Jonathan Edwards

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_______ Document 1 of 17 _______

Jonathan Edwards Overview

Critic Lois Gordon

Source Reference Guide to American Literature, rd ed., edited by Jim Kamp, St. James Press, 14

Criticism about Jonathan Edwards (170-1758)

Genre(s) Autobiographies; Religious works; Sermons; Essays

Jonathan Edwards is legendary in American history and letters not just as a Calvinist minister of fire and brimstone but, more importantly, as a revolutionary thinker who incorporated contemporary psychological and scientific ideas into his discourses on the human mind, natural science, and religion. A man who epitomized the mystical and practical (the evangelical and Puritan) tendencies of his time, Edwards was instrumental in the mid-18th-century revival of American Calvinism known as the Great Awakening. Edwards strove to destroy the increasingly popular Arminianist propositions which rejected the doctrines of predestination and the enslavement of the will. Arminianism asserted a doctrine of universal redemption based on the election, rather than the predetermination, of salvation. Edwards was unyielding in his strict adherence to the absolute primacy of deity and the utter subordination of man, to the Calvinist concept of the depravity of man and grace of the Gospel--to a belief system focusing on God as an inscrutable power that, while constituting humanity and nature, lacked complete identification with either. Throughout his life, despite the growing religious liberalism, Edwards repudiated all modern claims to mans natural rights and free will The unconverted are guilty and deserve the punishment awaiting them; this punishment is given by an infinite God in His justice; and the only hope of escape is by the gift of salvation which cannot be won by mans effort.

According to Perry Miller, Edwardss reading of John Lockes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding was the major event in his intellectual life. From it, Edwards refined his idea that whatever the mind knows as idea depends upon sensation, rather than reason or speculation. As such, through a series of light images in A Divine and Supernatural Light, he discusses religious certainty in empirical terms one intuits or feels grace (the loveliness of Gods holiness) through supernatural illumination. One does not merely rationally believe that God is glorious but he has a sense of the gloriousness of God in his heart. Religious conversion is an overwhelming intuition.

Justification of Faith Alone (174) amplifies Edwardss thesis that the covenant between God and man is one of grace, not works; but faith actualizes grace. Again, consonant with the science of his day, Edwards incorporates Newtons causation theory, that effect exists, regardless of cause (atoms adhere not because of their inherent physical properties but because of an undefined Cause). To Edwards, as gravity adheres in matter, so God inheres in gravity and gives being and oneness to all. Man is therefore not justified just through faith. He has faith because he is first justified through Gods grace. Mans state is not prior but posterior to Gods grace.

Personal Narrative details his conversion twenty years earlier. Grace is a Divine and Supernatural Light that gives the regenerate a new apprehension and disposition to love divine decrees. He traces his regeneration out of the swamp into the meadow of experience, how he saw divine beauty in everything and experienced vehement longings of soul after God and Christ and after more holiness. The mention of a single word in the Bible caused his heart to burn with the ardency of soul and a flood of tears and weeping aloud. Edwards yearned to be nothing before God ... that God might be all. For the saved, there is a mystical-aesthetic intuition of divine beauty through supernatural illumination.

Despite growing resentment toward his frightening portraits of the unredeemed, Edwards delivered the famous sermon

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"Nuclear Deterrence has kept the world from war". Discuss

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"Nuclear Deterrence has kept the world from war". Discuss

The threat of Nuclear Weapons has certainly not gone unnoticed, with the fear ever present in the global scene. Individuals view the world significantly has been altered with the emergence of nuclear weapons. Deterrence is when "decision makers in one nation seek to prevent certain actions by potential adversaries by threatening them with military retaliation." Nuclear weapons have certainly become a means of deterring unwanted action, particularly during the Post World War II era, however they have not prevented war. During the Cold War nuclear weapons undoubtfully prohibited mass war between the two super powers, the USA and the USSR, who were ever increasing their military capacity. However it did not prelude them from fighting proxy wars, as was evident in the Vietnam War. Furthermore it has certainly not prevented war at present with both the war on terror and the conflict between Israel and Palestine. Nuclear weapons have changed the capacity of warfare, although it has not been evident in any conflicts throughout the world so far, who is to say that it won't occur in the future, because the potential is obviously there.

Nuclear deterrence has kept the world from mass war, particularly during the

Cold War were it prevented a large scale conflict between the USA and the USSR.

