Grangers

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Grangers

In 1867 Oliver H. Kelley founded the "The Order of the Patrons of Husbandry",

the national grange. The group was originally established for social and educational

purposes. Yet it expanded as the local granges became political forums and increased in

number as channels of farmer protest against economic abuses of the day. The granges

sought to correct these abuses through cooperative enterprise. Oliver H. Kelley, an

avowed "book farmer", advocated experimentation, advanced methods, and increased

communication among farmers. After viewing first hand, the wretched conditions in the

post Civil War south, Kelley founded this group of whom headquarters was his home for

its first years.

The grangers associated themselves with the Populist Party, whom adopted a

platform calling for an abundance of different reforms. Some of which included the free

coinage of silver, abolition of national banks, a sub treasury scheme or some similar

system, a graduated income tax, plenty of paper money, government ownership of all

forms of transportation and communication, election of Senators by direct vote of the

people, non ownership of land by foreigners, civil service reform, a working day of eight

hours, postal banks, pensions, revision of the law of contracts, and reform of immigration

regulations.

The grangers also fought to eliminate trusts, as there was very just cause in this

battle. They were in part successful with the establishment of stores, grain elevators, and

mills, but they met disaster in their attempt to manufacture farm machinery. New

innovations allowed for this group's members to embark upon financial ventures they

previously would not have been able to make. They opened a series of cooperative stores

which helped to dissemble what was the norm at the time, the monopoly.

The grangers wanted the government to regulate major projects, such as railroad,

yet have less control of finances. They wanted the government to discontinue the idea of

a national bank. They also pushed for free coinage of silver and an excess of paper

money. All of these ideas and principles were all part of the ultimate goal to eliminate

trusts.

The grangers were a unique group that brought a new way of thinking towards

agriculture and government. There is still an active granger or "Order of the Patrons of

Husbandry" today, which only goes to prove that the ideas of the group were not ignored.

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The regime, after all, gave most Germans what they wantedHow justified is this view of NAzi rule in Germnay between 1933-39?

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By the end of the First World War, Germany was in ruin. Her economy was crippled by the burden of having to pay reparations for the war and her pride in tatters after the surrender of territory and substantial reduction in armed forces brought about by the harsh Treaty of Versailles. The Weimar Republic put in place after the end of WWI was vulnerable to political attack and Hitler and the Nazi party exploited this by attaining the Enabling Act; it was not long before Hitler established himself as dictator of Germany. The German people had been looking for a man to take control of the situation and Hitler, seemingly, had answered their call but did his Nazi regime give the people of Germany what they wanted?

Hitler's first aim was to bring Germany out of economic decline and set it back on the road to become a major world power once again. The constant flow of money out of Germany had to be stopped reparation payments were cancelled and foreign companies that were owed money had to take it in goods or credit. This, along with rearmament, Compulsory Labour Service for everyone between 18 and 5 and universal military service boosted industry and eradicated unemployment.

This obviously gave the workers of Germany the job stability that they desired. In 1 6 million people were out of work and Hitler's policies managed to gain full employment by 17. Coupled with this dramatic rise in employment, wages also rose the skilled labour force enjoyed a slight rise in their standard of living, white collar employees benefited from regular salary rises and dividends paid to investors climbed.

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Further policies were put in place to keep the workers content; medical services were improved, longer holidays with pay were created and a focus on leisure time was introduced by the "Strength Through Joy programme". These all certainly satisfied the wants of the workers but they had to endure reforms which were not so beneficiary such as the replacement of Trade Unions by a Labour Front to which membership was compulsory, the criminalisation of strikes and an increase in working day length.

Demonstrations of the advancement of Germany impressed the people and reinforced their adoration of Hitler. Immense 'Autobahnen' or motorways were built all across Germany and the Volkswagen (People's car) was promised. Welfare services improved, particularly through the Winter Help organisation which raised hundreds of millions of marks for the distressed.

The Nazis believed that individual people did not matter. What was important, they believed, was a strong central government. Individuals were forced to accept the roles given to them in society - women should be educated to become housewives and mothers, men should be educated to become workers and soldiers. This reduced freedom under the regime as people were taught to do what they were told for the good of Germany. Under normal circumstances people would rebel against this loss of freedom but they had been brainwashed through propaganda to despise the 'freedom' experienced before the Nazi regime and that which was present in other countries around the world.

The lives of German women underwent the most radical change. They were stripped of jobs within the Nazi party or in the courts and were pressured into staying in the home, looking after their husbands and bearing children. It was Hitler's policy to "strangle higher education for women"- the syllabus was changed so that girls mainly took domestic subjects and attaining further education was nigh on impossible. The Nazi slogan 'Kinder, Kirche, Kuche' (children, church, kitchen) epitomises what was expected of every German woman. Women who had no children were looked down upon and classed as deserters- traitors to the cause, conversely women who had many children were praised and given various awards as recognition of their service to Germany. A married couple were not seen as a family by the State until they had four children.

