The Peloponnesian Wars

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The Peloponnesian Wars were neither a battle of territories nor of religious debate, but wars of political powers. Taking place from 41-41 B.C. and then again from 415-404 B.C., the war was between the two Greek super-powers, Athens and Sparta. (Global Past, 161) Athens was a classic totalitarian democracy, believing in the idea that all citizens should be given the right to decide the political leaders of their city-state. On the contrary, Sparta was a militaristic-style oligarchy, which believes in having total military and political decisions made by a select group of qualified militaristic leaders. (Human Record, 11-114) Although both of these two poleis were very strong in their time, the Peloponnesian War would decide the political fate of the Greek peninsula. Though the Spartans waged war on the Athenians, it was the Athenian civilization that caused for the war to take place. This was due to three main ideas their society was based around participating in wars, they used any means to gain control of surrounding areas in order to strengthen their democratic rule, and it was almost guaranteed that they would arise victorious causing egotistical actions.

Firstly, the Athenian civilization was basically a brotherhood of warriors organized for the primary purpose of waging war. (Human Record, 11) In other words, their society was geared toward using war as a solution to any problem it came in contact with. For the Athenians, the only means of communication between enemies was of harmful nature, wishing to force their views and wants onto their opponents. They developed great pride in their state's views, especially when dealing with political affairs. It was stated that, " an Athenian citizen who takes no interest in political affairs is not viewed as harmless, but as a useless character." (Human Record, 116) Therefore, it is brought to the surface, not only that the Athenian society would push for battle due to their society being based on cherishing the time of war, but also as to why one could consider the Peloponnesian War to be a war of political powers.

As mentioned, the Athenian society heavily valued their political views. They had a society strongly based on democratic ideas. Due to their ongoing need for "divine intervention and control" (Human Record, 11), they waged conflict with anyone who was not democratic in view. The Spartan society was an oligarchy, which greatly upset the Athenian society, who wished to spread their democratic views throughout the surrounding lands. If Athens were to conquer Sparta in this treacherous battle, they could easily strengthen their democratic rule, as they would have control of more territory. This, naturally, was a main reason that the war took place, as Athens wished to spread the idea of a democracy to the utmost outreaches of existence. They basically forced these ideas on the Spartan society, causing them to take on the role of rebellion and wage war on Athens. (Human Record, 115)

Another key reason to Sparta wishing to rage war on the Athenian civilization was that Athens was almost guaranteed victory. Athens was a very egotistical state, believing they could not be beaten. It is stated that, "in the early stages of the conflict it had seemed as though there was no way Athens could lose the war, given its command of the sea-lanes." (Human Record, 114) They also had key allies. So obviously, the Athenian society had vast strategic positioning when compared to surrounding areas, allowing them to practically dominant everything. (Global Past, 161) Naturally, this fueled Sparta's fire, as they wished to prove that this arrogant power could be defeated. This, as a result, was a reason in which the Peloponnesian War took place.

As seen, the reasons behind the Peloponnesian War taken place can be highly contributed to the Athenian society. It was this society that wished to spread its form of government to other lands, that wished war as a solution to its problems, and that was arrogant in terms of military dominance. In all honesty, it was a seemed to be an unintelligent decision by Sparta to wage war on Athens, as it did not seem highly likely that they would achieve their goal. However, they did, as Sparta emerged victorious. (Global Past, 16)