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Nuclear deterrence in the Post World War II era was based on mutual threats as each side

threatened that if it were attacked, it would retaliate in kind with a nuclear strike. During

this period each superpower could survive a surprise attack just long enough to launch a

counter strike which would result in both sides suffering devastating destruction. "Thus

both were mutually deterred from provoking a hot war" The use of nuclear weapons was

and is seen as the last resort, because few if any political ends could be gained by it, their

primary function was to pose a threat to potential enemies. During this time however, the

world did come close to a final nuclear war, as was particularly evident with the Cuban

Missile Crisis, where the USSR bought nuclear weapons into communist Cuba. The

effects of a nuclear war would be devastating, if deterrence failed and the superpowers attacked one another "the target nations would almost certainly cease to exist as

functioning societies." Furthermore unlike previous World Wars were the casualties

numbered in their millions, after a thermonuclear war the deaths would number in their

billions. Nations far from the line of fire would likely be destroyed, and there certainly

would be no bystanders. Fortunately their was no nuclear attack during this time, and the

two superpowers were able to prevent it from occurring. Holsti believes that the most

evident requirement for effective Deterrence is the possession of efficient military

capacity to carry out the threatened retaliation, in addition the deterrence must also be

stable and credible. Finally adversaries must also "impress enemy leaders of their

intentions without provoking a preventive or preemptive strike out of fear" . Nuclear

Deterrence kept us from another world war between the USA and the USSR, as the

effects of a strike would have been so disastrous for all parties involved.

However effective deterrence did not avert the world from war, during the Cold

War and at present many smaller conflicts have and are taking place. During the Cold

War the most evident being the Vietnam War which took place from 161 to 175.

Although the basic motivation behind many of the conflicts was a form of rivalry

between the two superpowers fighting for an ideology, the Vietnam War was to an extent

a proxy war. Some may argue that the genesis of the Vietnam War was essentially a

nationalist one rather then the downward thrust of communism. It is the generally

accepted opinion that the essential motives of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese

government attacking the South Vietnamese government were to unify the nation.

However former US president J. Kennedy was adamant that the USA would contain the

spread of communism throughout South East Asia by defending the South Vietnamese

government from communist aggression. This conflict during the Cold war, fortunately

did not contain the use of nuclear weapons however America still used chemical

defoliants and Napalm. This is a thick liquid which usually contains petrol, it was

designed to clear away the undergrowth so the USA could see who was supplying the

National Liberation Front with weapons, Unfortunately this liquid also stuck to people's

skin and burned away their flesh. The Vietnam War was a very horrific war, with 57,000

US solders killed together with many Vietnamese; however it was certainly not as

destructive as a nuclear war would have been. Nuclear deterrence did not and has not

prevented the world from war, as was evident with the Vietnam War and by the many

conflicts we see around the world today.

Nuclear Deterrence was ultimately effective in precluding mass war in the past

and the progress in disarmament was somewhat positive. However with the recent

developments, is deterrence possible in the future? In the past we have seen some

positive attempts to reduce the Worlds nuclear capacity for example the Moscow pact

and the treaty between the USA and the USSR in 17 and of course the very well

known Strategic Arms Limitation talks (START I and START II) which began in 11.

However the recent developments with America's anti-missile defense shield may bring

the threat of nuclear war back into the picture. Bush argues that "new concepts of

deterrence, have to replace… the idea of mutually assured destruction" however many

believe that it may destroy existing nuclear agreements and trigger a new nuclear arms

race. Using radar receptors and coordinating with ground based radar transmitters, the

missile defense system is suppose to find incoming threats and destroy them before they

reach the USA, although this may work in theory there is still no guarantee of its

reliability. Furthermore Bush has suggested that he will share his advanced technology

with Japan, Americas NATO allies and South Korea. This in its self causes problems

because some of Americas so called friends will want to know why they haven't been

given the technology and "can America say with certainty that the technology it gives to

one country will not end up in the hands of another. History suggests not." This

extremely dimensional issue has once again bought nuclear war back in the limelight and

although nuclear weapons deterred mass war in the past, who is to say that the future

holds the same outcome. Is our safety worth risking to find out?

When matters of defense become so great that one nation is able to cease

life on Earth, we certainly realize that foreign policy and security has been changed

forever. Although Nuclear Deterrence kept the world from mass war during the past, it

certainly did not prevent smaller more confined conflicts, not in the past nor the present.

Furthermore with the recent developments regarding the Missile Defense Shield, is the

USA starting another arms race and once again putting the world in great danger and

uncertainty, only time will tell.

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Standardization of Base

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Standardization of a Base

When standardizing a substance, you are finding the concentration of that substance. The most common way to do this is by titration. In this experiment I took a standardized base and titrated it with a know and an unknown acid. A standard solution has an accurate concentration. To standardize a base, everything must be standardized. A titration must be done with a standard acid solution. While trying to figure out the concentration I added a standard solution to a known volume of a sample until a desired endpoint, in our experiment the endpoint was a change in color of the substance. The standard solution in this experiment was HCO4 + HO, which is also known as oxalic acid. Since the concentration of the acid is known, it will be what is used to standardize the base.

