Critical Analogy of "My Antonia"

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Willa Cather was born on December 7, 187 in Back Creek Valley, near Gore, Virginia (Cyclopedia 67). Cather's dads name was Charles Cather. He was an average farmer. Her mothers name was Mary Virginia Boak Cather. Her mother was the eldest of the couple's four children, who also included brothers Roscoe and Douglass and a second Daughter, Jessica (Magills Survey 4).


Cather was a very avid reader. Since she was moving constantly until the age of about nine, she did not stay in any one school for long. When she turned sixteen she went off to the University of Nebraska. She quickly established herself as one of its brightest and most individualistic students there (Magill's Survey 45).


Cather had many influences. Many of her novels are related to prairie life. The reason why she wrote most of her novels on prairie life is because that is where she grew up. She also got many of her influences from the people she met while on her journeys across the prairie (Magill's Survey 4).


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Cather stayed in the career of writing throughout her life. She had many different jobs as a writer before she became her own writer. Since she established herself as a writer in college, she was offered many jobs. One of the first that she had was that she had published two articles in the Nebraska State Journal, to which she began contributing a regular column during her junior year in college. She then graduated and moved to Pittsburgh, where she stayed for the next ten years and wrote articles for Home Magazine (Magells Survey 45).


Cather was given many awards for all of her different writings. Her best award


was a Pulitzer Prize in fiction for her novel "One of Ours". There were many other awards.


One of Willa Cather's many novels is "My Antonia". This novel was published in 118. Cather portrays Antonia through the telling of her life experiences. Her life is seen and portrayed through the watchful eyes of Jim Burden. Willa Cather illuminates the theme of the American dream through conflict, characterization, and setting.


The theme of the American dream is portrayed through conflict. Antonia is forced to grow up on a farm with her family. Growing up on a farm means having to work all the time. "Antonia and her family struggle to establish themselves on the Nebraska plain." (0th-Century 55). At first Antonia and her family are faced with great deprivation. They live in a dugout house for a few years. The Nebraskan winters get cold and they barely make it through the winter months. Therefore she has to work in order to support her family. She starts in the fields sharing the back-breaking work with her family. When she becomes a little older she becomes a hired girl. This is all to support her family. All of this work forced her to forgo any serious thought of study (Magill's Survey 47). This severely set her back on getting to the American dream.


Jim burden develops maturity through conflict. Like Antonia, Jim to is raised on a farm and has to endure the backbreaking work also. Unlike Antonia, Jim's family is already established. Therefore Jim does not have to work quiet so hard and has the time to go to school. Going to school enables him to get to the American dream faster than Antonia. He is still faced with leaving his hometown to go to college "Jim, goes away to college to study the classics" (0-th Century 55). This move is hard for him because he does not want to leave the simple life that he has known for so long. After college he becomes a lawyer for the railroad. Even through he reaches this success, he still becomes home sick and comes back to Red Cloud. He returns to find Antonia aged but still happy. She has found the American dream (0-th Century 55).


Conflict is portrayed again though Antonia with her illegitimate child "And her trusting in nature leads her into trouble in the form of an illegitimate child" (Magill's Survey 47). The father of this child abandons her and her new baby. This also severely sets her back from getting to the American dream. She not only has to take care of herself, but now she has to raise her knew born child as well. She eventually finds a husband, which makes this task much easier.


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McCarthyism

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What is more important national security or individual rights? This question has been posed many times throughout our nation's history. One of the most memorable times when this became an issue was the McCarthy era. Did Communism threaten America's internal security in the 140's and early 150's or did Joseph McCarthy and the House of Un-American Activities Committee create a Red Scare and abuse their powers? The answer to this question is yes to both parts. After World War II, it was obvious that the three world powers were the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States. Even before the War ended, Joseph Stalin was attempting both to become the most superior power and to possibly spread Communism through espionage. Soviet spies had infiltrated into the American government and established a liable threat to our national security. In reaction to this, Joseph McCarthy and the HUAC promoted a sense of political fear throughout the United States and threatened to destroy the balance between national security and individual freedom. Soviet espionage threatened national security and brought about the second Red Scare in which McCarthy not only destroyed the lives and careers of many Americans but also the innocent image of the country.


