Kurt

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Kurt Vonnegut Jr. is considered to be one of the leading figures of American literary postmodernism. All of his books are pointed to as clear examples of post-modern writing.

Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born in 1. Since the 150s he has published numerous novels and short stories, two plays and several works of non-fiction. All his books are strongly ironical and satirical, full of black humour and absurdity. Most of them are affected by his war experience, for example Mother Night, Hocus Pocus, or Slaughterhouse-Five. His books have become popular all over the world for their unusual language and composition, together with the way Vonnegut deals with their topics.

Postmodernism is a term that has been used since 150s. Nowadays it is connected with a wide-ranging cultural movement, which looks sceptically at the principles that have worked in Western thought and social life for the last few centuries - religion, education, philosophy, or government. In literature, art, music, and many other areas it makes use of irony, self-mockery, parody, black humour, allusiveness, play with language, labyrinthine plot, fragmented characters, and so on. These features, and several others, will be shown on Vonnegut s short novel Slaughterhouse-Five.

Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children s Crusade, A Duty Dance with Death, was written in 16. It is a very personal novel, which draws upon Vonnegut's own experience. He served in the United States Army during the Second World War. He was captured by the Germans and taken to Dresden, where he witnessed the fire-bombing and complete destruction of the town on 1th February 145.

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From the first pages of the book we can notice so called "writing about writing" throughout the book the two narrations are used personal (Vonnegut s own story about writing the book, where he describes his temptations to write about Dresden and his efforts to finally produce it),

"Nerad bych vám øíkal, kolik mne tato všivá knížka stála penìz a úzkosti a èasu."

and impersonal (the story of Billy Pilgrim who, similarly to the author, fights in WW, is taken prisoner by the Germans and witnesses the fire-storming of Dresden).

In the text a kind of a refrain is used every single death in the book is commented on with "tak to chodí" ("so it goes") an empty phrase, an (ironic) sigh of compassion, words that the Tralfamadorians say about their death friends

"Její matka byla zpopelnìna v drážïansk m ohniv m pekle. Tak to chodí."

"... Paul Lazarro mìl asi pùl kila diamantù a smaragdù a rubínù a tak. Sebral je mrtvým v drážïanských sklepích. Tak to chodí."

Irony, or the figure of speech in which the intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words used, is employed throughout the story, much in the postmodern tradition. It is ironic that Billy knows ahead of time what each of the moments of his life are going to be as well as the knowledge that these moments are inevitable. Vonnegut lets us share this type of experience with Billy through the character of Edgar Derby, an elderly man that befriends Billy during the war, and who, we are reminded constantly, right up until it happens, will eventually be executed by the Germans. Most of the moments in Billy's life share in this dark irony Edgar Derby survives the bombing of Dresden, only to be executed for stealing a teapot;

"A nìkde tam byl chudák støedoškolský uèitel Edgar Derby pøistižen s èajníkem, který sebral v katakombách. Byl zatèen pro rabování. Byl souzen a zastøelen.

Tak to chodí."

Billy's wife dies of carbon monoxide poisoning on the way to the hospital to visit him, after he is the only person to survive a plane crash that kills her father

"...Všichni kromì Billyho se zabili. Tak to chodí.

Zatímco se Billy ve vermontsk nemocnici sbíral k životu, jeho manželka se nešastnou náhodou otrávila kyslièníkem uhelnatým. Tak to chodí."

Another feature typical for postmodern literature is "time-switching". Billy Pilgrim has a unique ability to become unstuck in time , which means that he can uncontrollably drift from one part of his life to another. The whole book is organized in the same way Billy moves in time. It consists of numerous sections and paragraphs put together in no chronological order, seemingly at random. In one moment we see Billy going downstairs to the kitchen

"Billy Pilgrim se šoural po svých promodralých a slonovinových nohách dolù. Vešel do kuchynì, kde mìsíc pøitáhl jeho pozornost k poloprázdn láhvi šampaòsk ho na kuchyòsk m stole..."

