 17 after the Asia crisis. However, nations which had been struggling with achieving sustainable growth and standards of living, may have been further negatively affected by globalisation. With countries such as Africa opening up their markets, they have been inundated with imports, but at the same time unable to sell their exports. This equates to lower levels of growth for these countries and lower standards of living.

Globalisation has also affected unemployment rates. It has created millions of jobs throughout the world. Twenty-seven million jobs worldwide are now related to exportation. Even with these jobs being created, unemployment is still a major problem for most countries. With increased competition from transnational corporations, domestic employers must remain competitive and to do this they seek improved efficiency. This may mean reducing the amount of staff they have. Also, globalisation has meant that new technologies have been developed to improve efficiency. When new technology is implemented it generally means some jobs are made redundant. Another reason domestic unemployment may rise because of globalisation is that free trade has made many sectors of the domestic market uncompetitive with the global market. An example of this is the European Union, which have subsidised their beef exports. This has meant cattle farmers in Kenya have been unable to compete and have been removed from the market.

Rates of inflation can also be affected with increased globalisation. A country with a high rate of inflation will be less competitive globally because their products will be priced higher than others, so they are less competitive. Governments around the world use monetary policy to control the rate of inflation for this reason. If a country is unable to maintain low levels of inflation then its export sector is at high risk of collapsing.

Globalisation also impacts the quality of life for nations. It seems that the poor keep getting poorer. When countries open themselves up to international competition governments must apply economic rationalist principles. They may cut government spending in essential areas such as health, welfare and education thus reducing the quality of life in this nation. Also, countries with minimal government regulation often attract large transnational companies. This could result in the exploitation of the workers and the environment in countries where quality of life may already be low.

Poland is a country, which has opened itself up to the global economy. It became a free market in 10 and since has made strong progress. Although in the very early nineties Poland experienced a sharp decline in GDP, it has since resumed steady growth. In 1 its GDP growth was 4.1%. The private sector now accounts for over 55% of the total GDP. In early 10, Poland was experiencing hyper-inflation with levels of up to 100%. In 1 the inflation rate was lowered to 7.%, which although is still high by developed world standards, is slowly dropping. Also in the early nineties, Poland had huge unemployment rates with most sectors at around 0%. This has now been lowered to 1%, which again is high by developed nations' standards but is a lot less than the rates experienced early in the decade.

Essentially, the difference between economic growth and economic development is that one is a quantitative measure (growth) and the other is a qualitative measure (development). Economic development can be measured using a variety of indicators, mostly developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), though another widely used indicator was developed by the World Bank. Globalisation can have many affects on nations, depending on their government policies and also on their economic status.

Please note that this sample paper on Globalization is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Globalization, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Globalization will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Cystic fibrosis - prenatal diagnosis

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Cystic Fibrosis

Identification of disease Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene on chromosome 7 which codes for the protein that controls ion transfer across cell membranes. This disease is more common in Caucasian people - About 5 percent of white people carry one defective gene responsible for cystic fibrosis, but the trait is recessive, and the disease develops only if a person has two defective genes. People with only one defective gene have no noticeable symptoms. Since this is not a sex- linked disorder, the carriers of this disease are both female & male, provided that they are heterozygous

Symptoms Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by changes in a protein that controls the transfer of chloride and sodium ions (salts) across cell membranes. Disruption of salt transfer results in abnormal gland secretions and dehydration due to increased loss of salt and water during sweating. CF affects almost all of the glands in the body that secrete fluid, resulting in a variety of symptoms. Secretions may be thick and cause blockage in the pancreas, intestines and lungs. Mucus blockage also provides places for bacteria to multiply, increasing the probability of infection. CF children show poor digestion, dehydration, coughing and vomiting. As the disease progresses, teenagers show slowed growth, delayed puberty and reduced physical endurance. Adults show more serious complications such as collapsed lung, heart failure, infertility and frequent infections that eventually lead to death.