The Nazis realised that control of the emerging generation was essential to the success of their regime. By 1 all children had to join Nazi youth organisations, they were indoctrinated at the age of five and had to stay on until reaching eighteen. By this time they had taken oaths and been bathed in so much pro-nazi propaganda that they were all absolutely dedicated to Hitler- ready to die for him. The children also took part in 'fun' activities such as camping and sports but also had to listen to numerous lectures regarding the finer points of National Socialism.

Most Germans seemed to have accepted Hitler's ideals but for those who refused, life could be unpleasant. All other political parties were banned and leaders of such partiers were placed in concentration camps and the Gestapo was set up which was used to spy on people at all times. Any sign of complaint could lead to arrest and 're-education' or complete disappearance. The Nazis controlled all books and newspapers, films and radio programmes. Any writers, painters or composers that the Nazis disapproved of were banned. Hitler realised that by controlling what people read, looked at and listened to, he could control people's ideas.

Every dictatorial system requires a scapegoat to attain full backing and the main one used by the Nazis was the Jewish race in its` entirety. Hitler blamed the Jews for everything that had gone wrong in Germany, including the loss of WWI, and portrayed them as scheming and villainous and likened them to rats. At first Jews were banned from some professions medicine, dentistry, the civil service fro example. They also found that their shops were occasionally boycotted. Then in 15 the Nuremberg Laws were announced these made Jews second-class citizens and prevented them from marrying non-Jews. They also lost the right to vote and had to use separate seats in buses and parks which were painted yellow. In 18, in what was known as the Crystal Night, Jewish synagogues shops and houses all over Germany were attacked. It took place after a Jew was accused of murdering a German. From then on Jews were forced out of Germany and after the war broke out, put in ghettos and concentration camps.

Concluding, it would be hard to argue whether or not people were generally satisfied with their role in society as nobody dared speak up for fear of the Gestapo. Hitler exploited basic human weaknesses; he told the Germans they were better than everyone else, truly made them believe it and it was this restoration in German pride which gave him power over the German people. The regime probably did give most Germans (with the obvious exception of Jews, gypsies, homosexuals and other minorities) what they wanted. However, this was only because the Nazi party first taught people what they wanted before giving them it.

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A brief biography of bret harte

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A Brief Biography of Bret Harte

Francis Bret Harte was born in Albany New York on August 5, 18. In 1854, his mother, a widow, moved him to California. In California Harte worked as a miner, school teacher, express messenger, printer, and journalist. While in San Francisco writing for The Californian he worked with Mark Twain, Charles Warren Stoddard, Prentice Mulford and the editor, Henry Webb. He contributed many poems and prose pieces to the paper. Bret Harte was appointed Secretary of the United States Branch Mint at San Francisco. He held that office until 1870.

Harte became the first editor of the Overland Monthly. The Luck of Roaring Camp published in the Overland Monthly brought him instant and wide fame. He was thereafter requested to contribute poems and articles to a number of publications. His stories of the American West were much in demand in the eastern United States. In 1871 he moved to New York. He later moved to Boston. Harte continued to write poetry and prose, and enjoyed wide popularity.

In 1878 Bret Harte was appointed United States Consul at Crefeld, Germany. Harte was transferred to Glasgow, Scotland in 1880. Thereafter he resided in London.

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He died in Camberely, England on May 6, 10 from throat cancer.

Historic Event in the 1800's that Influenced Bret Harte

Harte's works were all somehow influenced by the California Gold Rush of 184. His interest in Western literature and his success of transforming his writings into popular fiction led many writers to explore American West themes. Most of his stories focus on characters the he thought were worthy of treatment for their own sake and his plots were very artificial. His plots were sentimental which made it appealing top young readers, but it took time before he became popular amongst adults.