There he is "watching" a war film from its end to the beginning, and again in a normal way

"Americká letadla, plná dìr a ranìných a mrtvol, se pozpátku vznesla z anglick ho letištì. Nad Francií se k nim pozpátku pøipojilo nìkolik nìmeckých stíhaèek a z nìkterých letounù a jejich posádek vysály kulky a støepiny."...

Up comes a flying saucer and Billy is taken on board, watched, and anaesthetized. He comes round not in his kitchen, but in a German goods-wagon, back in WW

"Ohromn zrychlení talíøe, opouštìjícího Zemi, zkroutilo Billyho klimbající schránku, zkøivilo mu oblièej, pøemístilo ho v èase, poslalo zpátky do války. Když opìt nabyl vìdomí, nebyl už v l tajícím talíøi. Byl opìt v dobytèáku køižujícím Nìmeckem."

All these events happened within three pages. The quick changing of situations war, Billy's home and family, Tralfamador makes the plot complicated and difficult to follow.

Apart from "time-switching" we can also notice the frequent place-switching. This world is met by another world, the planet of alien beings Tralfamadorians, who kidnap Billy and keep him in their zoo, where he lives with a beautiful movie star Montana Wildback

"Montana byla omámena silnými sedativy. Tralfamadoøan s plynovými maskami ji vnesli do kopule, uložili do Billyho žlut lenošky, vytratili se pøetlakovou kabinou. Mohutný dav venku šílel nadšením. Všechny dosavadní rekordy návštìvnosti zoo padly. Všichni obyvatel planety chtìli vidìt, jak se Pozemšan páøí."

This situation, together with typical short dialogues and quick action, are similar to those used in science fiction and comic books. Vonnegut, however, doesn't take the sci-fi elements with the same seriousness as the other sci-fi writers. Science fiction is a popular source for postmodern pastiche a kind of permutation of the components of a style.

In postmodern texts there are often names that are symbolical in some way. The main character of this book, Billy Pilgrim, is a real "pilgrim in time" and space.

Intertextuality, or the use of literary allusions quotations, paraphrases or parody is also typical for post-modern writing. When consulting his novel with an old friend O Hara, the author quotes a book by Charles Mackay dealing with a children's crusade (Children's Crusade is a subtitle of Vonnegut s novel), a short prayer by a Christian philosopher and priest Friedrich Pettinger is quoted twice (for the first time it appears on the wall of Billy s surgery , for the second time we can read these words inside a medal between the breasts of Montana Wildback ). Also some characters of the book come from Vonnegut s previous books, as is Kilgore Trout, a sci-fi author and, similarly like Billy Pilgrim, a partly autobiographical character; Mr. Eliot Rosewater, constantly drunk soldier who is fond of science fiction (in God Bless You, Mr.Rosewater); the Tralfamadorians, etc.

From the examples introduced in this essay it is clear that Kurt Vonnegut Jr. is an outstanding representative of post-modern literature. In his novel we can see many features typical for the style of postmodernism intertextuality, irony, time and place switching, symbolical characters, examples of writing about writing, or kinds of a refrain.

Bibliography

Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. Jatka è.5 (Slaughterhouse-Five). Trans. Jaroslav Koøán. Praha Mladá fronta 175.

Lewis, Barry. "Postmodernism and Literature." The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism. Ed. Stuart Sim. London Routledge 001.

Ruland, Richard and Malcolm Bradbury. From Puritanism to Postmodernism. New York Viking Penguin 11.

http//www.birmingham.ac.uk/english/bibliography/work/bp/laura/postmodern/, .1.00

http//www.etsu.edu/writing/mo&pomo/vonnegut/

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A True Dancer

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A dancer, a real dancer is someone who puts all of his or her heart, soul, and hard work into dancing. A dancer is someone who practices until its perfect and never gives up. A dancer is someone who gives their all even when they don't feel like it. A dancer dances when music is playing and often times when it is not. A dancer lives for their performance, their few minutes of fame.It was that time. It was time for the performance. She was ready. She had prepared most of her life for this night. It may seem, to others, that preparing your entire life for one night is a waste of time. Because she was a dancer and dance was her life, it was no waste of time. It was a way of expression, a way of beauty, and a way of life that only a select few have the endurance to live. For these select few, dancing and performing are what they enjoy most. Nothing pleases them more than pretty music, an empty stage, and a pair of ballet shoes. So this night was very important.

