Centenarians in Today's World

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Centenarians in today's world


Longevity and world science


Essay help on Centenarians in Today's World


Introduction Centenarians in today's world


Longevity and world science


Chapter 1 Society and Early life of Iris Scantlebury in


Barbados at the turn of the 0th Century 187-


105


Chapter Childhood and teenage life in Barbados 105-


118


Chapter Iris Scantlebury as a young adult worker and


Homemaker 118-17


Chapter 4 Social and political changes in Barbados 17-


166


Chapter 5 Family life changes 166-000


Chapter 6 A Centenarian's Religion


Chapter 7 The secret of long-life, health and diet systems


Chapter 8 The role of sport and recreation in a


Centenarian's life


Chapter Travel and Education


Chapter 10 Economic, Social and Health Conditions Of Iris


Scantlebury


Summary


Introduction


Centenarians in today's world


Longevity and world science


It is suggested that old age results in withdrawal from the labour force, loss of earnings and therefore decreased income, poverty and economic deprivation on the elderly. On the other hand there is evidence, which supports the alternative view that old age does not necessarily mean economic deprivation. It is argued that there are a non-taxable benefits, social security payments, health insurance, reduced travel cost, family support and so on, which might serve to mediate the economic impact of old age.


As the 1st Century came Barbadians were seeing an increase in the number of females and males centenarians born on the island. At present the oldest centenarian is 10 years old. The majority of today's centenarians still live at home with their families while a small number resides in District Hospitals or private homes in Barbados. When it comes to revealing the secrets of longevity most centenarians summons it up to hard work, a good supply of ground food and the grace of Jesus Christ.


Centenarians over the passed years have contributed earnestly to our society socially, economically, religiously and politically. These outstanding individuals have also worked on our sugar plantations cutting canes, weeding, spraying, dropping manure, haling-canes and fixing plantation equipment. While others went as far as establishing their own businesses as shopkeepers, hawkers, bakers, fishermen and the list goes on. Centenarians have also passed down to our generation "old time" remedies for the common cold to high blood pressure to a small crack under the toe. In addition, "old time" stories about the obeah men and women and ghost stories are stilled being told today as they have been passed on from generation to generation although they have been replaced by Bed Time Story Books such as Jack and Jill, The Three Little Bears and Cinderella to mention a few. Many games such as Pick Ups, Rounder, Marble Punching, Hop Scotch and Ring games like " John Belly Mama", There is a Brown Girl in the Ring", "Find the Leader, Open your window Mrs. Sue have survived and are stilled being played today.


Although many young children are not seen playing these games as in the passed due to the fact that our society have undergone several changes. The invention of Computer games and other technological games are also to blame for such lack of interest in such games. However, we can still see some of these games in our Primary Schools and wider community where the "old time" village life still prevails.


The Government of Barbados alone with the Governor General of the island have recognized the important role which all centenarians have played in the political, social, religious and economic process in the country which is also mention in our National Anthem, "In plenty and in time of need when this fair land was young, Our great forth fathers sowed the seed from which our pride is found". Hence, all centenarians on their Birthday are visited by the Governor General were he or she spends a few hours chatting about the "old time" day while celebrating with family members and close friends on such a happy occasion.


At present they are no books, pamphlets, documentaries or any other source from which the life history of centenarians can be used as research material or for personal pleasure. It must be noted that the life of centenarians and the elderly are adventurous, exciting, unique and full of local history. Many young adults Barbadians do not see the need to communicate with the elderly within their communities because of the impression that they have nothing in common with each other. Sadly enough the elderly within Barbados are often left to live on their own in poverty, abused, abandon in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital or in the District Hospitals on our shores, they


suffer from loneliness, broken hearts, illness, financial difficulty homelessness and mental problems.


As Barbadians we must realized and see the importance of the elderly within our country, for they are the building blocks of Barbados. Therefore, we must respect and care for them, if this is not done we as young people and adults would certainly have no roots or culture to pass on to new generations to come. Therefore, we need to document this rich history of Barbadian village life, wither it is through the means of television, radio or books.


The centenarian whom we would be examining is Mrs. Iris Scantlebury. This short but powerful lady only turned one hundred years on the 5th of September 00, she currently resides at Rock Hall St Lucy in a house which she and her husband Whitfield Da Costa Scantlebury not only built together but also raised their nine children side by side. Mrs. Scantlebury has lots of experience and wisdom to share with fellow Barbadians, her story is just like any other filled with happiness, disappointment, death, pain and many blessings. May her life history inspired and motivate us to be more appreciative of our families and the things we often take for granted in our lives.