Analysis of "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"

The short story "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" tells the fortunes of four "outcasts" from the California gold camp of Poker Flat, who have been escorted to the city limits by a vigilance committee and told never to return at the risk of their lives. The four outcasts are Mr. John Oakhurst, a professional gambler, "the Duchess" and "Mother Shipton," two prostitutes; and "Uncle Billy," a drunkard, suspected as well of the more serious crime of robbing sluices. The four outcasts hope to find shelter in the neighboring settlement of Sandy Bar, a long day's journey away over a steep mountain range; but at noon, the weary Duchess calls a stop to the journey, saying she will "go no further." They go into camp, despite Mr. Oakhurst's pointing out that they have neither equipment nor provisions. The only thing they have is liquor which makes them forget the rest of the journey to Sandy Bar. Oakhurst does not drink, but out of a feeling of loyalty stays with his companions. Sometime later during the afternoon, the 4 outcasts are joined by refugees from Sandy Bar, Tom Simson and his fianc e, Piney Woods. They have with them, extra provisions. They have escaped from Sandy Bar because of the objections of Piney's father to their marriage and are planning to get married in Poker Flat. It becomes evident that Simson, referred throughout the story as the "Innocent," had once lost to Oakhurst his "entire fortune- amounting to some forty dollars"- and that after the game was over Oakhurst had taken the young man aside and given him his money back, saying simply "you're a good little man, but you can't gamble worth a cent. Don't try it over again." Since it is now too later to travel on, the outcasts and the young lovers decide to camp in a ruined house near the trail. During the night Uncle Billy abandons the group, taking all the animals with him. It also begins to snow. The party is snowed in, but the situation isn't too bad considering they have enough food for 10 days. They all begin to make the cabin livable and spend the first few days listening to the accordion the Innocent plays, and to the Iliad which he has recently read. The situation deteriorates. Another snowstorm isolates the camp, although they are able to see far below them the smoke of Poker Flat. On the tenth day, Mother Shipton, "once the strongest of the party," which had mysteriously been growing weaker, dies. She starved herself to death to save the lives of the young ones. She had saved her portions and wrapped them up in a bundle. Mr. Oakhurst then makes a pair of snowshoes out of a pack saddles and gives them to the Innocent, whom he sends off to Poker Flat in a last attempt to bring aid. If the Innocent reaches Poker Flat within two days, all will be well. He follows the Innocent part way on his journey toward Poker Flat, but does not return. Back at the camp the situation goes from bad to worse. Only the Duchess and Piney are left, and although they discover and are grateful for the pile of wood Mr. Oakhurst has secretly left for them, they are not able to start a fire. They die of starvation in the snow and are found by a rescue party too late. Oakhurst commits suicide at the end of the story. The story ends with a rehearsal of his life, written by himself on a deuce of clubs and pinned to a pine tree with a bowie knife "Beneath this tree lies the body of John Oakhurst, who struck a streak of bad luck on the rd on November 1850, and handed in his checks on the 7th of December, 1850."

A group of outcasts is sent up a long day's journey to another place. They stop only halfway; that is half a day's journey there. The place they left is clearly visible behind them. They start off with four people in total and two join them later. When Uncle Billy escapes, only five remain. It is never clarified what Uncle Billy could have possibly wanted by stealing the animals, considering he had no food for them or himself, nor is an explanation of how he managed to escape from right under their noses, when earlier in the story it was mentioned that Mr. Oakhurst was a light sleeper. When Uncle Billy leaves the group, they discover that they have sufficient food for ten days. Mother Shipton eats none of hers, dying at the end of the week. With Mr. Oakhurst about to commit suicide, it leaves enough food for the remaining two survivors to survive until the rescue party arrives. Since Harte is known for creating sentimental plots, he lets his story end a very tragic and nostalgic way. Perhaps Harte's mistake is that in his persistent search for California gold, he did not know where to find it. He never was able to strike it rich, and throughout his life applied this concept of the same tragic ending to all his literary works.

Harte's Works and Publication Dates

Principal Short Fiction

The Lost Galleon and Other Tales, 1867

Condensed Novels, 1867

The Luck of the Roaring Camp and Other Sketches, 1870

Stories of the Sierras, 187

Mrs. Skagg's Husbands, 187

Tales of the Argonauts, 1875

Thankful Blossom, 1877

The Story of a Mine, 1878

Drift from Two Shores, 1878

The Twins of Table Mountain, 187

Flip and Found at Blazing Star, 188

In the Carquinez Woods, 188

Maruja, 1885

The Crusade of the Excelsior, 1887

A Millionare of Rough-and-Ready, 1887

A Phyllis of the Sierras, 1888

Cressy, 188

The Heritage of Dedlow Marsh, 188

A Waif of the Plains, 180

A First Family of Tasajara, 181

Sally Dows, 18

A Protegee of Jack Hamlin's, 184

The Bell-Ringer of Angel's, 184

In a Hollow of the Hills, 185

Barker's Luck and Other Stories, 186

Three Partners, 187

Tales of Trail and Town, 188

Stories in Light and Shadow, 188

Mr. Hack Hamlin's Meditation, 18

Condensed Novels Second Series, 10

Trent's Trust, 10

The Story of Enriquez, 14

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Kings of the road

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They are the fastest way of transport in town. Not your conventional method of getting around but, hey, you arrive at your destination nevertheless, maybe with a few odd bruises here and there and feeling somewhat dazed after the ride.