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Great depression

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skdfghdil;fhgkldfjs;jkkjhl;skdfjfhlask;jrggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggThe Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 10s, and the extensive stockmarket speculation that took place during the latter part that same decade. The lack of distribution of wealth in the 10s existed on many levels. Money was distributed in equally between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The stock market was kept artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market crashes, combined with the lack of distribution of wealth, caused the American economy to capsize. The roaring twenties was an era when our country prospered tremendously. The nations total realized income rose from $74. billion in 1 to $8 billion in 1. However, the rewards of the Coolidge Prosperity of the 10s were not shared evenly among all Americans. In 1 the top 0.1% of Americans controlled 4% of all savings, while 80% of Americans had no savings at all. Automotive industry mogul Henry Ford is one example of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a personal income of $14 million in the same year that the average persons income was $750. By present day standards Mr. Ford would be earning over $45 million a year! This lack of distribution of income between the rich and the middle class grew throughout the 10s. A major reason for this large and growing gap between the rich and the working-class people was the increased manufacturing output throughout the 10's. From 1-1 the average output per worker increased %. During that same period of time average wages for manufacturing jobs increased only 8%. As production costs fell quickly, wages rose slowly, and prices remained constant, the bulk benefit of the increased productivity went into corporate profits. The federal government also contributed to the growing gap between the rich and middle-class. Calvin Coolidges administration favored business. An example of legislation to this purpose is the Revenue Act of 16, which greatly reduced federal income and inheritance taxes. Andrew Mellon was the main force behind these and other tax cuts throughout the 10s. Because of these tax cuts a man with a million-dollar annual income had his federal taxes reduced from $600,000 to $00,000. Even the Supreme Court played a role in expanding the gap between the socioeconomic classes. In the1 case Adkins v. Childrens Hospital, the Supreme Court ruled minimum-wage legislation unconstitutional. The large and growing difference of wealth between the well-to-do and the middle-income citizens made the U.S. economy unstable. For an economy to function properly, total demand must equal total supply. Essentially what happened in the 10s was that there was an oversupply of goods. It was not that the surplus products were not wanted, but rather that those who needed the products could not afford more, while the wealthy were satisfied by spending only a small portion of their income. Three quarters of the U.S. population would spend essentially all of their yearly incomes to purchase goods such as food, clothes, radios, and cars. These were the poor and middle class. Families with incomes around, or usually less than, $,500 a year. While the wealthy too purchased consumer goods, a family earning $100,000 could not be expected to eat 40 times more than a family that only earned $,500 a year. Through the imbalance the U.S. came to rely upon two things in order for the economy to remain on an even level credit sales, or investment from the rich. One obvious solution to the problem of the vast majority of the population not having enough money to satisfy all their needs was to let those who wanted goods buy products on credit. The concept of buying now and paying later caught on quickly. By the end of the 10s 60% of cars and 80% of radios were bought on installment credit. Between 15 and 1 the total amount of outstanding installment credit more than doubled. This strategy created a non realistic demand for products which people could not usually afford. People could no longer use their regular wages to purchase whatever items they didnt have yet, because so much of the wages went to paying back past purchases. The U.S. economy was also reliant upon luxury spending and investment from the rich to stay afloat during the 10s. The largest problem with this reliance was that luxury spending and investment were based on the wealthys confidence in the U.S. economy. If conditions were to take a downturn (as they did when the market crashed in the fall of 1), this spending and investment would slow to a halt. Lastly, the search for ever greater returns on investment lead to wide-spread