The costume, although not very comfortable or attractive, was important for her performance. The costume made her look and feel like a perfect dancer. Everyone in her routine had the same costume and it made the group of giggling girls look more like a group of graceful swans. As they put the costumes on, they instantly were transformed from a girl in a jogging suit to a ballerina. The air smelled of hair spray and new leather ballet shoes. Sequins and sparkles were all over the place and it was easy to tell just by walking into the room that it was time for a recital. Tendus, pli s, arabesques, and pirouettes were all taking place as part of the dancers' practice.

"Practice makes perfect" was and is a good saying for a dancer. "Practice makes blisters" may, however be a more accurate one. Either way you look at it, practice is essential for a good performance. So, practice was what the dancers did as they waited for their turn in the spotlight. Practice took away some of the tension and gave the dancers something to do other than pace back and forth with sweaty palms.

The dancers practiced until their turn to get up on the stage. When it was their turn, their hearts filled with joy and they all smiled. They all felt like they were in the right place when they were on stage. The lights, the wooden floor, the audience, and the music…it was perfect. And as all of this was put together, the dancers joined in and their few minutes of fame were perfect and wonderful.

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"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of image, not language."

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Although image may have a few advantages in some public communication situations, language has some features which make it a more effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people.

Admittedly, in some cases, image has the advantages of being easier to understand and more impressive, for example, a valentine token might be more manifest and moving than the10 pages of a love letter; a picture of two contrasting colorful columns might be more effective to express the meaning of "the sales volume of this year is much higher that that of last year." This is why we often use some figures and tables as a supplementary way in our presentations.

However, language has more effective features which make it the major communication way. First, language can express an idea or value more precisely. Image might be more illustrative in expressing some nouns and verbs, but it cannot effectively express some adjectives and adverbs. For example, it is very difficult to use images to express "ambitious", "misgiving", etc. Image might be less effective to express some complicated meanings too. For example, it might be impossible to use images to express "an idea or value".

Secondly, language can be easier to write. We can use one color of ink to express colorful meaning. We can use 4 words to express "large groups of people" instead of using a picture of a lot of people. This also means language is more concise than image. Thus, we can use less paper and save more time.

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Thirdly, language might be easier to standardize while image is too complicated to do so. For example, different people might have different ways to draw a picture of "a beautiful flower" as they might have different definitions of the beauty of the flower.

In sum, language has more nice features to make it the most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people. This is also the case in real life. Actually, Chinese language has in fact a history of transforming from a language composed of image-like characters to a standardized simple one. For instance, in primitive Chinese characters, the sun is written as a circle with a dot at the center of it it is like a real sun, isn't it? And the word "morning" is drawn by adding a horizontal line under the "sun" so that the "morning" means the time when the sun is just above the horizontal line. Isn't this figurative? However, as the time went on, our ascendants realized that the image-like characters are too burdensome, for example, there is a saying in Chinese that in order to describe a person has a lot of knowledge, it says that the burden of the books in his house could make a bull sweating. (Isn't this interesting?) Thus, our ascendants have simplified our language into an easier-to-write one.

As compared with image, language has the features of being able to express an idea and value more precisely and more concisely, and being easier to write and standardize, thus it is a more effective way in public communication. This is also the case in real life.

Please note that this sample paper on "The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of image, not language." is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of image, not language.", we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on "The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of image, not language." will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

About a Boy

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The novel I have selected for this exploration study assignment is About A Boy by Nick Hornby. There are several complex characters in this novel worthy character exploration. As I was most fascinated by the character development of Marcus throughout the novel, I have chosen to further explore his character. My exploration will focus on the influence Fiona, Will and Ellie have had on Marcus' character development.

