Deeper Than War

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World War II was a devastating time for Americans and countries around the world. There is so much that went into the war and so many aspects that are deeper than the war itself. Often left out of conversation and partly in remembrance of this particular occurrence include an unparalleled feat of patriotism and bravery during the war. There were many events during the war that would alter history forever. This was the first time that women were given a chance to be apart of a war. This was the first time black men and women had an opportunity to be a part of a war. There was a huge migration of blacks from the south. The segregation of the black recruits in the military. There was also internal American conflict with Japanese residents, and Japanese internment. There was Nazi-Jewish conflict overseas with nazi death camps and the holocaust. All of these things affected the war and the course of history. So how did it all start?

Before the attack of Pearl Harbor, there are two specific events that had already traced a path for WWII. One of them was the downfall of France, which occurred in June 141. The second event was Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. Hitler really wanted to make sure that when he died he would leave his smudge in history. Hitler and Stalin were like two self-centered teenage girl- "friends", prone to stab each other in the back; neither one of them trusted the other. They engaged in a long-drawn-out negotiation in a secret attempt to split up potential territorial treasure amongst them both. Stalin was not satisfied with dominant German control over the Balkans. Hitler (not being able to handle things as a civil human being) decide it would be best to crush his conspirator by launching a surprise attack upon the Soviet Union on June , 141.Roosevelt immediately gave American assistance to Moscow as promised, by making military supplies available) thus halting the German invasion at opening of Moscow. In a short time America lost its footing and we were no longer a neutral nation.

December 7, 141, "a day that will live in infamy". The attack on Pearl Harbor sprung up after intense negotiations between America and Japan. Part of the negotiations included the United states demand that Japan leave China (where they had been battling for 4 years with China). Of course, that did not go over well. The Japanese probably figured that we were out of our minds if we thought that the Japanese were going to just pick up and leave after a long and bitter battle merely at our request. They had a choice to comply with us, or fight back they fought back. American intelligence agents cracked the Japanese codes that informed us that their choice was war. It was almost a laughing matter to think that Japan would have the power or guts to hoist an attack upon America, but they did. December 7, 141, "Black Sunday", a paralyzing blow struck the largest navel Base in the U.S, Pearl Harbor disabling air crafts and killing soldiers and nurses. Germany, Italy, and allies of Japan spared congress argument and debate by declaring war on December 11,141. The war was finally official.

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The Holocaust had been going on since before the war was officially declared. In Germany and throughout parts of Europe Jews were being segregated, persecuted, abused, and taken from their homes, and millions put in Concentration camps. Hitler blamed the Jews for things he did not understand and things out of his power. But there is no reason or excuse to have such a genocidal, bloodthirsty frame of mind. Some Jewish people were able to flee from the talons of Hitler and his prot g es. Over six million European Jews died in concentration camps from heartache ( due to loss of loved ones in front of their eyes), mal-nutrition, disease, and /or harsh violence and murder. The survivors were appallingly sick and mal-nourished. When the allies overran Germany they were appalled and sickened at the site. Although America offered some assistance there was no way to bandage the emotional and psychological wounds of this horrendous affair.

Japanese interment was the imprisonment of Japanese civilians. The war was the spark to the flame of anti-Asian Racism. It didn't help the problem when people of higher authority were spilling gasoline on the fire. "A good solution to the Jap problem would be to send them all back to Japan, then sink the island"-governor of Idaho. (History of the United States)

It sounds like we were being no better than the 'devil' himself, Hitler. We took these innocent people from their lives. We are not God and we should not play God by interfering with people's lives in such a manor. But Many Americans believed that the Japanese residents served as spies or conspirators, even though there was not any evidence to back up their accusations. It is possible that the camps could have been for the better, only because angry American citizens who have lost loved ones in Battle due to the Japanese would probably lash out on the poor Japanese American citizens although in all reality there was nothing they could do to stop or cause what was happening and what had happened. A lot of problems over the course of history could have been avoided if people knew the facts before acting on impulse. Many of the Japanese people in America were born in America so the were U.S. citizens. In February 14, president Roosevelt commanded the army to gather about 10,00 citizens and aliens of Japanese Ancestry and put them in "relocation centers" (emphasis on the quotations), relocation center was just a euphemism for concentration camp. Although we were reportedly not nearly as vicious as Hitler, it was still wrong. In these camps there was little to no privacy and it was very crowded. Whole families were forced to live in a single room. Eventually some Japanese- Americans joined the armed forces. In the early 140s The U.S. government began to recruit Japanese Americans for military service. The interment lasted throughout the course of the war.