Chapter 1


Society and Early life of Iris Scantlebury in Barbados at the turn of the 0th Century 187-105


I Iris Scantlebury was born on the 05th of September 10 to the proud parents of Josephine and Joe Alleyne. My family was made up of three boys and two girls I being the third child. I played a number of games in my early childhood alone with many friends from my neighborhood in Josey Hill St. Lucy such as Catchers and Hide and Seek. As a child attended the St. Clements Elementary School located in Pipe Corner St. Lucy.


Chapter


Childhood and teenage life in Barbados 105-118


I went to work on the Pickering Plantation since my parents could not afford to send me to High School. My sister Lola was a shopkeeper while my last brother did agriculture work, however, my two oldest brothers worked in the Waft packing good into boats that were called Lighters for export. Almost everyone used to walk to town at night it was nuff laughter as we talk to keep each other company, sometimes ghost and obeah stories were told and children used to be frighten. If on the way to town and you got sleepy people use to stop and sleep in the cuscus grass on the side of the roads.


Chapter


Iris Scantlebury as a young adult worker and Homemaker 118-17


I always loved children and I born my first child at a very young age, I called her Carmine. I worked at the Pickering Plantation located in the Parish of St. Lucy; I often walk to work and took the shortest route through Rock Hall gully. Carmine's father named was Torrid and he had lost his life in the prime of his youth as a result of the quarry in which he worked cave in without any warning and took his life. I was devastated by his passing and know had to work extra hard since I was the only person to support my child. With time my heart healed form my lost and I became close friends and then lovers with another gentlemen, his name was Mr. Whitfield DaCosta Scantlebury who arrived from St. Peter in an area called Nichol's, he too worked as an Agricultural worker at the Pickering Plantation.


As the years passed Whitfield and I were the proud parents of Conrad, Ralph, Keith, Arlic, Selwyn, Yourlene and Norma Alleyne, after the birth of my last child Norma we both decided to get married. Our wedding was held at the St. Lucy's Parish Church located in St. Lucy. My husband and I both worked hard on the plantation in order to provide food for the family, things were hard in those day, people today work for two to three hundred dollars but my wages were only 6 cents a day, and this had to run my house, buy food, and support my children. I was an excellent cook cause I learn from my mother Josephine and her mother, I used to cook all sorts of food never pick out anything, want ever I cook was ate. Some of these dishes were breadfruit, salt beef, yams, eddoes, conkies, bakes, muffins, green banana, beef tough, cocoa, corn meal dumplings and green peas cook up in rice. We had no modern beds to sleep on, I use to send my children out in pasture or gully to cut cuscus grass, which was later, dried and stuffed into cocas bags to make beds to sleep on. Children will always be children and urinate on their beds this was a common trend in those days and many insects were harvested in these beds giving off a bad odor. At Christmas time now Barbadians paint their homes, buy tiles, carpet, new curtains, ham, turkey and a wide variety of drinks. However, Christmas for me was quit different than the way it is celebrate today. I remembers I used to send my children to pick tall grass from the pasture or gully behind my chattel house, I made it into a brome to sweep and crown web the house while straw bromes were used for the yard, this was home made by bundling together the grass and tying with three strings at separate areas. The straw broom was made from dried coconut stems and a mackerel tin that was place at the top, people also made them to sell. We did this because we could not afford the type of bromes we use today or tooth brush, toothpaste or deodorants instill we substitute toothbrushes for coconut husk; toothpaste for blue soap and deodorant was powder or nothing at all.


Paint was expensive and me and my husband used white marl and mix it with water to create the appearance of snow at the front of the house, on Christmas day men from the nearby villages would visit everyone's home singing Christmas song while playing the drum, steel pan, flute or cymbal, after which a small monetary contribution was collected.


Chapter 4


Social and political changes in


Barbados 17-166


Within the Barbadian Society leading up 17 white individuals on the island discriminated against black people even though slavery had been abolished some years ago. Whites more than blacks established themselves socially and politically, in essence white people had the power to treat blacks and poor whites as they chose. The majority of blacks like myself worked on low income jobs, worked long hours, never received any compensation of any kind for illness or injuries on the job and workers were hired and fired at any time by those in authority. Whenever I was pregnant I used worked to I deliver my child and was back out to work within a matter of days.