At the beginning of this novel Marcus is portrayed as a misfit with very low self-esteem, and lacking in self-confidence. Marcus considers himself to be weird because his mother Fiona is weird. Although Marcus argues with Fiona when he has a difference of opinion, he loses every argument. As Fiona is a "hippie" from the seventies she insists that Marcus has long shiny hair, and that he wears clothing that is out of style. Marcus is deprived by his mother from listening to current popular music, and is forced to listen to Joni Mitchell. Since Fiona is a vegetarian Marcus must likewise be a vegetarian. Marcus sings for his mother to make her happy, but occasionally forgets himself and sings out loud in public places such as his classroom. It is evident that the influence Fiona is having on Marcus is causing him to be ridiculed and taunted by his peers at school. Marcus has a very difficult time making friends in his new school, as would be friends also get targeted for similar treatment. Prier to meeting Will, Fiona is the only meaningful person in Marcus' life. His love for his mother, his fear of losing her, and his desire for making her happy are more important to Marcus, than his own well being. Two traumatic events occur on the day that Marcus first meets Will, which profoundly influence his character development. When Marcus accidentally kills a duck at the park, Will comes to his rescue and deliberately lies to the attendant in order to protect Marcus. Marcus is very disturbed by this event but is very impressed by the fact that Will protected him. When Marcus returns from the park with Will and Suzzie he finds his mother unconscious from a deliberate overdose of pills. Fiona recovers from the suicide attempt but Marcus unfortunately stumbles on her suicide note prior to her return from the hospital. The attempted suicide and reading the suicide note have a devastating effect on Marcus' character. The fear of losing his mother to the suicide haunts Marcus throughout the novel. He especially worries about Fiona when she is acting depressed or is alone at home.

Marcus arranges for Will to take his mother and him out for dinner with the hope that Will and Fiona will develop a relationship. He rationalizes that Will might make his mother happy, and if his mother is happy she will not commit suicide. It soon becomes obvious to Marcus that Will has no romantic interest in Fiona. A major turning point in Marcus' character development occurs when he decides to befriend Will. He finally makes a decision exclusively for his own benefit.

Marcus shows great determination in pursuing his friendship with Will. He follows Will home from a shopping centre to determine where he lives. From his very visit to Will's flat, Marcus exhibits great self-confidence. He has no qualms when he accuses Will of not having a child. Marcus and Will soon develop a close relationship that enriches both of their characters.

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Will has a remarkable positive effect on Marcus' character development. 0n one occasion Will chases away several teenagers that are victimizing Marcus at Will's door. Because of this incident Marcus finally tells Will of his horrible experience at school, as well as his personal concerns. Will teaches Marcus the importance of becoming "invisible" by "fitting in." Marcus learns from Will that Joni Mitchell is no longer popular, and that Nirvana is "cool." Will also teaches Marcus the importance of fashion and appropriate hairstyle, and buys Marcus a new pair of sneakers. By having Will as a friend, Marcus now has someone to help him with his concerns. Will also teaches Marcus the importance of assertiveness, and independent thinking. This becomes evident when Marcus challenges his mother on why he must be a vegetarian. When Marcus confesses to his mother that the sneakers, which were stolen from him, had been purchased by Will she learns the truth of his relationship with Will. Marcus is assertive in defending Will and tells his mother that Will understands him better than she does. Marcus finally wins an argument with Fiona when he tells her that he needs a father. Despite his mothers concerns Marcus continues to visit Will.

When Marcus is called into Mrs. Morrison's office in regard to the stolen sneakers, she advises him "I mean I'm sure you've thought of this, but couldn't you just try keeping out of the way?" Marcus replies, "I'm finished with you" and walks out of the office. When Mr. Patel gives Marcus the same advice earlier in the novel Marcus listens passively. Marcus is now a stronger person, and is no longer willing to take the blame for the abusive actions of others.

When Will spends Christmas with Fiona and Marcus, he encounters a rude reception from Suzzie. As Will is about to leave Marcus proclaims that Will is his friend, and he wants him to stay. Marcus trivializes Will's previous indiscretions by stating "All he did was make up a kid for a couple of weeks." Marcus shows great maturity when he feigns enthusiasm while he opens up the "boring" gifts his mother gave him.

Marcus demonstrates his loyalty to Will when he agrees to pretend to be Will's son in order for Will to impress Rachel. He realizes this is a bad idea, but he cannot refuse his best friend's request. Will has a negative impact on Marcus' character development. At Rachel's place Marcus is verbally assaulted by Rachel's son Ali. Marcus shows excellent judgment by walking away from Ali and not participating in the lunacy.