Many blacks migrated from the south in hopes of finding work in the military. The amount of money the military began spending began to increase in 141, and with this new spending came new jobs. The jobs were predominantly for whites. The military flowing with the times, segregated black soldiers and put them at low- level jobs "We can take no pride in our armed forces. We can become no more than flunkies in the army and kitchen boys in the navy"- black recruit(www.history.org)

In July 141 there was to be a huge march on Washington led by A. Philip Randolph demanding equal access to the defense positions, and having the "right to fight" in the military. There was no logic in not enabling the black recruits to be a real part of the military team because they surely could have used an extra hand from the beginning, but too often people let their pride and ignorant beliefs become a roadblock to a path of unity and well-being. Roosevelt met with Randolph, and together they made a deal. Roosevelt issued an executive order (880). This order prohibited discrimination in war industries, although not in the armed forces. In return, Randolph would call off the March.

There were about one million black men and women soldiers who served in the armed forces during WWII. Although the military remained segregated there were some black pilots that got to defend "their country" in combat. They belonged to the th fighter pursuit squadron, they called themselves the Tuskegee Airmen. Their name came from the base where they were trained, Tuskegee, Alabama. Around 1,000 African-Americans fulfilled their aeronautical training at the Tuskegee base. Although the Tuskegee airmen did not have a grand opportunity to show their skills in WWII, they did find 'a little light in the sun'. Between 14 and 145, the Tuskegee airmen set a fortunate Tuskegee record none of the bombers they escorted were lost to enemy fighters, they destroyed 51 enemy airplanes and won more than 850 medals.

If you think about it is sort of funny how after persecution and a fight for equality the Japanese and the blacks joined the military to defend and fight for the country that spit on them. In my eyes I think the only reason they fought was to save themselves, their families and for the little money the received. It wouldn't make sense to protect those who would put your life on the line, maybe I'm just mean or it's possible I am missing something. If I were in their positions I probably would have gone about things completely different, but then I suppose I would be jeopardizing my own life and probably be putting a halt on the slow progression of equality. Resulting in many upset people.

In wars prior to WWII, women could only serve as clerks or nurses. In WWII they received full status. Of course there was the bias view of pig-headed men who felt that a woman's place was at home, but with the creation of the Woman's Auxiliary army Corps (WAAC) it didn't really matter. Women had to live in guarded compounds with barbed wire fencing to keep the male soldiers from desperately trying to socialize with them. Women worked over seas with over 00 stationed in North Africa alone. From there women were sent to serve in Italy with the Army, and these specific women traveled all over Italy during the course of the Italian campaign handling the communications they earned commendations, over 1,600 medals including the Bronze star, citations and the respect of their fellow soldiers (which probably meant more to them than any of the awards). These were ruff and tumble women; they crawled through mud, lived in canvas tents, dug trenches, dived into those same trenches and fox holes. Nurses were stationed all over the world, and over 5000 women served in the Southwest pacific, including areas such as New Guinea, Leyte, Manila (Philippines), China and Burma. Women made a momentous contribution to the war working in any and every position that did not include direct combat. As a result four hundred thousand (400,000) women gave a part of their life for their country.