These problems came about because whites had all the power, blacks could not vote in any elections and we did not have a trade union to right for our rights. Families during this period were quite large some families included up to twelve to seventeen children in one household. Parents working for low wages found it difficult to make ends meet during this time. Living conditions were deplorable; diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and small pox were extensive on the island and claimed the lives both adults and small children as seen in some our cemeteries across our twelve parishes.


I knew that in order to keep food on the table men often stole ground provisions from nearby plantations at night, often they were shot at by the overseer and if caught the police was called in. In the case of women the overseer often asked for sexual favors in return for freedom and the stolen food, if by chance a woman objected to such advances the police would be further used as a treat. As a result, many wives bourn children who were not their husbands or boyfriends, this further led to the break up of relationships and some marriages in my district.


Communities in Barbados, were as violent as today's society which is filled with kidnappings, murders, guns, knifes, drugs and bad behave children. Each individual were their brothers and sister's keepers, a community were everyone looked out for the other person. Men used to fit with their fist or maybe a rock or two mostly over women at dances, many village fights broke out at the stand pipes were women, men and children went to catch water. Someone would wait until someone's bucket is filled and processed to put the bucket on their heads, then someone else would gave that person a push and all the water would fall to the ground and that person would then have to stand up and wait his or her turned again. People also quarried over whose bucket were at the pipe first. Those were the good old days, filled with laughter and fun. Young people today do not know what is respect, if your mother and I were not on speaking terms your child still had to speak to me and my child to you, and if by chance my child passed you and did not speak you were in title to gave him or her a skin of licks and when they arrived home I would then gave a fresh set of licks also because someone would have told me what my child did wrong. Today it is a different story some parents have their children spoiled, indiscipline and graduate them into men and women before their time.


Communities backs then were quit safe to life in and walk around, the doors of houses and windows were never locked but always starring open. I remember on many occasions when I left my windows and doors open to go by the village shop or to walk down "Balls" to catch water or visit" Over Gully" to wash my clothes.


Blacks and especially in my community were so poor that many children did not attend school since their parent cold not offered to send them, others who got the chance attended what was called Elementary Schools up to the age of fourteen or maybe earlier depending on your families financial situation. The uniform for school was either khaki or flower bag pants and shirt, no shoes were worn and only wealth families like the Greaves, Ward's and Campbell's worn shoes, proper khaki uniforms and were the ones who had lunch money and a full lunch since these families had servants to tend to their needs.


My children attended the Mesh House School, and lunch was mainly stew potatoes, bakes, muffins, lemonade and water that I prepared. Me our my husband could not afford to send our children to High School and between the ages of ten and fourteen my children went to work in the positions of Agriculturalist, Domestics and Shop Attendants.


Children were often sent to learn varies trade such as masonry, carpentry, boat building, welding or domestic worked, this extra income although small still contributed to the house hold, will other stayed at home to take care of younger siblings as their parents went to work.


In addition, only parents who were well off could afford to keep their children in school after Elementary School High School was the next level and this included schools like Harrison Colleges, Queen's College, The Lynch School and Modern High School.


Barbados political parties had severe franchise restrictions, which retarded the development of political parties. The first party on the island can be regarded as the Democratic League formed by Dr. Charles Duncan O'Neal in 14. Other parties were the 'conservative' and the 'liberals' who represented vested interest and workers had soon form. The vast majority of successful candidates were always 'conservative', but in the 17 elections the 'liberals' were successful in electing out the 4 members of the Assembly.


The 17 disturbances marked a political awakening of Barbadians generally, and the following year the Barbados Progressive League was formally launched by some past members of the Democratic League. Grantley Adams was Vice-President the first year and its President soon after. By the early 140s, the League was divided into three sections two of which were the Barbados Workers' Union and the Barbados Labour Party (B.L.P.) with Adams as Chairman of both. The lowering of franchise requirements in 14 greatly expanded the number of eligible voters, and it was followed by the formation of two new political parties, namely, the Electors' Association and the West Indian National Congress Party.


The strength of the three existing parties was about equal, but in 148 elections the B.L.P. returned 1 of the 4 members of the Assembly, the Electors' Association , and the Congress Party . The introduction of universal adult suffrage in 150 triple the electorate and produced completely different results in the 151 elections the B.L.P returned 16 members, the Electors' Association 4, the Congress Party and the Independents.