Prenatal Diagnosis of the disease-

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a) Purpose & Usefulness Improved techniques of prenatal diagnosis give parents ( Especially those who have a known family case) the opportunity to find out whether or not the fetus has CF. IF the result is positive, then this Prenatal diagnosis of CF would allow the parents time to personally make a decision regarding the termination of the pregnancy. Even if the parents refuse to terminate the pregnancy, the knowledge that their child will be suffering from Cf will be of great help It would help them to prepare and cope with the implications of the situation which they will be facing when the child is born.

b) Types of diagnosis Diagnosis can be made by chorionic villus sampling in the tenth to twelfth weeks of pregnancy. A later test (amniocentesis) is available at 16 weeks.

c) Techniques/procedures -

CVS Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) provides the ability to obtain fetal tissue from the developing trophoblast for diagnostic studies. The chorion frondosum, which contains the most mitotically active cells, is the area that is sampled. CVS can be accomplished using either a transcervical or transabdominal approach. Prior to the procedure, an ultrasound is performed to assess fetal viability, gestational age and placental position. Transcervical CVS involves passing a polyethylene catheter with a malleable obturator through the cervix to the thickest part of the placenta using ultrasound guidance. Placental trophoblast is then aspirated through the catheter into a syringe that contains tissue culture medium. In Transabdominal CVS, a needle is placed through the long axis of the placenta under ultrasound guidance. The stylet is withdrawn from the needle, a syringe containing tissue culture medium is attached to the hub of the needle and suction is applied as the needle is moved up and down through the placenta until an adequate amount of tissue is obtained.

Amniocentesis With the use of an ultrasound scanning techniques the position of the fetus and the location of the placenta are determined. The skin on the mother's abdomen is aseptically prepared and a local anesthetic is usually injected. A needle attached to a syringe is introduced into a part of the uterus where there is the least chance of perforating the placenta or scratching the fetus. Between 0 & 5 ml of amniotic fluid is aspirated.

The Tissue obtained from CVS and the amniotic fluid obtained from amniocentesis could then be used by direct DNA testing to detect the CFTR gene mutation. Direct Dna testing is carried out using the following steps-

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According to McGregor (1995) 'Crime News is Prime News'. Critically discuss the manner in which crime is reported in New Zealand. What are the potential consequences of New Zealand based media representations of crime for your understanding of crime and c

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on According to McGregor (1995) 'Crime News is Prime News'. Critically discuss the manner in which crime is reported in New Zealand. What are the potential consequences of New Zealand based media representations of crime for your understanding of crime and c. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality According to McGregor (1995) 'Crime News is Prime News'. Critically discuss the manner in which crime is reported in New Zealand. What are the potential consequences of New Zealand based media representations of crime for your understanding of crime and c paper right on time.

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"The police beat are all about people, what makes them tick, what makes them become heroes or homicidal maniacs. It has it all greed, sex, violence, comedy and tragedy" (Buchanan, E "A coaching method"). This comment from former Miami Herald police reporter, Edna Buchanan further emphasises the theory that the mass media worldwide thrives on stories which sell; Sex, violence and tragedy sell. It is the stories relating to crime, which holds all of these attributes as well as the ones mentioned by Edna Buchanan. So it is not surprising, that on a daily basis we are bombarded with crime stories. It is essential to have an understanding on the manner in which crime is reported in New Zealand, as many of us have an idealistic view on the media seeing it as an 'education eye on the country' which tells it like it is. Unfortunately this is not often the case. With every action, there are always consequences, large and small. The media and the way in which they report crime stories has many potential consequences, which affect New Zealander's understanding of crime and criminality.

Crime is represented in many ways from factual representations shown in the news and documentaries, to fictional in television dramas, films and novels. For the purpose of the essay topic I will concentrate on crime in a 'factual sense' within the New Zealand media.

In 18 'Manning' summarised our society as he sees it today in that "we live in a media sub-fused world. Media surrounds and saturates us" he goes on to say that the way in which the producers and editors within the media industry choose to report the news (or in some cases choose not to) shapes the 'receiver's' (of the reports) perceptions on reality. When it comes to 'crime', the relationship between crime and media is a complex one. While on one hand the media works to help the police in-regards to solving crimes, they also have an obligation to themselves as a 'company' which must return a profit. In this day and age, sex drugs and violence sells. IN the media industry stories are classed on a scale of their news 'worthiness'. Stories that contain sex or violence or an unusual weird twist are stories worthy of coverage. Crime is a topic news worthy in itself, however the way in which the media chooses which stories to report on is done in a manner labelled "selection and filtering". It is important to remember that the media constructs the news, they make judgments about what is and isn't of interest, thus what is and is not published. The media is value-laden as opposed to value free.