WWII brought about new opportunities for everyone. It's just too bad that it took a war to change some things that shouldn't have needed to be fixed in the beginning. Women most definitely 'had their names written in the stars'. Without the women, more than twice as many men would have died in the war. Although blacks did not have an enormous role in the war this opened the door for later opportunities to fight hand-in-hand with white soldiers .The discrimination against the Japanese and blacks after many years started to dwindle away, although it took a while for non-Asian Americans to forgive the Japanese people. Today all races and women fight together in America, so I suppose the old saying is true 'no pain, no gain"

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Research Paper Lightning

Introduction

This college paper deals of the detailed introduction, reasons and system of

formation of lightning. Lightning has been a reason for fear, power and

myths for ages. Because the days of the belief of Greek mythology, people of

all nations have marveled at the beauty and sheer power of bolts of

lightning. You will find countless references throughout even the earliest

periods of time, concerning the amazement, excitement, or fear experienced

as a split-second flash lights the sky followed by an earth-shaking rumble

that looks to echo forever. (Stock, 1999) A couple of hundred fifty many years after Ben Franklin's kite incident, of the tremendous advancement of

technology most questions about lightning have now been answered. Write my essay about lighting

Definition and causes

Lightning stands out as the equalizer that recreates a balance of sure and

negative electrical charges. As defined in Webster's New Collegiate

Dictionary (WNCD, 2002), "lightning will be the flashing of light made by a

discharge of atmospheric electricity from one cloud to one more or between

a cloud and also the earth. Lightning, on the quite large scale, is similar to the

electrical arc produced when someone is charged with static-electricity

and comes in contact having a metal object."

The certain and negative ions are attracted to every other, so as soon as there

is adequate separation how the insulator (usually air) can no longer keep

the charges from moving on the every other, the movement (lightning)

towards the every other occurs. This technique is incredibly fascinating. An invisible component with the lightning stroke, called a stepped leader, happens and this involves the movement of bad charges towards sure charges and the

movement of positive charges to the damaging charges. Since the

unfavorable charges are thousands of times small than the certain charges,

there is much less resistance inside the movement from the bad charges towards

the positive, and therefore, the two charges meet significantly closer to the

positive side with the imbalance. As soon as opposite charges meet, there is

a conductive path in between the two sides. With a conductive path in place,

the bad charges rush toward the positive and this result in a return

stroke, or the visible stroke of lightning. This return stroke is actually

many strokes, causing flickering inside a lightning bolt. This return

stroke moves on the certain side, so using a cloud to ground strike;

the visible bolt genuinely travels upward to the cloud.

Outcomes

Lightning may be the leading severe weather killer during the United States and

Utah. Thunderstorms are abundant, with virtually sixteen million per year

occurring worldwide. This, combined of the require and/or desire for people

to become outdoors, proves being deadly combination. Within the United States,

one to 2 hundred individuals are killed, approximately five hundred are

injured, and millions of money in damage come every year. The odds that

an individual will likely be struck by lightning are a single in six hundred thousand, but these odds much decrease if simple safety rules and guidelines

are followed. Custom essay.

Conclusion

Technology is a friend of ours in this case. Since society has advanced

greatly in knowledge mainly because a easy experiment was performed having a kite, a wire, including a key many hundred many years ago and with abundant information about lightning, thunderstorms, and severe weather at click of a button, the turning of the dial, or the typing of the few keystrokes, we must take

advantage by increasing our individual understanding of how to enjoy these

beautiful and intriguing weather events without having being needlessly injured

or killed. (mountainnature.com) While it's evident that lightning has

scientific causes, and we have practically mastered the science to predict and

protect people from these kinds of disasters as getting struck by lightning, it

continues to be exciting and overseen phenomena of nature.