In May 155, the newly organized Democratic Labour Party was officially launched by Cameron Tudor and Errol Barrow (previously of the B.L.P). As


well as O. T. Allder. They were joined by the elected members of the Congress Party shortly before the 156 elections but the D.L.P. won only 4 seats to the B.L.P.'s 15. Will in the 161 elections the D.L.P.won 14 seats to the B.L.P.'s 5.


Barbadians now saw the existence of co-operatives, credit unions, and burial societies during this time. In 16 education became free to all nationals attending government institutions. Recently the system has been extended to include lunch for $1.00 a week at primary schools, a textbook loan scheme, income tax, and allowances on uniform and subsided bus fares. Pre-school or nursery education, secondary modern schools emerged in the last three decades with the opening of St Leonard's Boy's and Girls (15) Princess Margaret and West St Joseph (155) Parkinson (160) Springer Memorial (164) St Elizabeth's and Ellersile (166) St Lucy Secondary (171) and lastly St George Secondary (17).


Person who wanted to earn certificates or diplomas institutions such as Home Craft Centers (145) and the Evening Institution in (148) The Community College (16) Hotel School (164) and the Samuel Jackson Polytechnic (170). Tertiary education was offered by the University College in 16 at Harbor Road (Martin 166), which was moved to Cave Hill, there was also Codrington College as well. Therefore, barbarians had the opportunity to acquired education at its highest level and it was largely the work of the Barbados Democratic Labour Party, which was lead by Errol Barrow. Barbados requested Independence from the British Government in 165 after much consideration this request was granted officially on the 0th of November 166.


Chapter 5


Family life changes 166-000


My family went through tremendous changes between 166 and the year 000. My daughter Yourlene jaw tooth was growing down on her nerves in the jaw bone, eventually this tooth was extracted but it was too late Cancer had already develop and soon spread to the jaw bone. Doctors at the Hospital made the decision to removed this side of the jaw bone and in order to gave her face shape Doctors used bolts and screws to solve the problem, after a while were these bolts and screws were located began to juice the Cancer had taken over the face. At the age of 5 my daughter Yourlene Alleyne passed away at the District Hospital located in St. Lucy, she left one son and two daughters behind one of which was a little baby girl. This family tragedy made live very difficult not only for the family but more so for me since this would have been the second person that I was close to who died.


In time my family heal and recovered from there lost, my daughter Carmen and Arlic moved to the United States in search for a better life and found jobs as domestics. Even know I still miss them a great deal and look forward to any phone calls, postcards or visits to Barbados by them. Arlect left her daughter Donna to be taken care of by me in Barbados.


My husband Whitfield DaCosta Alleyne suffered from high blood pressure which eventually took his life at the age of sixty-six in the year 166. I remember that day since it was the day I lost my beloved husband, it was a Sunday afternoon about 00 o'clock when he took ill Ralph, Conrad, Keith and Norma were at his bedside will my son Selwyn was summons by Yourlene boyfriend Herald to returned to the Hospital as soon as possible. It seemed to me that Whitfield was only waiting for his last son to arrive so that he could speak his dying words. When Selwyn came he went straight to his father bedside by this time everyone had assemble round the bed where Whitfield laid, as Selwyn sat on the bed while holding his fathers hands he slowly whisper, "Selwyn don't forget Iris gave her some of what ever you have", he later passed away and Funeral arrangements were soon organized. The turnout was handle by Fred Greaves who owned Greaves Funeral Home and was the brother of son Selwyn's girlfriend Annetta; he took the body to the Funeral Home in Church Hill St Lucy. Selwyn went on Monday to the Funeral Home to help dress his father who was later buried in the afternoon at the St Lucy's Parish Church.


As the years passed my children moved away from their home in Rock Hall, Ralph moved to Hope Road, Conrad to Allendale, Selwyn to Jemmott's, Keith to Durham's and Norma remained at home along with Yourlene three children, Donna joined her mother Arlic in the United States soon afterwards. Today, both grandchildren and greatgrand childrens lives near me since all of my children remained in the parish of St Lucy.


On Thursday 5th of September 00 at ten o'clock in the morning my birthday party was held at my youngest son Keith's home in Durham's St. Lucy, celebrations started as family and close friend from all over the twelve parishes on the island joined together to celebrate the life of a friend, mother, grandmother, and great grandmother. Father Goodridge who is my present Reverent started the ceremony with a prayer; the St. Lucy's Parish Church choir was specially invited later presented me with Special music and service. A short sermon was delivered by the Reverent, which told the congregation about my character and the gratitude towards God for awarding me this wonderful achievement in my life.


