A tale of two cities

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A Tale of Two Cities

Roles of Minor Characters

Every story in the history of literature has one or more characters that are not as significant as other characters. Although these characters aren't as important, they serve to advance the plot or are symbolically important. There are definitely numerous depictions of these characters in A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens. Two examples are Lucie Manette Darnay and Miss Pross. Both of these flat characters are important in the development of the story.

Lucie Manette Darnay played an important and symbolic role in the novel. Dickens described her as "the golden thread" of the novel, weaving its good throughout the plot. Along with her good nature, she was also young and attractive. Dickens described her as having

…a short, slight, pretty figure, a quantity of golden hair, and a pair of blue eyes…and a forehead with a singular capacity…of lifting and knitting itself into an expression that was not quite one of perplexity, or wonder, or alarm, or merely of a bright fixed attention, though it included all the four expressions. (Dickens 17)

Dickens created Lucie to be an ideal rather than a real woman. She represented all that is good in humanity innocence, kindness, faith, and hope and she served as a touchstone for other characters to find those qualities within themselves. Lucie is a loving and devoted wife to Charles Darnay. After Darnay's death sentence she tells him

We shall not be separated long. I feel that this will break my heart by-and-by; but I will do my duty while I can, and when I leave her, God will raise up friends for her, as He did for me. (7)

Lucie is obviously a symbol for good and righteousness. She is "the golden thread" that binds the other characters together. She is protected by Miss Pross, devoted to her father, Doctor Manette, loved by Sydney Carton, a friend of Mr. Lorry, and was married to Charles Darnay.

Another minor character significant to the story is Madame Defarge. Defarge is the antithesis of Lucie. Defarge's entire family perished when she was a young girl. She possesses an extreme vengeance towards the people who killed them. She condemned not only the people that did it, but also the entire Evremonde family line to which the murderers were from. She would inscribe the names into her knitting registry of people she doomed to death. Her drive to attain retribution drove her to commit horrible acts. Her evil mind set is exemplified in the following "

When the time comes, let loose a tiger and a devil; but wait for the time with the tiger and the devil chained not shown, yet always ready. (Dickens 165)

Her hatred and sense of revenge have evoked evil thoughts and actions in Defarge. Symbolically, Madame Defarge stands for the intensity and bloodthirst behind the Revolution. Her views of the optimal course of the Revolution are revealed in a dialogue between her, her husband, and the Jacques Three

'It is true what Madame says,' observed Jacques Three.

'Why stop? There is great force in that. Why stop?'

'Well, well,' reasoned Defarge, 'but one must stop

somewhere. After all, the question is still where?'

'At extermination,' said Madame. (17)

Her relentless drive for vengeance makes her strong, but it eventually destroys her because she is unable to comprehend the powerful love that gives Carton the strength to die for Darnay, and Miss Pross the courage to defeat her.

In conclusion, minor characters are included in the story for a reason. Each character has a purpose, large or small, that is symbolic or advances the plot. Lucie and Defarge, although opposites in character, played equal parts in their fulfillment of the story. Dickens knew that for every good there must be evil, for every light there must be dark, and for every Lucie Manette Darnay there must be a Madame Defarge.