Who has knowledge will get the world

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How To prepare for a Debate

"People generally quarrel because they cannot argue." This quote by Gilbert K. Chesterton rings true when taking into consideration any domestic argument. Debating is a method used to argue a topic between individuals or team members. Generally debating is used to maintain order while the opposed argue. Here are some helpful guidelines for the preparation of a three aside parliamentary style debate. Firstly, when preparing for a three aside parliamentary style debate you must find out what your motion is. Your motion tells what side or viewpoint of the topic you will argue; this is key to determine where you will begin researching. A good debater can see both sides of any topic. You can either be on the side of the opposition or on the side of the proposition. The 'prop' are the promoters of the motion, the 'opp' opposes against it. Secondly, in preparing for this particular kind of debate it is necessary to know the format. Knowing the expected debate format is essential to both teams to ensure a smooth honest debate. The format for a three aside parliamentary style debate follows an alternate pattern starting with the propositions first speaker, and then the first speaker of the opposition follows. This alternation continues for the other team members as well. Each speaker has a maximum talk time of three minutes. The chairperson will conduct the debate, and is seated in the middle with the 'prop' on his right and the 'opp' on his left. During the debate the chairperson is in charge and their word is final and must be followed. The chairperson will introduce the speakers, and also thank them when their talk time has ended. During this parliamentary debate points of information are allowed by the team that is silent while the other speaks. Any points of information that a team wishes to make are not allowed during the first and last minutes of the speaker's argument. This restricts all points of information to a one-minute window. The procedure for adding a point is critical. The team member will stand and say "Point of Information", at this time he must wait for the speaker's response of 'accept' or 'reject'. If accepted the point is limited to one short phrase of roughly 10 words. At any time the speaker can stop the point and continue on with his or her argument. If the point is rejected the opposed must sit immediately and no point is made. A good debater can respond to a point made by the opposite team and then continue where they left off uninterrupted. Our third guideline in preparing for a parliamentary style debate is the function of each team member. The first member of the proposition introduces their motion and defines it. Once it is defined they outline their case line and division given to each speaker. As a result of the topic being divided amongst each team member, research is also conducted according to that division. Generally, the first 'opp' will need to ask their self, "What am I defining and what are its advantages?" The next to speak will be the first speaker of the opposition. This speaker will either agree or disagree with the proposition's definition. However, most times it is best to go with the definition given as to avoid straying away from the given motion. It will be necessary during research for the first speaker of the 'opp' to ask their self, " Why am I opposing this motion?" and be able to explain the answer. To rebut is to cement your argument around your definition. Hence, the roles of the second and third speakers are unchanging from one team to the next. The second speaker gives the information, which is the rebuttal process, followed by his case. Unlike the first speaker who does not rebuttal the second speaker's argument is virtually 50% rebuttal. The third speaker brings it all towards conclusion and lays it on thick holding together his argument with those of his team members, his points are all rebuttal. At this time all the speakers have spoken and the debate is closed by the speaker thanking the members of both teams, the debate is over. Now the process begins of deciding which team will be deemed victorious. However, judging is optional and not all debates end in a winner looser situation. If points are given, it should be noted that justifiable points of information will be awarded points.

Please note that this sample paper on who has knowledge will get the world is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on who has knowledge will get the world, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on who has knowledge will get the world will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Chris ofili

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Chris Ofili .

I first came across Chris Ofili's work at the 'Sensation' art exhibition in the Royal Academy of Arts London. 'Space and 'Popcorn Tits' were among five of his latest works being shown in the gallery. These two paintings caught my attention immediately, as they seem to be very similar to the sort of images which I had taken an interest in during the last few years. Although much of his work seems to be 'in your face', bright, psychedelic and very detailed, there is a vast range of influences which one can see, when looking closely into an Ofili masterpiece. The sheer depth and detail is something which astonishes most people when seen first-hand, and these factors are what drew me to his work.

The second time I saw Chris Ofili's work was at the Southampton City Art Gallery. Here there was a much wider range of Ofili's work on show. As well as his paintings, many of his drawings and sketches were on display. Ofili uses a great deal of his drawings as ideas which like many others - he follows through in paintings. At Southampton works such as 'Blossom' were on view, as well as the series of 'Captain Shit' paintings. All of Ofili's paintings seem to follow similar themes. They are about racism, pornography, exploitation, and the typical image of the black gangster. They cover areas such as prostitution and pimping along with rap music, and black creativeness.