Espionage


In the 140s Communists spies penetrated the U. S. government and were supplying government secrets to foreign countries. The first revealed case of espionage is known as the Amerasia case. In this case, several State Department officials including John Stewart Service had given materials to Amerasia, a small magazine dealing with East Asian Affairs. The spies had stolen the documents in order to publish them. The Amerasia spies were arrested, but their case was dropped before there could be a trail. The materials that Service supplied to Amerasia did not actually endanger our national security, but it is claimed to be a major reason we "lost" China to Communism. However, they found no link between the Amerasia spies and the Soviet Union.


With the help of a former Soviet agent and the Venona Project, the U. S. government was able to expose numerous spies loyal to the Soviet Union. Several ex-Soviet agents warned the government about Communism and their underground espionage. Whittaker Chambers and Elizabeth Bentley were two well-known former spies who began working with the government. Another huge resource of information about uncovering Soviet agent came along with the Venona Project. The Venona project was originally an attempt to decode messages between Soviet diplomats and the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs in Moscow. These messages turned out to be going between field agents and the directorate of the KGB.


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"The deciphered Venona messages also showed that a disturbing number of high-ranking U. S. government officials consciously maintained a clandestine relationship with Soviet intelligence agencies and had passed extraordinarily sensitive information to the Soviet Union that had seriously damaged American interest." (Haynes p. 51)


The Venona Project uncovered several hundred agents associated with the Soviets. However, the decoders were only able to decode a portion of the messages, meaning there could have been thousands of more traitors working with the Soviet Union.


One of the first espionage cases involving the Soviet Union was the Hiss case. The Hiss case established the credibility of the charges that Communists had infiltrated the New Deal. McCarthy and the HUAC had been accusing New Deal supporters as being Communists or Communists sympathizers. The charges against Alger Hiss ended his career in the State Department as Chambers was able to produce written documents from Hiss to the KGB. However, a bigger spy in the government was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White. White was the highest ranked official to be named as a traitor, yet he died of a heart attack before his trial. The Hiss case proved that the HUAC had a valid argument for seeking Soviet spies.


In 14, the Soviet Union had built an atomic bomb, which led the HUAC into another spy hunt. Not long after, authorities found Klaus Fuchs, an ex-Communist in Great Britain who worked on the Manhattan Project. In search for an American contact, the FBI stumbled upon Harry Gold. Fuchs and Gold both confessed to passing secrets to the Soviet agents. Gold also gave up the name of another spy named David Greenglass, who in turn gave up his sister and brother-in-law Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. However, the confessions and giving-up of other spies ended there. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg denied that they were Communists, but later they were tried, found guilty, and executed. Several decades later with the release of the Venona Project, the American public was informed that the Rosenbergs were truly Soviet Spies. The Soviet Union was now able to develop an atomic bomb several years earlier than without the American secrets. Indeed, without such successful espionage, "the Soviet Union might not have developed the bomb until after Stalin's death, and the early Cold War might have proceeded on a far less frightening path." (Klehr p. 5)


Many other spies were present within the American government. A personal assistant to President Franklin Roosevelt, Lauchlin Currie, who warned the KGB that the FBI had started an investigation of one of their agents, Gregory Silvermaster. This allowed Silvermaster to escape and continue spying. Another, William Perl, gave the Soviet Union secret test and design experiments for American jet engines and jet aircraft. His actions led to the Soviets fighter jets being far more superior to American fighter jets in the Korean War. Maurice Halperin, who was America's chief intelligence arm, transferred hundreds of pages of secret American Diplomatic cables to the KGB.


Of the 47 Soviet agents in America, only around half were ever discovered. It seems obvious that this was a huge national security crisis. The Soviet espionage was very successful in the United States. Although not every Communist was a spy, a large number were involved in KGB efforts to gather intelligence. Nevertheless, in the same manner, not every spy was a Communist.