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Blake

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WILLIAM BLAKE (1757-187)- Perhaps one of the greatest of the English poets, certainly one of the most original. His achievement is massive and his aim was immense (he was a very ambitious person).- He combined poetry and drawing- He wished to build up a huge mythology of his own in which he portrays symbolically the forces at war in the soul of man the eternal fight between good and evil- He is best known for his Songs of Innocence and his Songs of Experience- Other great poems Milton, Jerusalem epic, narrative poems hard to understand if you do not have the key characters are antagonized in it - The giant Los (human imagination) on the one hand- Urisen (Your reason; representing the repressive power of law and reason; punyour reason is your horizon) on the other hand- Orc = the lawless embodiment of revolution Blakes allegiance goes to Los (he strongly opposed law and reason, as a result of the rationalism preceeding the Romantic period) there is a whole prodigy of these characters fighting immense battlesBlakes philosophy he rejects reason, law and conventional religion; mankind can be fulfilled only through the senses and the imagination. - In his Marriage of Heaven and Hell he turns the conventional world-view upside down God (representing reason and repression) is set against Satan (who stands for energy and freedom). in hell we learn astonishing new truths (Proverbs of Hell) - hell is not a place of damnation; it is a world of energy and liberation- the road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom- prisons are built with stones of law, brothels with bricks of religionBlakes attitude towards imagination was such that he says that every human being should cultivate his imagination to such an extent that it will be capable of perceiving the ultimate truth, without any help from reason. Blakes attitude towards reason and science was less friendly - reason is dangerous and so is science- if we all live in a state of complete individual freedom, unconcerned with laws, on the power of instinct, we will achieve heaven on earth. This paradise is called Jerusalem in the preface to Milton- Blakes short poems are highly individual and remarkable; in his days no one wrote like him. His poems are powerful indictments on the repression he always fighted against the repression of law, religion and science. - Another 18thC madman? People were so shocked by him they considered him mad, which is a good excuse for extravagant behaviour. (cfr. Hamlet)

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Social and Cultural Factors that may influence how the growth in obesity is experienced.

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For this assignment I am going to look at how social and cultural factors can influence the prevalence of obesity, and examine ways in which society perceives the obese.

It is considered that culture is one of the most powerful determinants of body weight because it decides the context of eating and activity and also attributes moral and social meanings to weight. Ultimate influences on weight include cultural values, economic resources and social institutions (Brownwell, et al 15). For example in adolescence gender based expectations on appearance have a significant influence on eating patterns with slimness being a vital social asset (Hill, et al 17).

Slimness has become more valued as a cultural ideal by industrial societies where people view body fat as ugly and unhealthy. Many societies in developing countries consider fat to be an attribute, whereas in western societies such as Britain, obesity is thought to be a function of social attitudes.

Cultural and behavioural theories examine class differences regarding peoples health beliefs and health related behaviour (Blaxter 10) Theorists sometimes suggest that family and community ties among the poor are weak, with individuals becoming undisciplined, impulsive and self indulgent. In 18 a Health Survey for England was carried out to establish prevalence in adults for morbid obesity, obesity and overweight by social class. Social groups I V were studied and it was concluded that members of classes I, II and III (non manual) were less inclined towards these dispositions than those in social class groups III (manual), IV and V (Joint Health Surveys Unit 1). However, in general obesity the pattern of central obesity is more apparent in women for whom it increases from18% in social class I, to 7% in social class V (Coronary Heart Disease statistics). Sorensen (000) suggests that affluence; with unlimited access to food high in fat and calories increases susceptibility to gain excessive weight (World Health Organisation 17). Therefore, one must consider the danger of stereotyping and stigmatising the lives of the poor (Taylor et al, 17).

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According to the department of health 1% of English women and 17% of men are obese. The proportion of the population now classified as obese has risen by 4 % since 1 when 1% of men and 16% of women were obese and has doubled since the 180's. This has been attributed to poverty, a lack of understanding about a healthy diet, limited access to fresh fruit and vegetables and an increasingly sedentary life style (Coronary Heart Disease statistics 1).

Lifestyles and behaviours are established in early life, with cultural or social norms regarding dietary restraint and attitudes to fatness being acquired during childhood. Cultural factors such as a mother taking great pride in her fat baby, giving food as a reward or believing that rapid weight gain is a sign of good health have been linked to childhood obesity.

In a review by The Nutrition society (000) of childhood predictors of adult obesity, it was consistently found that men and women with lower socio-economic status origins had a greater risk of adult obesity than those men and women with a higher socio-economic status (Parsons et al, 1).

Given the high prevalence of adult obesity it is not surprising that obesity in children is on the increase and since180 British children have showed a twofold increase in weight for height across the board. (World Health Organisation 17).