They are the so-called "black taxis", which have now become the principal means of transport for the vast majority of black South Africans. It is unlikely that you will find yourself using one unless you are incredibly desperate – like I was.

I was in desperate need of a form of transport to Wynberg one day and I was beginning to think that I had to get there by foot, when from a distance I heard those notorious words, "Wyndy, Wyndy, Wynberg!" and the roars of what sounded like a formula one engine racing towards me. Now with your normal, conventional taxis you would step into the street and shout, "Taxi!" but in this country that would not be a wise idea because chances are you would be run down. Instead, you just wait for the taxi to stop and call you. Sure enough, the tyres came to a screeching halt right there in the middle of the road. Normally this would be OK when traffic were not that bad, but on that day traffic was horrendous as it was rush hour. The taxi just literally parked there in the middle of the road, totally disregarding the traffic around it as if it owned the entire road, bringing several cars to a sudden unexpected halt behind it. The man in the car behind the taxi started to contribute to the already unbearable noise pollution of everyday rush-hour traffic by pounding his hooter in absolute fury and screaming such obscene comments at the top of his lungs at the taxi driver.

A face poked out of the window of the taxi and a hand motioned me to get into the vehicle. At first I was reluctant but this taxi was my only alternative to walking. These taxis are not your ordinary taxis, which most people are accustomed to. Oh no! These "black taxis" are those Japanese minibuses (which we commonly call "kombies") which are usually white in colour, or any colour other than black, licensed to carry fifteen people – or so they say. This taxi had already at least seventeen people, possibly twenty-plus jam-packed into this fifteen-seater. I glanced to my right at the man who was still pounding his hooter, his face red with rage and he looked as if he was about to kill someone. Then I looked at the interior of this overcrowded vehicle, thought to myself, "I must be mad" and climbed in.

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The ride was quite an experience. I never knew exactly how fast these minibuses could go, especially with the tremendous load it was carrying, but I soon came to realise its true speed when the vehicle came across a robot that was about to turn red and the driver suddenly stamped down on the accelerator and stormed through it. We were like kings of the road, cutting across lanes, overtaking cars at random, stopping and picking up people as we pleased and inevitably obstructing traffic in doing so and violating most road rules (if they even exist in South Africa). But it is a totally different story when you are one of the passengers sitting inside one of these taxis. You don't actually give a hoot about all the other traffic around you. All the hooting and swearing of people in their cars behind you seem to go through one ear and come out the other and drift into oblivion. You just don't seem to care so long as you get to your destination in one piece, and that is exactly the attitude of these taxi drivers. Their primary objective is to get people to their desired destinations, and in doing so, earn a living and they don't care how they go about doing it.

Being in one of those taxis made me feel differently about them the next time I saw which was when I was stuck behind one of them whilst they were picking people up. I used to hate it when that happened but now I can truly say that I understand.

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Robust Australopithecines

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Topic Discuss ideas regarding robust australopithecine diet. What do you think robust australopithecines ate? Why? Be specific and name three morphological correlates of their probable diet.

As we explain the diet of the Robust australopithecine, we must explain some of morphological functions that enabled them to eat what they could. We will examine the functional complex of the teeth, jaw, and cranium which all come together to serve a purpose in eating. The robust australopithecines have taken this certain adaptation to an extreme scale, having enormous, flat molars and relatively small blade-like incisors and canines. Due to the huge premolars and molars we can see that their robust form contain big grinding teeth which could be seen as the mortar and pestle analogy. Their teeth, shown by evidence seemed to have more grinding than an apes diet. The robust species seemed to have a vegetarian diet. Also concluded, robust consume tough foods due to the size of their teeth. Their tooth row is conveniently tucked under the face more than apes which gives a less protruding face and greater chewing efficiency. Finally, being consistent with evidence, robust australopithecines lived in drier habitats where fruits and leaves were more common.

Two other morphological adaptations that were essential to the diet of robust australopithecines were the jaw and cranium. The robusticity of the lower jaw reflected powerful chewing action. There are two important muscles that are essential to these powerful chewing forces as well as a cranial adaptation. First being the temporalis muscle, the muscle that powers the lower jaw (contracting or constricting) is housed by a raised bony crest that runs along the top of the cranium, which is called the sagittal crest. The more prominent the sagittal crest, the stronger the chewing forces are. In addition to the temporal muscle, a second chewing muscle called the masseter muscle, causes the cheekbones to be exaggerated and flared forward. The greater the flare the greater the chewing forces. The flare shows a wide (hence, robust) skull. All in all, the functional complex of the teeth, jaw, and cranium show the dental and facial adaptations of chewing in the robust australopithecines.

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