market speculation. Lack of distribution of wealth within our nation was not limited to only socioeconomic classes, but to entire industries. In 1 a mere 00 corporations controlled approximately half of all corporate wealth. During World War I the federal government had encouraged farmers to buy more land, to modernize their methods with the latest in farm technology, and to produce more food. This made sense during the war since Europe had to be fed too. However as soon as the war ended, the U.S. abruptly stopped its policies to help farmers. Farm and food prices tumbled. A last major instability of the American economy had to do with international wealth distribution problems. While America was prospering in the 10s, European nations were rebuilding themselves after the damage of war. During World War I the U.S. government lent its European allies $7 billion. American foreign lending continued in the 10s climbing to $00 million in 14. 0% of this money was used by the European allies to purchase U.S. goods. The nations the U.S. had lent money to (Britain, Italy, France, Belgium, Russia, Yugoslavia, Estonia, Poland, and others) were in no position to pay off the debts. The majority of their gold had been sent into the U.S. during and immediately after the war; they couldnt send more gold without completely ruining their currencies. In the 10s the United States was trying to be the worlds banker, food producer, and manufacturer, but bought as little as possible from the rest of the world in return. This attempt to have a "constantly favorable trade balance" could not work for long. If the United States would not buy from our European countries, then there was no way for them to buy from the Americans, or even to pay interest on U.S. loans. The weakness of the international economy certainly contributed to the Great Depression. Europe was dependent upon U.S. loans to buy U.S. goods, and the U.S. needed Europe to buy these goods to do well. From early 18 to September 1 the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose greatly. This sort of profit was tempting to investors. Company earnings became of little interest; as long as stock prices continued to rise huge profits could be made. Through the miracle of buying stocks on margin, one could buy stocks without the money to purchase them. Buying stocks on margin worked the same way as buying a car on credit. Investors craze over the plan of profits like this drove the market to extremely high levels. The exploratory boom in the stockmarket was based upon confidence. In the same way, the huge market crashes of 1 were based on fear. Prices had been drifting downward since early September, but generally people were optimistic. Speculators continued to flock to the market. Then, on Monday October 1 prices started to fall quickly. Investors became fearful. Knowing that prices were falling, but not by how much, they started selling quickly. This caused the collapse to happen faster. Prices stabilized a little on Tuesday and Wednesday, but then on Black Thursday, October 4, everything fell apart again. By this time most major investors had lost confidence in the market. Once enough investors had decided the boom was over, it was over. Partial recovery was achieved on Friday and Saturday when a group of leading bankers stepped in to try to stop the crash. But then on Monday the 8th prices started dropping again. By the end of the day the market had fallen 1%. The next day, Black Tuesday an unprecedented 16.4 million shares changed hands. This stock market crashes acted as a trigger to the already unstable U.S. economy. Due to the lack of distribution of wealth, the economy of the 10s was very much dependent upon confidence. The market crashes damaged this confidence. The rich stopped spending on luxury items, and slowed investments. The middle-class and poor stopped buying things with installment credit for fear of loosing their jobs, and not being able to pay the interest. Industrial production fell by more than % between the market crashes in October and December 1. As a result jobs were lost, and soon people starting failing to pay their interest payment. Thriving industries that had been connected with the automotive and radio industry started falling apart. Without a car people did not need fuel or tires; without a radio people had less need for electricity. To protect the nations businesses the U.S. imposed higher trade barriers (Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 10). Foreigners stopped buying American products. More jobs were lost, more stores were closed, more banks went under, and more factories closed. Unemployment grew to five million in 10, and up to thirteen million in 1. The country spiraled quickly into catastrophe. The Great Depression had begun.