Fear


Truman and his administration started to get attacked by many conservative Republicans for being to soft on the espionage and Communist threat within America. In reaction to these attacks, Truman established an anti-Communist loyalty-security program in March of 147 and set up the Central Intelligence Agency in November. In 148, the Truman administration followed up these actions by indicating the leaders of the CPUSA under the sedition sections of the 140 Smith Act. The Smith Act states that


It shall be unlawful for any person


1) to knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise, or teach the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence, or by the assassination of any officer of any such government;


) with the intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States, to print, publish, edit, issue, circulate, sell, distribute, or publicly display any written or printed matter advocating, advising, or teaching the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence;


) to organize or help to organized any society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrowing or destruction of any government in the United States by force or violence; or to become a member of, or affiliate with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons, knowing the purposes thereof. (Fried, p. 15)


The Republican senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy took this Act to the full effect. When he cried Communism, the world seemed to listen.


McCarthy installed fear in the U. S. citizens, but people feared tremendously the loss of their jobs. They feared that their political afflictions would reflect on their job status. McCarthy and his ways challenged the Bill of Rights. Peoples' First and Fifth Amendment rights were suspended when on trail. By trying to keep America from becoming a Communist nation, McCarthy and his followers turned the country into an anti-Communist nation. Many Americans lives and careers were lost due to McCarthy and his accusations. Hollywoods leaders resisted allowing politicians to regulate their hiring practices, but, following the HUAC hearings, the blacklists began in Hollywood. No one who was known to be a communist would be employed (Fried, 77-78). This mainly listed teachers, writers, and Hollywood stars. Producers started questioning their employees on many topics including politics and affiliations. Mist who were "caught" or accused of Communism confessed, and in order to be spared, gave the names of other "Communists."


In 150, McCarthy claimed he had a list of 05 members of the Communist Party of the US, who worked for the State Department. The HUAC summoned ,75 men and women, which was enough to cost them their jobs. Accused individuals were at the true mercy of the government, "because congressional hearings were immune from the due process requirements that accompanied criminal prosecutions, the committees had more leeway to denounce and accuse" (Schrecker 54). Over 400 Americans went to jail, some without a fair trial. McCarthy bullied, threatened and abused witnesses while he accused them of Communist sympathies. Without a doubt, McCarthy created an era of fear and conformity.


Soviet Espionage threatened America's national security, which led to the House of Un-American Activities suspending citizens' rights and creating fear in the hearts of many Americans. Whenever national security is threatened, the government is forced to tighten security and infringe on many people's rights. This is even seen today after September 11, 001. So it appears during times of national strife, crisis or threat, national security comes before individual rights.


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Why tobacco advertising shouldn't be prohibited.

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Argument essay All Cigarette ads should not be prohibited.


Many antismokers, scientists, and public health officials insinuate that all cigarette advertisements should be ban because it influences people to smoke, especially teenagers. Yet, their reasons for this claim I feel are not concrete to voice such a statement. There is still no factual evidence that cigarette ads are the reason why people start to smoke. Therefore, diminishing the fact that cigarette companies' only intent of advertising is to promote people to start smoking. This concludes that all cigarette advertisements should not be prohibited because there is no proof that they influence people to start smoking.


The principle of advertising is to promote an industry's overall sales as well as drum up business for a specific company. Cigarette companies are mature, meaning that the product is universally familiar like toothpaste or deodorant, ad attempts to boost overall consumption are no longer cost effective. Therefore, the main reason that there is a need for advertisement among cigarette companies is the same as any other common product like deodorant or toothpaste. They need to advertise so they can compete with different other brands like themselves to get consumers to use their products and boost sales for their company, which is the reason why cigarette ads shouldn't be prohibited.