It has been said that Ofili's work shows no progression, and that his paintings are merely labour-intensive decorative pieces, however when looking through his work in a chronological order I can see a definite journey from densely layered abstract paintings, through to figurative paintings. This progression was made all the more clear when I visited his most recent exhibition at the Serpentine Gallery in London. His new work uses simple abstract shapes to describe say, hair, a leg or a breast. These shapes are painted as a densely beaded surface like a mosaic and the shapes together create a flat graphic image. It is true to say, however, that Ofili's technical style has not changed dramatically in the last five years, but why should it have? His technique has developed and whilst parts of his style have become more refined others have become less so. Each painting of his seems to be more finely tuned than the previous one - bringing in new ideas and discarding others.

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Many critics feel that Ofili is a very talented, creative, and interesting painter, pushing the boundaries of canvas painting and decoration in a new direction, which has not been investigated to date. However there are also people who would disagree, and say that "Ofili's work is little more than decorative and labour-intensive art which speaks of nothing more than porn magazine collections and hip hop fanaticism." I feel that Ofili's work shows a huge range of influences and he uses and displays these in a way that is innovative and original. However, I feel that aspects of his work such as his dots, which have become a trademark of his art are not particularly original to himself. He has said that the dot's (along with the Elephant dung) highlight his interest in his own ethnic origins, and that he uses these influences in his art to express his black artists presence in a white artists world. This; I feel, is perhaps a slight misinterpretation on Ofili's side because he uses the dots in a decorative way - and he speaks of them being used in a decorative manner in the Matopo caves by ancient man. Further research leads me to believe that the dots were not used for decoration, but to signify the spiritual visions and hallucinations of the San people of Zimbabwe.

The San people are better known as the 'Bushmen', and it was artistic cave paintings of these early people which captured Ofili's imagination when he visited Zimbabwe in 1992 on a painting scholarship sponsored by Absolut vodka. The San had used dots in the paintings to try and represent the unrepresentable appearance of the spiritual dimension. They were like a code which the Bush men used which others of their kind would interpret as spiritual and not decorative. Since seeing the cave paintings, Ofili's work began to feature myriads of brightly coloured dots.

He seems to use an amalgamation of ideas taken from other sources such as magazines and other artists work, many of which are still in their original undeveloped form to create an overall result which is original to himself - he is, in musical turns a DJ - who uses samples of other people's work, and changes them to suit his own purposes.

Analysis of Mouini Thi.

Mouini Thi (1996) is, like all Ofili's exhibited paintings, created with acrylic, oil, resin, and elephant dung. It measures six by four feet which is large but not uncommon for Ofili's work. I have chosen Mouini Thi as a starting point in Ofili's career because it is my favourite piece out of the prefigurative section. This section of ranges from works of 1993 such as Painting with shit on it, through to the paintings of 1996 which include Blind popcorn and Afrodizzia.

It appears to be a vortex shaped explosion of circular forms. Ofili uses his dot technique in the circles to create a detailed pattern which is multi-layered. The background to the piece is a mass of dark green lines in a 'swirly' formation. These lines are taken from studies of nature and it is possible to see the organic forms clearly in this piece. The colours which Ofili uses a in this painting are white, red, yellow, orange, dark green and lime green. These colours tell me more about his interests, and influences, as the combination of the colours ( particularly lime green and orange ) are very retro. Ofili is obviously interested in the retro world, as the colours, shapes, and psychedelic styles he uses all point to the Sixties and Seventies era. He even drives an old lime green Ford Capri and confesses to spending hours on end polishing his chrome bumpers.

Mouini Thi is more of a decorative piece than a descriptive one. There are three main layers to this painting, starting with the swirling patterns and moving to a circular explosion, and finally on top of this intense decoration are placed six large spherical pieces of elephant dung. I feel that Ofili has used elephant dung in quite an interesting way, as the dung, which is essentially a waste product, and in most communities, disposed of, is placed above the beautiful, textured paint. This seems to me, an interesting reversal of painting, when normally what is most beautiful is the first to be seen. The dung also plays an important part in the structure of the piece as a whole. Mouini Thi, like others, is placed on two balls of elephant dung, which leads me to question: Is it still a painting or has it become a sculpture or a piece of decorative, abstract furniture?