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15 Best Books of All Time

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15 Best Books of All Time

1. The Godfather (Mario Puzo) Great characterization, vivid descriptions, fascinating look at a powerful subculture, well researched, much of it based on true people and events. The book is way better than the movies, and the movies deserved their Best Picture Oscars.

. Catch- (Joseph Heller) Most original novel I've ever read. Brilliant, funny, thought-provoking anti-war tract.

. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (the Bard). No bookshelf is complete without it. My copy has everything sonnets, tragedies, histories, comedies. I particularly recommend Hamlet, perhaps the greatest play ever written.

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4. Slaughterhouse Five (Kurt Vonnegut) Wonderful writing style, captivating story, original and funny way with words.

5. Johnny Got His Gun (Dalton Trumbo) Anti-war stream of consciousness from a World War I soldier who finds himself in an Army hospital after having both legs, both arms and his face blown off. He's alive, but he can't see, hear or smell or talk. Writing style is interesting, little attention paid to punctuation rules. Powerful.

6. The Right Stuff (Tom Wolfe) The Space Race as Cowboy Saga. Meticulously researched, reads like a novel, but all true. I loved it, but then, I've always been interested in space, astronauts, flight, etc.

7. The Way of Harmony, (Jim Dreaver) The book I'm currently reading. It's heavy on meditation and gives you the keys to the kingdom of inner peace and happiness . Probably won't be in my list two years from now, but today I think it's great. Makes you feel good just reading it.

8. Cosmos (Carl Sagan) The entire history of the universe, with special emphasis on the third planet from the sun and its silly inhabitants. Told in layman's terms, lavishly illustrated, thought-provoking and informative. Outdated in many ways now, but still a classic.

. Shoeless Joe (W.P. Kinsella) The book on which the movie Field of Dreams was based. The novel was better than the movie, and the movie was great. But if you don't like baseball or have unresolved psychological issues with your dad, it might not do much for you.

10. An Incomplete Education (Judy Jones) Everything you always wanted to know about everything, written in a breezy, trendy, humorous way. Irreverent but dead-on in its facts and accuracy. A book you can pick up anytime, turn to any page, learn something and be amused.

11. Les Miserables (Victor Hugo) I put this here for the stage play, not the novel, which is good but ponderous. The musical is beautiful, inspirational and moving.

1. Superstoe (William Borden) Ordinary storytelling, but fascinating concept, told in a whimsical and amusing fashion. What if a truly brilliant thinker were president? A somewhat eccentric genius is convinced to run, and his cabinet is a bunch of equally wacky and brilliant fellow ex-university professors. They completely revamp the American political and social scene.

1. Dave Barry Talks Back (Dave Barry) Maybe the funniest book ever written. A collection of his columns. Yes, he's done several collections, but this is the best. But maybe you have to be a male baby boomer to truly appreciate the humor. A close second to this book is Dave Barry Slept Here A Sort Of History of the United States. Not a collection of columns, but an actual theme carried throughout. Hilarious.

14. In Cold Blood (Truman Capote) A true story written like a novel, even more so than The Right Stuff. If all his facts, stories and dialogue were accurate, it would be a remarkable work. But the cynic and journalist in me wondered, because Capote doesn't concern himself with attribution, and I have since learned he invented a lot of it. Still a fine read.

15. The Winds of War / War and Remembrance (Herman Wouk) A joint entry for the original novel and its sequel. Competent storytelling, but the best part of these novels is that they bring World War II alive for anyone who didn't live through it.

Honorable Mention Messages (David Cunningham) It's told all in emails, which makes it breezy and easy to read, but the characters are poorly developed and the plot thin. Still, I admire the author for his lofty goal of answering the questions Why are we here? Is there life after death?

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Representaion of Satire in Gulliver's Travels

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Gulliver's Travels is a book written by Johnathan Swift. This book is about the adventures of a man on four different journeys. These journeys are read in first person in the form of a log-book. Gulliver is a man who is at sea and records all his encounters. In one of his journeys he is a man who is a giant compared to everyone else. In another one of his journeys, he is a -inch tall man compared to everyone. This book is known for it's satire. Satire is the use of ridicule , sarcasm, and irony to expose or attack something. In this case, satire is used to make fun of the 18th century British and European Society through Swift's description of imaginary countries such as Lilliput and Brobdingnag.

On Gulliver's first adventure, in Book I, he awakens on an island to find himself as a giant, tied down, and a prisoner. He is surrounded by six inch tall people known as the Lilliputians of Lilliput. Later on, he befriends the Lilliputians and begins to learn a little about their culture. He learns of their language, religion, and political practices. In the aspects of religion, there was a time where people were split between those who cracked the eggs at the large end versus the smaller end. This represented the satire of the separation of the Catholicism and Protestantism.

In political aspects, a politician wore high heals or low heals. High heals and low heals represented the Whigs and Tories. ( Now, Democrat and Republican. ) Another creative persona was how political favors were granted. Whether or not your wish was granted, if you were a politician, was determined by how well you could dance on a string in front of the King.