The main reason why people are anticigarette ads is because they think it will stop underage smoking. Because they think this, cigarette ads are being threaten to be taking out of magazines and on billboards. All cigarette ads should not be banned because of the assumption that they influence teenagers to smoke. In fact, "since the percentage of cigarette ads have decrease, teenage smoking has increased by % between 15 to 15 (Males 167). In a survey done by the American Association of Advertising Agencies in 18, "studies showed that teenagers are more likely to be influenced to smoke by their friends then cigarette advertisements" (Males 170). Until factual evidence is presented that links cigarette ads as the rime factor that is influencing teenagers to smoke and not theories, all cigarette ads should be allowed.


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"Congress shall make no law…abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press" (First Amendment to the U.S Constitution). Giving the government the power to enforce all cigarette advertising restrictions is simply too closely to contradicting the First Amendment. Cigarettes are legal products; therefore, restricting advertising on these products is a violation of the First Amendment. Allowing the government to restrict advertising is just censorship and should not be permitted in a capital free enterprise society.


Some may argue that no matter how familiar a product is to consumers, advertisements may still convince people to start smoking; therefore, all advertisements should be banned. Although this could be true, there has still been no concrete evidence that cigarette ads are the reasons why consumers, especially teenagers began to smoke. Furthermore, it is the guardians of the teenagers that are responsible not the cigarette company's to curb underage smoking if they are against it; the same with drugs, sex, and alcohol. If parents can tolerate the advertisements of nude dancing, pornography and sacrilegious art, they could safely tolerate Marlboro caps and Joe Camel t-shirts.


There has been no evidence to support the claim that cigarette ads influence people to start smoking especially teenagers. The banning of cigarette ads would be unconstitutional because it is taking away cigarette company's freedom of speech which is going against the First Amendment. For these reasons alone, all cigarette ads should not be prohibited.


Work Cited


Troyer, Ronald J.. Cigarettes, the battle over smoking. New Brunswick, N.J. Rutgers University Press, c18.


Males, Mike A.. Smoked why Joe Camel is still smiling. Monore, Me Common Courage Press, 1.


Sobel, Robert. They satisfy the cigarette in American life. New York Anchor Press/Doubleday, 178.


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CENSORSHIP

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Censorship?


Individualism is a very big priority in the United states. For the last fifty


years , new music has been threatened to be banned. Every person believes in the right to choose


what they want , no matter what it is , watching movies ,going to school or listening to the kind


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of music you like. That is where the problem is, should music be censored? Censorship of music


should be abolished everywhere. Music types shouldn't be referred to as bad just because the


music might be new, strange and daring. The variety of music comes from a variety of artists


with many different ways of expression. The outcries are really to ban rock and gangster rap.


Music is not the only thing that promotes deviant behavior. If an artist


expresses how he or she committed a crime or was involved in a crime, that does not mean you


have to be influenced by it. One artist cannot create definition for violence occurring. Every


person has the choice to what they will or will not listen to. Music doesn't cause violence.


According to Bob Dole, " People are responsible for their actions. Music does not make people


murderers."


Many musicians have jumped in on the fight against censorship. They


believe censorship violates the 1st amendment which talks about freedom of speech. They feel


that freedom is being taken away by censorship. (There are a hundred examples of free speech ,


but does this really compare to musicians expressing themselves through their lyrics and


behavior?) It's not just only about free speech and free expression but sometimes it's decency


that is being questioned.


Music can influence people in negative and positive ways . If people feel


that the music is not of their tastes, and find it offensive, then they will choose not to listen.


There are probably many examples of where a musician has influenced teenagers in a negative


way , for example when Kurt Cobain committed suicide, three youths in Canada committed


suicide that same week, so it shows that there may be a negative influence. There is a positive


side to music too, because there is a bigger population that hasn't been negatively influenced by


music than that has been. There is no proof that music lyrics affect people in a bad way. People


can only make assumptions.


All in all, there are many reasons to censor mucic but there are much better


reasons not to censor music. Studies show that more people agree to banning censorship than


accepting censorship of music, because after all, music is for your ears and is supposed to bring


relaxation and comfort not violence and misconceptions of what is good and what is wrong.