Analysis of 'Dream'

'Dream' is made up of circles within circles, densely swirling patterns which are made up of painted blobs and dots of colour, tiny glass beads and glittering discs. This intense surface density gives the picture a very peculiar quality of seeming to be very large, like a constellation of stars ( which has been used to great effect in Space Shit), but also very small, like millions of microbes seen under a microscope (an effects of Mouini Thi). Although the media, which Ofili uses could be seen as slightly gimmicky, in as far as the phosphorus paint and glitter is concerned, the artist has managed to reverse this and create something precious and jewel-like which is emphasised when propped up above the ground on two balls of dung.

When observing his paintings, people often seem to say something along the lines of 'interesting but what does it mean?' In Dream there is a political dimension to the picture. Ofili has used phosphorescent paint to draw the outline of a male figure over the female one. The this figure - his back is turned - is invisible during the day, at night the phosphorescent paint begins to glow in the dark. The idea, perhaps, is that by day the women dreams of has absent lover, and at night the lover dreams of her.

Richard Cork is a visual art critic who writes articles in the Times newspaper. I have chosen to use a particular article of his, as it sums up the main feelings of critics who are in favour of Chris Ofili: " Feeding off William Blake and Blaxploitation movies with equal relish Chris Ofili is one of the most inventive and original painters of his generation". Cork goes on to say that Ofili is far more complex, ambitious and engaging than his tabloid reputation suggests. Ofili's use of unconventional materials such as his elephant dung and map pins has only serve him well, as far as Cork is concerned: "But the truth is that dried gobbets of excrement are only one element of his work. Although their brute presence may offend viewers unaccustomed to confronting animal droppings on canvas, Ofili knows precisely how to incorporate them in paintings where intricacy and finesse count for more than scatological provocation."

This, I feel, is very true, as Chris Ofili manages to use elephant dung, which by all means is large and a grotesque, in a way which blends perfectly with the intricate details of his painting and collage. The dung is used in a decorative manner, as is everything else,. Critics in favour of his art suggests that the use of elephant dung in his work does not obscure a genuine artistic gift. I agree with this and feel that Ofili's work has matured over the last few years in a way which is far more coherent to the viewer. The elephant dung has never obscured his artistic talent, if anything, it has enhanced it,. When viewing all of Ofili's work I could see that his paintings have become more coherent. A majority of his works are colourful but incoherent psychedelic abstractions, which are of little particular interest and are lacking in theme. Pictures like 'Rara and Mala' 94 and 'Geetha' 96 are similar to Jimmy Hendrix album covers of the mid-Sixties. However, these are early works, and this incoherent psychedelia has matured over recent years to become a fascinating amalgamation of painting, decoration, and abstract sculpture. Richard Dorment of the Daily Telegraph goes as far as to call Ofili's painting 'Dream', beautiful. It is certainly one of the most impressive pieces, standing at 8 ft high. In terms of sheer visual punch Ofili's work is in a league of its own. From a distance it stands out, drawing you closer, and unlike many contemporary artists, Ofili does not let you down, as the closer you get, the more interesting the painting becomes. This is due to his technique which involves over laying a ground of varnished pigment and collage with further layers of acrylic and phosphorus paint, and finally the (odourless) elephant dung and glitter.

Please note that this sample paper on chris ofili is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on chris ofili, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on chris ofili will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

George Orwell

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The tragedies in Orwell's life and their influence on 'Animal Farm'

Although Orwell was a great writer from the beginning, he didn't become famous until very late in his short life. His writing was very clear and precise. He mainly wrote autobiographical accounts but his last two novels were bitter accounts of political beliefs. His last two novels became so popular that he became a renowned writer all over the world.