Marcus first meets Ellie outside of Mrs. Morrisons' office. Although Ellie is rude to Marcus she warms up to him quickly and soon becomes his friend. Ellie is a very rebellious girl who bullies and intimidates people to have her way. She is also a huge fan of Kurt Cobain. Marcus feels a new sense of confidence when he is with Ellie as children are afraid to harass him.

On the day that Kurt Cobain attempts suicide Marcus is reminded of his mother's suicide attempt and begins to cry in Ellie's presence. It is evident how the fear of his mother committing suicide continues to worry him.

Although Ellie is constantly getting into trouble, Marcus can initially only see her positive attributes. Marcus shows disrespect for his mother when he invites Ellie to travel with him to visit his father. Upon learning of Kurt Cobain's death, Ellie goes hysterical, becomes drunk, and smashes the window of a music store. Although Marcus is three years younger than Ellie he demonstrates great maturity in trying to console Ellie, and attempts to stop her from drinking. When Ellie commits vandalism, Marcus stays near her and does not consider running away. Once again his loyalty to a friend is witnessed. At the police station Marcus vents his anger by telling Lindsey to shut up and letting his father what a useless father he is. The rudeness of his comments maybe attributed to the negative effect Ellie has had on Marcus' father.

Marcus comes to the realization that Ellie is a dangerous person to associate with away from school, and is not right for him as a girlfriend. Ellie's behaviour did not matter much in school because "school was full of walls and rules, and she could bounce off them, but out in the world where there was no walls and rules she was crazy. She could blow up in his face anytime."

At the conclusion of this novel Marcus' character has been completely transformed. Marcus' haircuts and his style of dressing become like everyone else, and he is more circumspect when he speaks. Marcus credits his friendships with Will and Ellie for helping him carry the "loads of life." He compares these friendships to a human pyramid, "It doesn't really matter who they are, does it, as long as they're there and you don't let them get away without finding someone else." Marcus often stated, "two is not enough." Through their new friendships both Marcus and Fiona appear to be well adjusted for the moment.