There are three major ways in which the media obtain crime stories. They make regular calls to the police, have personal contacts within the police force, and the most common and accessible if from the weekly conferences held by the police for the media. Reporters are sent along to these conferences to hear a summary of criminal activity that has taken place in the past week. The media then choose out of the crime activities shared at these conferences and choose around five to eight stories which they feel are newsworthy. It is at this first point of contact with a source that we can see how this filtering process is activated. For example there are around two thousand crimes committed in Auckland each week, however only forty to fifty crimes deemed 'appropriate', are chosen by the police officer/s to supply to the media. The media in turn then choose only a handful from this downsized amount that they feel are news worthy. This is hardly an objective presentation of crime.

Order essays on According to McGregor (1995) 'Crime News is Prime News'. Critically discuss the manner in which crime is reported in New Zealand. What are the potential consequences of New Zealand based media representations of crime for your understanding of crime and c and other topics

The media and the police hold a close relationship that is symbiotic. It is neutrally beneficial to each other. The media are able to obtain stories from a source that is cheap and accessible, while the police have access to an effective means of communicating to the public. Eg missing persons.

The primary definers of the news starts with the police who present a sample of crimes committed. The media are then the secondary definers who condense the police's selection. This is an unrepresentative sample of crime in New Zealand.

Judy Macgregor conducted a " Content analysis' study in 1 and 15 by examining the content in New Zealand's top five major news papers. For one entire month she followed each of the five news papers on a day to day basis in order to find the extent in which crime news was selected over other news categories and to discover what type of crime stories were picked for publication. Judy found that crime news represented 16.4% of all the hard news stories across all five papers. Of that 16.4% there was little or no contextual discussion, and the story was not in context just a report of the event.

IN finding out which sort of crime stories appeared more frequently, she compared the stories under the same categories used by the police. 45% of all stories were of violent offences, while property and white collar crimes had statistics of only 1.7 and 6% respectively. Compare these results to the police statistics and you would see the opposite results. Therefore crime is not represented proportionally, at least in accordance with the police statistics (which hold their own issues as it is). There are major discrepancies within the media and their approach to crime. They have an irresistible attraction to violent and sexual offences, as these make the best topics for news stories.

Crime stories are shown as it is, and the underlying issues are ignored as there is no space to discuss them, the impact of this is that crime is presented in a way that strips it of it's social political context. The readers and viewers are not given a deeper understanding of these events and inturn cannot engage any meaningful debate about them.

The media are private companies; commercial entities that run, as any other business- multi national company needs to make profit.

Crime news is cheap to gather- courts are free and is cheaper than investigating issue yourself hence is easy to gather and requires minimal effort and time.-- can draw more on competition btwn channels and publications.)

The media hold the idea of "the public needing to know what we want them to know" The idea of "news worthiness is a tangible explanations as to why crime is represented the way is it. Violence, serious crimes, unusual, status and personal crimes (involving famous eg mark ellsis partner who drunk drove and old ss actor speeding with daughter in car from Palmerston to Wellington speeding (Sunday star times).

Consequences

Acts changing eg home invasion- groups-juries influenced-moral panics eg dog panic and boy racers.

In television news, there are four prominent issues, politics, health, Maori and crime. It was found that the total sample of crime stories equates to 5.8% across these four issues. And overtime crime stories have increased significantly.

From 185 to 14, crime stories on television one rose form 18% to 41% of all news stories reported. On television three 10-14 rose 40% to 5%- A increase of over 10% in just four years.Atkinsen has fund that crime news as a percentage of programme time has doubled in seven years from 10% to 7% on channel one news.

The media define what is a political concern, of economic importance and social and cultural interest to the public.

The public rely on the media to inform us of what we have little knowledge and experience on, they are our "information brokers" if you like. We expect to be reliably and objectively informed

Bibliography

Buchanan, E (Quote) In 'Writing and Reporting News' Rich, C (00). Wadsworth Press. USA

Cohen, S (17) 'Folk Devils and Moral Panics', Paladin, London.

In 'Crime and Criminology an Introduction' pp 8. Oxford University Press Australia.

Haines, F & White, R. (16) 'Crime and Criminology an Introduction' pp 6-. Oxford University Press Australia.

Jackson, M. (17-18) 'The Maori and the Criminal justice system a new perspective. Wellington, Policy and research division, Department of Justice.

McGregor, J. 'Whats news Reclaiming journalism in New Zealand'. pp 81-. Palmerston North, Dunmore Press, 00. In 'Criminology 11 Course Reader' pp.175-180.

Surette, R. (1), 'Media, Crime and Criminal Justice- Images and realities'.

pp.7 104 Pacific Grove CA, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

In 'Criminology 11 'Introduction to Criminal thought' Course Reader' pp 150 16.

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