Please note that this sample paper on CENSORSHIP is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on CENSORSHIP, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on CENSORSHIP will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!


How does Shakespeare make Act II: scene V of the play particularly dramatic?

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How does Shakespeare make Act II scene V of the play particularly dramatic?


William Shakespeare was one of the greatest play writes ever to live. Born in Stratford in the 1500's he wrote many great plays during his life, including the highly acclaimed comedy, "The Twelfth Night" written in 1600. It is a play that has a fantastic plot with twists and turns throughout. Shakespeare makes Act II scene V particularly dramatic by keeping the audience emotionally involved with all the characters throughout, cleverly arranging the stage, using dramatic irony, effective language and a final speech by Maria, one of the main characters in the play.


First of all one of the reasons Act II scene V is dramatic is Shakespeare makes the audience dislike Countess Olivia's steward, Malvolio in Act II scene III. The audience would immediately dislike Malvolio when we find out "sometimes he is kind of Puritan." The Puritans were a religious group who were opposed to any form of personal pleasure and therefore were against theatres where the audience would be watching the play. Another reason the audience would dislike him is, he is a snitch. When Sir Toby and Sir Andrew come home drunk one night and begin to have fun with Maria and Feste he spoils their entertainment by threatening to tell Olivia about their antics, "she [Olivia] shall know of it, by this hand." He threatens them further by informing them that Olivia is, "very willing to bid you farewell." The audience would have felt that this was outrageous because Sir Toby Belch and Sir Andrew Aguecheek, two noblemen and Malvolio was merely a servant working for Olivia. Finally towards the end of Act II scene III Maria comes up with a plan to get revenge on Malvolio for his threats. This is a very significant point in Shakespeare's play because it is at the end of a scene. This is where there would have been a short break in the play while the stage was re-arranged. Shakespeare very cleverly uses the plan at this point because it makes the audience want to carry on watching in the next scene to see what happens to Malvolio.


In addition Shakespeare builds up the drama around the plot to fool Malvolio by letting the audience find out more about his real personality. In Act II scene V we find out some new things about Malvolio. We now know that he really is in love with Olivia and imagines himself, "having been three months married to her." This makes the audience think two things about Malvolio he is a silly old fool because he really thinks that he has a chance with Olivia. In Shakespeare's time this would have been very unlikely because of the difference of class between a Countess and a servant. He thinks there is precedence for it however because, "the lady of the Strachy married the yeoman of the wardrobe." We also now think that he is not a very good Puritan. Strictly speaking the idea of marriage would not have been against the Puritan beliefs but it would have been improper to lust after Olivia and fantasise about being married to her. This would cause the audience to dislike him even more because not only is he a Puritan, but also he is not a very good one. He acts like it because he thinks he will be liked. This however is not the only clue that tells us he is a bad Puritan, he also dreams of being, "Count Malvolio" and having, "some rich jewel" to play with. He also begins to dress fancily and follow fashion by wearing yellow stockings and being cross gartered as it tells him to do so in the "epistle of love" which Maria has written to fool him. Another thing, which would have infuriated the Shakespearian audience, is the fact that Malvolio follows the instruction in the epistle of love to boss around Sir Toby and Andrew. This would have been unheard of because of the difference in rank.