The materials needed for this experiment are as follows a buret; two 400 milliliter beakers; 50 milliliter graduated cylinder; phenopthalein; HCO4 + HO; 50 milliliter beaker; 15 milliliter Erlenmeyer flask; distilled water; NaOH; and KHC4H4O6. In setting up the experiment I filled all of the containers with the correct substance and labeled them. I then weighed all of the substances and their containers and recorded all of this information. Once I mixed the acid solution I added phenopthelein which was the indicator that showed the color change. I then added NaOH to the solution until the solution turned pink then recorded the final volume of the beaker.

After all of the calculations, including all of the volumes and moles of all the substances and their containers, and experimentation I ended up with the concentration of the acid being .16 Molar. This made for a 4.8% deviation. The reason for the high deviation is because of the content of NaOH added to the solution, that fact that I added to much is what you can attribute the high deviation to. I could tell because the color of the solution was too dark.

The results of my experiment were not completely perfect, my deviation was higher than expected, but there is nothing wrong with that. If you wanted to do this experiment and have more success you could have a more precise way of adding the NaOH to the acid. To avoid many mistake do not use a beaker too big because it is less accurate as well. All together this was a successful experiment.

.

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Sorry, no essay in English

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Sorry, no essay in English

Purpose In 14, the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Director of

Defense Information, issued the Framework for Managing Process Improvement, A

Guide to Enterprise Integration, providing Department of Defense functional managers

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with the processes and procedures that should be applied when conducting

process improvement projects throughout the DoD. Since that time there have

been various publications, policies and instructional material developed. This

handbook is a further development of the methodology, procedures, and principles.

Scope Activity accounting is a fully inclusive management information concept

which includes the total spectrum of accounting controls, reports and analysis.

It is oriented on the activity structure of an organization rather than on the

formal departmental or organizational format. The process provides quantitative

activity-based cost information to

ï assess continuing operations and project future impacts for a mature activity-

based organization.

ï evaluate selected process flows, relative cost of various activities, and potential

effects of modifications.

ï analyze alternative process flows with comparative economic evaluation.

Experience has shown that an evaluation using purely qualitative judgement

of possible alternatives and change opportunities is woefully inadequate to demonstrate

the full potential of meaningful improvements, particularly in an environment

where dollars and work hours are a major determinant of performance and

efficiency. It is the quantitative characteristics of activity-based costing that make

it a key component of the analysis and evaluation process and improve the quality

of the final decisions. This means that it cannot be ignored even if it is performed

in a perfunctory manner.

The major difficulty in using activity-based costing has been the variance of

the practices, methods, definitions, procedures, and standards applied under it.

This guidebook is specifically designed to resolve this void and to provide guidance

to those embarking on a redesign effort.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Activity-Based Costing

What is ABC?

ABC is an essential part of the functional process improvement and

reengineering effort. It captures quantified cost and time data and translates this

into decision information. ABC measures process and activity performance, determines

the cost of business process outputs, and identifies opportunities to improve

process efficiency and effectiveness. Qualitative evaluation and determination

alone is totally inadequate as a single measure of improvement. Though quality

might determine ìbetterî, it does not contribute to other meaningful decisions

such as what is ìcheaperî and ìfasterî. It is the integration of these two dimensions

that is the critical decision support element of the total process. ABC is the

mechanism to integrate these two views.

with particular emphasis on the practical use of Activity-Based Costing (ABC)

within DoD, and is intended to be used by DoD personnel in conjunction with the

current published guidance and policy of the DoD. It is important to note that this

guidebook, while intended for DoD use, is based on solid, industry-wide principles

of Activity-Based Costing and therefore can be used by other (non-DoD) governmental

agencies and private sector enterprises.

This is a practical handbook for use during a functional process reengineering

or improvement project. It will provide empirical guidance and suggestions on the

basics of how to plan for, implement, and apply activity-based costing in evaluating

and analyzing process flows and in performing a functional economic analysis

of alternative courses of action. Sorry, no essay in English

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Heroes…Unrecognized, Yet Never Forgotten

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In all societies, heroes are the product of a society's perception of someone to be praised and adored; therefore, the definition of a hero is to some degree dependent on a specific society's beliefs, laws, and interests. Universally, however, I believe all men and women in all societies and of all ages need heroes. For young people, heroes can demonstrate direction and provide examples for how life can be. They can also show the different opportunities that are available for those who try. For older people, heroes can provide many different options. As a person gets older, illusions in life are replaced with hard realities. For example, how can someone cope with illness, the loss of close friends, and the many other problems that occur in life? Heroes are very important, whether a person is young or old, because they can give hope, inspiration, and support in trying times. They enable people to go on through life and can even turn tragedies into triumphs. Unfortunately, it may be difficult to actually find a hero due to differences in definition, expectations, and degree of power and influence in specific societies.