The average American child spends several hours each day watching television and obesity is greater among children who frequently watch TV (Dietz et al, 15).

According to Jeffery Sobal (15) schools provide areas for breeding discrimination and it was reported that children between the ages 4-11 years thought that obesity in their classmates was a result of poor social functioning, lower intelligence, laziness and lack of fitness.

In recent years most countries social control has given considerable attention to reducing the stigma attached towards many minority groups. For example legal measures have made it unfashionable to stigmatise a person on race, ethnic origin and sexual orientation. Unfortunately obesity remains the last socially acceptable form of prejudice and obese people are the only groups that social derogation can be directed to with impunity.

Children as young as 6 describe a silhouette of an obese person as lazy, dirty, stupid, ugly, cheats and liars. When shown black and white images of a normal weight child, a disfigured child and an obese child they concluded that the obese child would be the one they would least like as a friend. This appears to highlight the way in which prejudice is established from an early age within society on the basis of stereotype (Brownell et al, 15) showing the foundation of social acceptance being enacted.

Perhaps then, it is from this tender age that with understanding and education, such damaging concepts can start to be reduced and perhaps finally eradicate some of the prejudice that society so generously gives to obesity.

REFERENCES

Becque, M.D; Katch, V.L; Rocchini, A.P; Marks, C.R and Moorehead, C. (18) Coronary Risk of Incidence of Obese Adolesents Reduction by Exercise Plus Diet Intervention. Paediatrics, Journal Vol.81. No5 pp605-61

Brown, K.D. and Fariburn, C.G (15) Eating Disorders & Obesity, A Comprehensive Handbook.The Guilford Press

Hill, M and Tidsall K (17) Children & Society. Addison Wesley Longman Inc

New York

Power, C and Parsons, T (00) Nutritional & other Influences in Childhood as Predictors of Adult Obesity. Journal The Nutrition Society.Vol. 8, No5 pp67-7

Taylor, S and Field, D (17) Sociology of Health & Health Care ( nd Edition) Blackwell Science

Internet References

Andersen, R.E; Crespo C.J; Bartlett S.J; Cheskin, LJ and Pratt, M (18) Journal of The American Medical Association 7,8-4. (On line).

Available from URL http//www.biomed.niss.ac.uk (10.11.0)

BBC News The English Get Fatter (1) Prevalence of Obesity By Social Class (18) Health Survey for England (18) London. Joint Health Surveys Unit (1) (On line). Available from URL http//www.news.bbc.co.uk (11.11.0)

British Heart Foundation Research Group. The Oxford British Heart Statistics Data Base 000 /index.html (On line). Available from URL http//www.dphpc.ox.ac/ukbhfhprg/stats (16.11.0)

McCarthy, J.R; Burg, M.A; Smith, K and Burns, C (00), Paediatric Obesity in the Clinical Setting Epidemiology of Childhood Obesity. (On line) Available from http//www.priory.com/childhoodobesity.htm (7.11.0)

Sobal, Jeffery. Division of Nutritional Sciences. Research Statement (00) (On line). Available from URL http//www.nutrition.cornell.edu/faculty/sobal.html (10.11.0)

World Health Organisation (17), Preventing & Managing the Global Epidemic. WHO Centura,WHO/NUT/ 8.1. (On line).

Available from URL http//www.biomed.niss.ac.uk (10.11.0)

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Billy Budd - Symmetry of Form

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Inevitable Asymmetry

Approaching the conclusion of Billy Budd, it is stated by Herman Melville "The symmetry of form attainable in pure fiction can not so readily be achieved in a narration essentially having less to do with fable than with fact. Truth uncompromisingly told will always have its ragged edges." Consequently, the author's declaration proves itself not only toward the end of this novella, but throughout the narrations' chain of events. The absence of symmetry of form as seen in Billy Budd is to be attributed to the fact that this narrative holds its own truth; and as confirmed by the author himself, truth is inevitably dispersed of; lacking any sort of form, consistency, and organization. The first eight chapters of the story expose the authors' style in this novella, and can undoubtedly represent the crux of asymmetry as it applies to Billy Budd.