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Osmosis

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I have been asked to investigate how a manufacturer of frozen chips could increase their profit margin. I have been told that frozen chips are sold by weight, therefore I have to find a way to increase a frozen chips weight without increasing the manufacturing cost by any significant amount. One way to do this would be to increase the concentration of water within the potato chips. I have investigated what scientific information might be useful and found that water can diffuse across a potatoes membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution by a process called osmosis. According to Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 8, osmosis is The flow of water by diffusion through a differently permeable membrane from areas of high water concentration to areas of low water concentration. The diagram below shows this To get heavier potato chips, the water has to enter the potato chips through osmosis. All plant cell membranes are differentially permeable, which means that they will allow some substances through and not others. Water can freely penetrate all membranes. Using this information we know that we can increase the weight of a potato chip through osmosis, however we want to maximise the increase in weight, so we have to consider what factors affect the rate of osmosis. One factor is the water concentration of the solution you add to the potato chip. When a substance, such as sugar, dissolves in water, the sugar molecules attract water molecules and combine with them. The water molecules now combined with sugar molecules are no longer free to move and so the effective concentration of free water molecules in this solution has been reduced. The more sugar molecules there are in a solution, the more water molecules will be tied upö. In other words, the more concentrated a solution is, the fewer free water molecules it will contain. The two diagrams below show this The diagram below shows a dilute sugar solution separated from a concentrated sugar solution by a thin membrane. The membrane prevents the solutions mixing freely but allows individual water molecules and sugar molecules to pass through. There are free water molecules on the left than on the right and so the water molecules will pass more rapidly through the membrane from the left to the right than from the right to the left. The effect water concentration has on osmosis through a plant cell can be shown by a simple experiment, you take three small pieces from the inner epidermis of an onion bulb scale, and place one in each of the following solutions Distilled water, a 0.5 M sucrose solution, and a 1 M sucrose solution. After 15 minutes you place each piece of tissue on a microscope slide in the same solution in which it has been removed. Cover each with a cover slip and examine with the highest power of a microscope. Below is a drawing and explanation of what is seen. This experiment shows that the higher the water concentration of the solution a cell is immersed in, the more water will penetrate the membrane and enter the cell. I t also shows that water can be extracted if the water concentration of the cell is higher than the water concentration of the solution. Another factor is surface area of potato chip, this is because the larger the surface area, the more places that water can enter the potato chip. Another factor is temperature, the higher the temperature, the more energy in the water molecules, therefore the faster they move. The faster the molecules move the quicker they can get through the membrane, and therefore the more that can get through in a given period of time. Another variable is the amount of time that you immerse the potato chips in the solution, the longer that you immerse the potato chips the more molecules of water that can transfer. Another variable is amount of light, the more light, the more energy, so the molecules move faster. The faster the molecules move the quicker they can get through the membrane, and therefore the more that can get through in a given period of time. The final variable is the water potential of the potato. The osmotic potential of a solution is a measure of whether it is likely to lose or gain water molecules from another solution. A dilute solution, with its high proportion of free water molecules, is said to have a higher osmotic potential than a concentrated solution, because water will flow from the dilute to the concentrated solution (from a high to a low potential). Pure water has the highest possible osmotic potential because water molecules will flow from it to any other aqueous solution, no matter how dilute. The higher the water potential of the potato the less growth that can occur due to osmosis, this is because less water would flow into the potato. In general the osmotic potential of a potato is determined by a potatoes variety and the way the potato chips are prepared eg. washed, dried etc. The above information came from worksheets handed out in class, Microsoft encarta encyclopedia 8, and the CGP GCSE Biology revision guide. I have decided to further investigate the effects of the variables type of potato and length of time immersed in solution. I will investigate the potato types Nadine, Majorcan, New, Pembrokeshire, Maris Piper, and Maris pier. For my experiment I will firstly cut 8 pieces of each variety of potato using a cork borer to ensure all potatoes are the same size. Then I will weigh all the pieces on a weighing scale twice and average the results to ensure accuracy, these results will be recorded in a table. I will then place all the potato pieces on a waterproof mat, to minimise water loss due to absorption. I will fill six petri dishes and label each one with one of the six potato varieties. I will then fill all of the petri dishes with the water solution. As I found out in my preliminary experiment the rate of osmosis is increased by using a dilute solution. I will be using a pure water as this has the highest possible osmotic potential. I will then place all the potato pieces in their respective petri dishes and start a stopwatch. I will ensure that they are all completely covered in water and all an equal distance apart from each other. I will then take one potato piece out of every petri dish with tweezers every five minutes between 5 and 40 minutes. When a piece is taken out, its weight is taken twice and the results averaged to ensure an accurate final weight. The final weight is recorded in the table and using the initial weight and the final weight the growth in weight and percentage is worked out. To ensure that this experiment is fair , I will keep the water concentration at 100% (pure water) for all the experiments, this will ensure that the water concentration does not distort the results and as the preliminary experiment proved ensure maximum osmotic activity. The surface area of the potato chip will not be a factor as we will use the same cork borer to ensure that they are the same diameter and a scalpel to ensure they are the same length. Temperature should not be a factor as all the experiments will be performed simultaneously and all at the same (room) temperature. The amount of light should not be a factor as all experiments will be performed in the same classroom with the same lighting conditions. To eliminate the distortion different preparation methods could produce all the potato pieces will be prepared in the same way. This leaves the type of potato and amount of time immersed in solution as the two independent variables. The mass of the potato chip is the dependant variable. Also to ensure that error due to inaccurate readings or abnormal results are reduced, we will be taking readings twice and averaging the results, and taking 8 readings over the experiments length. To ensure that the experiment is safe we will use the cork borers and scalpels on solid mats, and use them with the greatest of care. Using my research work, I can make the prediction that as the length of time immersed in solution increases so will the percentage growth. This is because pure water has the highest possible osmotic potential and therefore, loses water particles to any other substance, and the more time a material is immersed, the more water molecules can penetrate the semi permeable membrane. I believe that the variety of potato will have an effect due to their naturally varying osmotic potentialÆs.

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