On Gulliver's second voyage, in Book II, he is now found to be a six-inch tall man surrounded by sixty-foot giants. These are the giants of Brobdingnag. There is a direct attack on humanity when Gulliver begins to fear for his life because of the size of the giants. The size of the Brobdingnag giants shadows the human form and habits, therefore, mocking the pride of the human form and appearance.

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These examples from Book I and II of Gulliver's Travels shows how Swift was using satire to try to get society to see their absurd ways and make them mad enough to want to do something to, hopefully, change it for the better. This is a better known work for the use of satire.

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Gothic Literature

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English Gothic literature began during the Romanticism period and has lasted until today still holding its own crowd of people and fans who enjoy the work. Gothic literature became part of the American writings when in the 1800s Charles Brockden Brown wrote his very first published novel, Wieland or, the transformation. Wieland shared many alike and different traits to the English gothic literature of the old times such as, trickery, deceit, ancestral curses, and explained supernatural events that drive the mild mannered Wieland into a crazed killing machine. (Thomson)

It is hard to define gothic literature in modern day English so instead of defining it, it has been divided up into four different types of gothic literature, equivocal gothic, supernatural gothic, historical gothic, and natural or explained gothic. Equivocal gothic makes events in the text ambiguous by way of mentally disturbed characters. Supernatural gothic consists of unexplainable events that may involve ghosts, zombies and other creatures of the dead. Natural or explained gothic first starts out as an unexplainable, supernatural event, but then unmasks itself becoming a feasible event that could happen currently in our society today. Historical gothic is a scenario set in the past with no occurrence of supernatural events.

Gothic literature can be summarized into four major points that often appear in most gothic writings. The first is the appearance of the supernatural or uncanny usually in or from a paranormal source. The second is the appearance of both terror, mental trauma, or horror, gore and violence. The fourth is a sense of mystery, distress and dread. The final aspect that could be found is the distressed heroine who usually is in trouble either being threatened by death, or forced to do an act, which she does not want to do. Gothic literature is also considered very feminine because of how the protagonist is usually female and female authors write most books.

Wieland is a novel filled with mystery and deception. Its can be classified as, equivocal gothic, because of how the mentally disturbed characters run the story, supernatural gothic, because of the unexplained spontaneous combustion that befalls Wieland Sr., and explained supernatural, because of how The "voices of god" turn out just to be a prank by Carwin's Ventriloquism. Transformation or all the characters takes place in the novel such as Carwin's Ventriloquism transforming Wieland from a calm man to a religious man of sorrows who slays his own wife and children. Clara also transforms from a sweet and innocent girl to discovering her murderous instincts. Carwin mentions that he has a "second personality" that forced him to do all of the heinous deeds he committed but at the end of the novel, it seems that he still hasn't changed from his old ways.

Another term that shows itself in Wieland is the explainable and unexplainable supernatural. The explainable supernatural occurs when Carwin uses his ventriloquism and impressions to make Theodore hear the fake voices of god that trigger his transformation. Carwin also impersonates Clara's voice and Catherine's voice throughout the novel. The unexplained supernatural is portrayed about why Wieland Sr. spontaneously combusted. He was a very religious man who supposedly did not obey god. This event is never explained in the book and remains a mystery even today. This event could be also classified as an ancestral curse because of this event possibly set of a chain reaction of events that caused the trauma in this novel. Two psychologies also exist in gothic literature, horror, and terror. Brown decided to use terror. The psychology of Wieland possesses a mysterious and eerie atmosphere. This atmosphere is used to psychologically scare and freak out the characters, classifying Wieland as a novel of terror.

Wieland compares with English gothic literature because, in theory, it still is. Even though it was written in America, It holds many of the traits that could classify it as English gothic literature. When this book was published as the first American gothic novel it inspired many writers. If it was not for Wieland, Edgar Allen Poe and Nathanial Hawthorne may have not written gothic literature at all and gothic literature as a whole would cease to exist in the Americas.

Please note that this sample paper on Gothic Literature is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Gothic Literature, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Gothic Literature will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!