After being introduced to the tale in the beginning chapters, one cannot help but question Melville's unexpected detours from the story's plot to give extensive background information, and provide personal insight that enhances the readers understanding of the events taking place. Chapters one, two, six, seven, and eight construct themselves on a foundation of historical insight that is given by the author. Chapters three thru five are solely dedicated to the dignity of British naval history, which is developed side by side with the revolutionary energy that was quite evident at the time.

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"To the British Empire, the Nore mutiny was what a strike in the fire brigade would be to London threatened by general arson." Throughout chapter three, Melville continually makes reference to the negativity of mutinies in general, enabling the reader to further grasp onto the concept. Without directly providing insight into any such occurrence onboard, Melville goes on to create this connection with several other mutinies. After closely examining the structure, or lack of structure, in the beginning chapters, a conclusion can be made if the aspects that are contained in the beginning chapters were to be taken as separate entities, little sense would have been made out of them; however when combined, they continually supplement each other and crystallize the readers' view of the events as they occur.

In further expanding on the concept of asymmetry in the beginning chapters, assessing the dialogical structure in the story, as it compares with the description of characters, events, and history, becomes seemingly more questionable. Melville begins with impressments of Billy in chapters one and two, and provides a bit of dialogue alongside some action. The story then takes a dive into developing on this phase of the plot, causing it to drag on somewhat, begging the question "why?" A path commonly taken by the reader is the attempt to consume each chapter as a single entity; ignorant of the fact that only toward the end of this set of chapters can any sense be made out of these seemingly unorganized bits and pieces of insight into the characters' state-of-mind, allusions to history, and essential background information. Once all these

aspects are taken into account, the story begins to solidify; in its own unconventional method.

The irony of the asymmetry in Billy Budd lies in the fact that such a firm, solid piece was developed on a foundation of scattered facts, historical allusions, and excessively detailed descriptions. However, it is this unique style that contributes to the distinctive nature and development of this piece. In defiance to the mechanical method of literature, Melville's asymmetrical approach to the construction of Billy Budd proved that 'irregularity' does not necessarily mean 'incorrect'.

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Sponsorship in Golf

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Sponsors and Sports

In the world of sports, everything from the cups the athletes drink from to the stadiums they play in is up for grabs. While there are some positives and negatives to sponsors, a line has to be drawn somewhere. Individual athletes

themselves command large endorsement contracts that in many cases exceed their

own salaries. And although the heads of these sports try to limit the influence

College papers on Sponsorship in Golf

of companies, they are still a major part of every game played. One of the more

widely known sponsors of sports is Nike. Their rivalry with Reebok and other

shoe and apparel companies is seen on television and on the playing field.

Advertising their company is the major concern when displaying their logos in

sports. Beverages, fast foods, credit cards, automobiles and a wide variety of

companies spend their money on sports related ventures. They spend big dollars

to name stadiums and arenas after their companies. Television gives these

companies even more chances to influence the public with commercials that

companies might sometimes pay up to $1 million for. The uniforms that the

players wear are now being made my different manufacturers whereas five years

ago each league had all their teams wearing the same brand. The equipment being

used is also made by different companies. No matter what is being fought for,

sponsors create good and bad influences in each sport. Major League Baseball is

recognized as the most popular sport. They also play the most games which is a

plus to sponsors. Each game is seen as a chance to spread word of their company.