Another important point, which makes the scene particularly dramatic, is the arrangement of the stage. There would not have been many props in Shakespeare's time and so language was the key to setting a scene. Act II scene V is set outside in the gardens of Countess Olivia's house, however, on stage there would probably only have been one prop and Fabian, Sir Toby and Sir Andrew would have had to get into, "the box-tree" to hide from Malvolio whilst they watched their plan unfold. The box-tree would have probably been a hedge positioned to one side of the stage. The characters spying on Malvolio would have been crouching behind it to hide, whilst Malvolio himself would have been performing on the centre of the stage. This arrangement creates three important ingredients of a dramatic scene. It create dramatic irony, tension because there is always a sense of danger that Malvolio will catch the three spying on him and the plan will not work, and it also creates humour. As Malvolio's fantasies unravel along with the contents of the love letter it begins to annoy and frustrate the three who are spying watching and they each throw their own insults and sarcastic comments at him while they calm and restrain each other. Particularly at the point when Malvolio fantasises about calling his kinsman Toby and extending his, "hand to him thus." This angers Toby immensely and would make the audience dislike him even more because he is fantasising about being Count Malvolio and making Toby get down on one knee to kiss his hand. Shakespeare very cleverly uses the insults because it maintains the tension of the audience while they are left wondering whether the three will get caught. Furthermore, humour is created when Malvolio practises his behaviour for Olivia in front of his own shadow. This would have shown have vain he was which was improper for a Puritan.


Moreover dramatic irony plays a big part in making the scene more dramatic. During this scene Shakespeare very cleverly involves the audience to create humour and tension. One of the major uses of dramatic irony is when Malvolio is being spied on whilst reading the fake love letter. He thinks that he is alone but the audience knows that Fabian, Sir Toby and Sir Andrew are watching him. This creates tension because the audience do not know whether they will get caught. We also know that Malvolio truly loves Olivia and thinks he has a chance with her since, "Maria once told me [Malvolio] she [Olivia] did affect me". This is where dramatic irony plays its biggest role. Shakespeare cleverly creates humour by allowing the audience in on the plot unfolding. They all know that the love letter is fake, but enjoy watching Malvolio come unstuck for the way he lives his life and treats the other characters. Not only do they know that Olivia does not love him back, they also know that Olivia is really in love with Cesario who in turn they know is really Viola in disguise. These uses of dramatic irony all create tension and humour because the audience know something the characters do not. This gives them an insight into what might happen and makes them want to watch more.


Another important point is that Shakespeare uses language effectively to create humour and to remind the audience of the trick being played on Malvolio. The whole play is full of jokes, puns, insults and metaphors, which constantly humour the audience and remind them of Maria's revenge plot. The animal metaphors throughout Act II scene V are especially important because they all refer to trapping an animal. This is significant because it is really insulting Malvolio as he gets lured into Maria's trap. "Hang thee Brock" is just one of the many animal metaphors which refers to a badger [Malvolio] being caught in a trap [the letter]. Another is, "The Woodcock is near the gin" which refers to trapping a bird with the gin being a metaphor for the love letter. Most of the animals in these metaphors were known for being scavenging creatures which is how the other characters and audience see Malvolio, scavenging for power and popularity. Puns are also used to create humour and the Elizabethan audiences enjoyed hearing creative uses of language, which is why Shakespeare was so successful. One of the puns comes when Malvolio reads, "and then comes the I behind" Fabian then replies, "Ay, and if you had an eye behind you would see more detraction at your heels than good fortunes before you." This means that if Malvolio wasn't so wrapped up in himself then he might see that he was falling into a trap. Furthermore, Shakespeare also uses jokes which Malvolio say but do not understand. This makes him seem more dim-witted to the audience and makes them anticipate the outcome of the plan.


Finally, one of the most important parts of Act II scene V is Maria's final speech. Shakespeare uses this as a chance to tell the audience and the other characters why he put what he did in Maria's letter from Olivia to Malvolio. The letter tells Malvolio to wear yellow stockings, which Maria now tells us is "a colour she [Olivia] abhors", to "see thee ever cross gartered." Which is "a fashion she [Olivia detests" and finally the letter tells him to smile to show his love for Olivia but this would be very inappropriate for Olivia's disposition since she is in mourning for her brother. This speech creates humour when the audience find out why everything was in the letter and it also creates a lot of anticipation as the audience waits to see Malvolio make a fool of himself.


In conclusion William Shakespeare wrote "The Twelfth Night" as a great comedy with all the ingredients for a very dramatic plot. He effectively uses the audience, stage arrangement, dramatic irony, language and Maria's final speech to make Act II scene V particularly dramatic.


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