He was born in 10 to a low-classed, British family in Motihari, Bengal, India and was christened was Eric Arthur Blair. His father, Richard Walmesley Blair was a customs officer in the opium department of Indian Civil Service. When he was merely four years old, his family moved back to England and lived in a small village called Henley which was a short distance from London. His father left Orwell and others in Henley and went back to India to serve in the Indian Civil Service.

When Orwell turned eight, he entered into a private preparatory school in Sussex. After attending the school in Sussex, he obtained a scholarship and attended two different schools one in Wellington for a term and another in Eton for four and half years. Later on in his life Orwell claimed that his experience in the preparatory school shaped his views on the English class system.

Eton College was based in an area where upper-class people resided. The consciousness of being poor boy living in an upper-class society where the poor were detested helped to make him a radical in his youth.

In 1 he joined the Indian Imperial Police. His training took place in Burma and he served there for about five years in total. This five year period decisively transformed his mental life. He gradually stated to despise his role as a representative of an alien government and to identify himself with the subject race. In 17, he went back to England on leave and there he decided not to go back and serve as a police in Burma. His resignation became effective from January 1st 18. His dream since childhood was to become a writer and he regarded his profession as a policeman "unsuitable". However it was understood later that he began to understand imperialism which he abhorred. Thus he left his job as a policeman and started his life as a writer. The name by which the world knows him now and knew him them, George Orwell, was a pseudonym which was suggested by his publisher when he published his first novel.

The crises in Orwell's life were the topic of his writings. His essays and his novels were mainly autobiographical and portrayed his political feelings. The first incident in his life occurred when he was sent in 16 by the Left Book Club to study the unemployed were living in the working-class districts of Northern England. He observed the people in Northern England in a miserable state and was tempted to write a novel called "The Road to Wigan Pier" despite the disapproval of his sponsors because he criticized the orthodox English socialism. This trip had a tremendous long term effect on Orwell's interests; he became interested in the popular culture, which is reflected in his classic essays such as "The Art of Donald McGill".

The second but the most important crisis in Orwell's life was a visit to Spain as a journalist. As Orwell arrived at Barcelona, he joined the militia unit of a Marxists workers party, the POUM. While serving on the Aragon and Teruel fronts, he got severely wounded. In May 17 he was involved in a fight in which the POUM and the Anarchists were on one side and the Communists were on the other. Eventually, the Communist secret police chased him out of Spain. Spain revealed to him how far political motives, wrongly applied can destroy the respect for truth prized by the liberal nineteenth century. His experience in the Spanish Civil War and the fights in trenches were told in his novel "Homage to Catalonia". This novel also exposed the Stalinist bid for power in Spain. Later in his life Orwell wrote the novel "Animal Farm" which showed how much he abhorred Stalin and his communist views.

Orwell was an essayist, journalist, and a novelist with a unique combination of a middle-class intellectual and a working-class reformer. A strong autobiographical element runs through most of Orwell's writing giving both his novels and essays a sense of immediacy and conviction. He wrote with remarkable clarity and his credo was that fine prose should be transparent 'like a window pane'. Orwell felt that the age was threatened by totalitarianism. Therefore, he wrote for libertarian socialism and against totalitarianism. His essays 'Shooting an Elephant' and especially, 'Politics and the English Language', in which he asserts that dishonest politics and slipshod language are inseparable connected evils, are models of what he wrote. His concerns also led him to write Animal Farm which is a bitter satire against totalitarianism specifically criticizing the Stalinist rule in USSR. Animal Farm also has the most important message that Orwell had to convey 'liberty means telling people what they do not want to hear. "If the vehicle for telling gets corrupted, then the message itself will always be corrupted"'.

The novel which brought fame for Orwell was Animal Farm. In this novel, a bitter animal satire, he criticized communism and expressed his political beliefs. His beliefs were absolutely true and his view of communism eventually was seen by the whole world by the way Stalin treated his people just to maintain power. To appreciate his message in this novel it is important to know its plot, the initial criticism he received and how this is connected to his life. The connection of his life to this extraordinary novel is his time at Eton College and then later on his visit to Spain. These events have been talked about earlier. Now its time to talk about the plot and other things related to the novel.