But MLB seems to be the least affected team wise by sponsors. This is probably

because of the strict rules set forth and also because of recent work stoppages

and labor disputes. MLB was once the leader in innovative ideas involving

sponsors. Billboards are placed around the stadium in strategic spots that will

be noticed by fans and television. Stadiums are now being renamed by companies

willing to spend millions to have the stadium named after the company such as

3Com Park in San Francisco. These short term deals can create a problem in the

future though. Athletes are not as widely chosen for endorsement contracts as

in other sports. This is probably because many players cannot make a huge

impact on the outcome of the games. Also many young athletes are not known

because collegiate baseball is not watched as much as other collegiate sports. A

positive effect that sponsors have on Major League Baseball is that they are

trying to help restore baseball as the national pastime. Baseball needs to

regain interest with the public and sponsors are coming up with new and exciting

ideas. More players are being endorsed and commercials are reaching out to the

youth who play the sport. Money being spent by various companies is being

redistributed so that the lesser markets can receive some money. Basically

anything that can attract people to the sport is good for baseball at this

moment. A negative effect that sponsors have on baseball is not really much of a

negative. Companies are not sponsoring baseball enough. The strikes and

disputes are the reason why. But sponsors should be more of a part of baseball.

More athletes should be endorsed and more impact on teams in smaller markets

need to happen for baseball to regain popularity. The National Basketball

Association could be easily summed up concerning sponsors as shoe wars. Nike,

Reebok, Adidas, Fila and anybody else are fighting for just about every athlete

in an effort to make money. The response has the public interested in

basketball and has made basketball a stable and profitable sport. Women's

basketball is now picking up steam because companies are realizing that they

could make money on women too. These shoe wars have trickled down to the

collegiate level, where companies pay schools to wear their sneakers, and even

the high school level where basketball camps held yearly bring in the newest and

best talent available. A positive effect that sponsors have on the NBA is that

basketball is increasing worldwide. People like and watch the game and the

players. The majority of the public know Michael Jordan and Nike is a main

reason why. Young athletes can see their heroes and dream of playing basketball

because companies give basketball a good image. A negative effect though is that

these shoe wars sometimes lead to too much control. Players at the college and

high school levels know that if they are good enough, jumping to the NBA is

first on their list because of the money being offered. Nike and Reebok and the

other companies give more money to the players for endorsements than the players

make for their salary. This reason of playing in the NBA for the money is not

good. Also giving money to schools for wearing their shoes is not fair to the

players who must wear them. They see none of the money which gives them an even

greater reason to go to the NBA. While this does

generate publicity for the NFL, some teams are seeing more money than other

teams. As in basketball, collegiate football is seeing a surge in popularity

because of sponsorship of various activities. A positive effect that sponsors

have on the NFL is that like in basketball, interest is growing. Companies use

different ways to show their football ties hoping to create interest in their

product. A negative effect is that some companies are trying to get too much

control. The situation with Nike and the Cowboys is under review. It can lead

to a terrible downfall for the NFL if too much power is held by one company.

The lesser teams will not have the money or the prestige to lure players to play

for their team. The National Hockey League is seen as number four in sports.

The reason in part is because of hardly any sponsors at all. It has always been

the same until recent. More air time is being given to hockey therefore a need

for sponsorship. Inline hockey is the fastest growing sport and ice hockey is

being watched more than ever. Companies have realized that hockey can be a very

healthy investment. They can have their names placed on the boards around the

rink which is almost always seen. Arenas are now being renamed such as USAir

Arena and Continental Airlines Arena in the quest to impact hockey and make some

money. Nike has made a huge step by acquiring a major manufacturer of equipment

named producing the Bauer brand in an effort to gain interest in hockey.

Uniforms are now being made by three different companies instead of one.

Players are now first seeing endorsements from companies. Hockey is growing at

a rapid pace. There are no negative effects on hockey. Everything is positive

because any kind of sponsorship is a plus. Hockey is trying to work upward and

be recognized as a major sport. Companies are just now realizing hockey's

potential. Five years from now with more sponsors, hockey could be just as big

as basketball. The influences of companies on sports are for the most part

positives. Sponsors help make a sport grow with money for the teams as well as

themselves. More interest in sports lead to advancements in the games

themselves. The negative effects have to be monitored because on negative can

outweigh many positives. A step back in sport because of a sponsor will not be

good for the future of that sport. As long as the companies and the leagues

work together, sports will be able to grow.

Please note that this sample paper on Sponsorship in Golf is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sponsorship in Golf, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Sponsorship in Golf will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!