Many adults in the 1st century seem to express concern that young people seem to have no heroes. They seem to blame this partly on the political leaders, professional sports players, and other famous figures that have proven to be disappointing role models. Howard Zinn, author of "Unsung Heroes," expands this by stating about America's historical past "…it is good to have historical figures we can admire and emulate. But why hold up as models fifty-five rich white men who drafted the Constitution as a way of establishing a government that would protect…slaveholders, merchants,

bondholders, land speculators?" (11, par. ) This demonstrates that even our most famous forefathers and presidents, whom we praise so highly, can be disappointing role models.

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In addition, people also seem to blame their society for instilling a lack of respect and admiration in the younger generation. However, I believe that the real blame for a shortage of heroes lies in societys unrealistic definition of a hero. For as long as I can remember, in our popular culture, heroes have been portrayed as ideals and as shining, perfect people seen on television or in movies. For example, I have a nephew that is nine years old. He completely idolizes a World Wrestling Federation star called "The Rock". I consider him to be the perfect example of a child who has fictitious heroes. I'm not saying that is a bad thing, but I think it would be better if children these days look up to those who influence them and make a difference in their lives. From this, we can go on to assume that those who complain about the lack of heroes demand that we admire people we have never met, on the basis of appearances and second-hand information. In this regard, the concept of a hero is considered irrelevant and forces us to honor false conditions, to respect a celebrity because of what he or she seems to be, only because we are expected to honor celebrity status and popularity as if they were the highest virtues. No wonder celebrities have proven to be disappointing heroes. Every human being possesses both good and bad qualities, and when we worship the good and ignore the bad in people, we are setting ourselves up for a major disappointment. A hero does not have to be a famous personality like Mother Teresa, Michael Jordan, or even Madonna. A hero can easily be a co-worker, a friend who has made the best of a sticky situation, or anyone who has survived an ordeal and can demonstrate the opportunities that can come out of crisis. In fact, Breeze Luetke-Stahlman, author of "Real People Make Real Role Models," believes that " One person can make a difference, and it is these people who we should all strive to be like. Luckily, they are all around us, present in every community. We just have to find them and give them the recognition they deserve" (17, par. 1).

Yet still, when the word hero is mentioned, the word famous comes to mind. These days society has been misleading, where heroes are concerned, by teaching us that to be worthy of the title of hero, a person must be famous. In reality, we cannot make true heroes out of people we do not know personally, or we succumb to the foolish human tendency to judge by appearances only. The very fact that many young people need to stop cherishing the famous should indicate that they have grown beyond the judgment of outer appearances and have developed insight and strength of character. Instead of seeking qualities in strangers to hold in regard, they build admirable qualities in themselves, in their personalities and their own unique dreams. Society does not need the offers of those who emulate famous heroes; it needs the contributions of individuality.

Nevertheless, all of this is lost on those who discredit the lack of a hero as a character flaw. They refuse to see that a real hero, not one based on the expectations of society, cannot be made without the truth, that the truth cannot exist unless we see people as they really are, and that we cannot see people as they are if we have never met them. Jim Tella recognizes this in his essay "Sipping Coffee" by stating, "…my heroes were always found in the pages of my comic books…As long as the comic books remained open…I was invincible. But childhood ends quickly, heroes stay within the ink-colored pages…" (1, par. ) This helps me come to the assumption that children should be taught to admire and look up to those people who actually exist and make a difference in life. We also have to discover that it's really what's inside a person that matters because what's on the outside is only something that "appears" to be there.

However, true heroes do exist. Our world will always have a place for genuine admiration of those near to us. We will always have a place for admiration based on an overall picture of a person with both positive and negative characteristics. There is room for the respect of people whose characters we know and appreciate, yet whose weaknesses are identified by us but still do not faze us. There is always room for people who may not receive public acclaim but do not require acclaim to make them worthy of our admiration. I strongly believe these people are our parents, our siblings, our relatives, our teachers, and our friends. These people are my true heroes. They are the ones who influence me to be who I am and who I will grow up to be. We see them every day, work with them, talk with them, and not only support them, but are supported by them. For example, I believe our teachers alone are of great influence to us. They are the ones who practically teach us right from wrong. Our friends, family, and siblings are the ones who help us to learn from our mistakes and take advantage of what we have. For these people I am truly grateful for and they are my true heroes. They are the ones to be valued for what they are and what they have done for us and for the good of society. Although society may not recognize them, all that matters is that those who do understand the true concept of heroism see in them what should be seen. Although society is confused with false visions of heroes, many people should begin to grasp that heroism is much more than fame and fortune. More people need to realize that we don't need to look far to find someone to admire because those who do deserve credit are right in front of our faces!

Please note that this sample paper on Heroes…Unrecognized, Yet Never Forgotten is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Heroes…Unrecognized, Yet Never Forgotten, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Heroes…Unrecognized, Yet Never Forgotten will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!