This novel is made around the events in the USSR, from before the October Revolution to the end of World War II. This is done by using a frame of reference of animals in a farmyard, the Manor Farm, owned by Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones is drunk most of the time and is out f touch with the animals he governs, just like Czar Nicholas of USSR. Mr. Jones neglects the farm causing displeasure and bitterness among his animals. One day after Mr. Jones finishes his nightly rounds, Major, a commanding pig (V.I. Lenin), tells other animals about a dream he has had regarding the theories about the way they have been living. The animals had been exploited by Mr. Jones but according to Major's dream, the animals would overthrow Mr. Jones and share the profits and dangers of work equally. Major teaches the animals the words of the song "Beasts of England" (The Internationale) and tells them to look for the betterment of all animals. Three days later Major dies.

The most intelligent of the animals, the pigs, are provoked by Major's speech and clandestinely learn how to read and write. After much thought they come up with a philosophical system called animalism (Communism, Bolshevism) whose principles are taught to all animals. When Mr. Jones forgets to feed the animals one day (as the Russians starved at the end of WWI), the animals start a revolution. Thus driving out Mr. Jones, his wife (the Russian nobility), and Moses, the raven (the Russian Orthodox Church). The animals rejoice over their great victory and start right away to build their new and better life.

The pigs took over all the responsibility of the organization and decision-making processes. Also the pigs took the rights to all the milk and apples. Orwell has admitted that taking the cow's milk was the first sign of corruption which inevitably led to the total destruction. The two pigs in power were Snowball and Napoleon, which represent Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin, respectively, and they argued all the time. The third important pig, Squealer (Pravda, Tass), appears more hypocritical. He endorses any action with his skillful use of language. The pigs change the name of the farm from Manor Farm to Animal Farm and print the seven commandments of animalism on the barn wall. In the meantime, Napoleon has been raising puppies which will eventually develop into savage attack dogs (NKVD, secret police) which will one day hunt down all his personal enemies, especially Snowball.

When the animals start physical control of the farm, work becomes difficult and the animals gradually start to lose the cohesiveness. Even though Benjamin (Tolstoyan intellectuals) remains cynical about the heaven on earth as proposed by animalism, Boxer (the peasantry) keeps on working harder and harder. The togetherness between the animals is regained when Mr. Jones attacks on the farm to regain it. The confrontation is called the Battle of the Cowshed and the animals win it because of Snowball's excellent strategy.

After the battle, the two leading pigs, Snowball and Napoleon argue over the next step. Snowball says that the most important task is to increase food production (develop socialism in Russia) and the Napoleon says that the important step is to build the windmill (permanent revolution). The argument is fierce and when it seems like Snowball is going to win the vote, Napoleon unleashes his secret weapon, the dogs. The dogs drive Snowball out of Animal Farm forever. Thus Napoleon has no rival and he can impose all the changes he wants. So he changes many rules and cancels the usual Sunday meetings.

The animals continue their hard work, still having faith that their life will indeed get better. The changes that Napoleon institutes are so different from the initial rules of animalism that life become more of a hell than heaven. The present was so bitter that the animals don't have the memory to recall or the energy to change the present even if the memorize were fresh. Very soon the life at Animal Farm seems impossible to differentiate from the life the animals led at Manor Farm.

The novel can be interpreted by two different age groups in two different ways. Children can view this novel as merely a good 'fairy story". However the veterans of World War II can appreciate this as a political satire. The latter interpretation was the intention of George Orwell. He wanted to tell the world that communism is a curse and it will lead to severe problems. Orwell wanted to state that "institutionalized hierarchy begets privilege, which begets corruption of power".

Thus it can be concluded that Orwell's life has had a major impact on his writing. His early days at the preparatory school in Henley made him despise the English system and then his years at Eton College nurtured him as a rebel who wanted to warn the world against corruption. His experience in Spain finally made him write the political satire criticizing communism.

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