The Governor General of Barbados Sir. Clifford Husbands was also present, and took part in the celebrations by making a speech and giving a toast to me. As the hours passed more guest arrived and the Advocate Newspaper journalist was also present and chatted with me, more and more fruit baskets, bottles of wines, postcard in their envelopes unopened, and other gifts wraped neatly in their gift papers were placed on the tables and in one of the bedrooms, while the telephone seem not to stop from ringing.


On this memorable day I was quit tried after such excitement but was stilled happy that I reached the age of one hundred years surrounded by four generations of grandchildren and seven surviving children out of nine. I am not able to read my bible as I used to in the passed but I continue to sing some of the hymns I can remember as part of my worship at home.


At least ones every month I look forward to the visit of my Reverend Father Goodridge, who gives me worship and communion services while spending a few hours talking mostly about my health. I openly thank God everyday for sparing my life so that I can see another day.


Chapter 6


A Centenarian's Religion


From the time I was a little girl my mother use to carried us to church services with us. And as a result religion has also been part of my life. I attended the St. Lucy's Parish Church from a little girl up to my old age. I have also tried to encourage all my children to worship God.


In my old age I still tries to worship God and I praise him everyday for what he has done for me. I take my religion seriously because of the goodness that God has done for me and my family, if it was not for him I do not know what would have happen to me.


Chapter 7


The secret of long-life, health and


Diet systems


I believe that I have gained long-life as a result of the hard and long hours I work on the plantation, raising eight children and keeping up with them, a good supply of ground food (yams, green banana,) and the goodness of Jesus Christ whom I has served for the majority of my life. My favorite foods and drinks in my old age is rice and chicken, corn meal cocoa and I like orange juice, lucazade, mauby and seldom a glass of wine or brandy to thin out the blood. My health has not been too good as I came closer to one hundred years. I have high blood pressure, which is monitor by medication. My three sons are all diabetics but she has not been grace with this illness as yet.


A few years ago I had a touch of Shingles but has since gotten over such sickness. The family started to give up hope since I was very ill but I told them that God had other plans for me, he wanted me to be one of the ones to reach one hundred.


Today I cannot walk around as I used to between her early seventies and nineties, I have arthritis and sometimes my feet are swollen and hurt terribly. Likewise, I still gave praises and honor to God for not forsaken me, and giving me the chance to reach one hundred, an age which many individuals will not reach.


If people want to live long you need to eat plenty of ground foods and cut out the junk foods and fast foods. People need to cook food at home and not eat the ready cook foods that you put in the microwave. We old people never had anything so, and we could not afford fancy foods to cook but our parents still made sure we had food to eat such as soup with corn meal dumplings, breadfruit, bakes and salt fish and cocoa.


Chapter 8


The role of sport and recreation in a


Centenarian's life


Sports and Recreation for me was working on the sugar cane fields haling canes unto the trucks, weeding grass around the crops such as eddoes, yams and sweet potatoes. I find peace and rest relaxing at home with my family while remembering the good old days. Since worshiping God at my church is no longer possible due to my limited movement and arthritis in my legs I still finds joy in praising my creator by sing song of praise and adoration, in earlier year I used to read bible tract that were post in from the United States of America my daughter Arlect and listen to the Radio Fusing program on VOB which have since been abandon.


In my early nineties I could stilled be seen walking strong around the house and to the top of my gap every morning. I also took the hoe and cutlass from my shed and weed the grass around the house. Even more amazing was the fact that I continued to baby-sit my daughter's grandchildren and great grand's, while making formula and changing diapers. I believes that the majority of my young years were spend in recreation, as I often used to walk from St Lucy to Bridgetown to take clothes and food for my brothers who worked packing goods on board ships in the Waft. Picnicking was the sport and recreation of the Barbadian society as hundred of pincers would turn out in their numbers from the east, west, south and north of the island dress in their finest clothing, at that time up to sixty-six buses meant in King George Memorial Park in St. Philip. Music was licking down, people were dancing and having a good time, food was plentiful and of different variety; fried chicken, rice and peas, gravy, lamb stew, puddings, cakes, bottles of brown rum and, whisk were on the menu for the day. Today as I reached my one hundred mark I is not as strong as she used to and her sport and recreation have been limited, but I still have a strong voice and I listen to Christian radio station while watching the Young and Restless, Bold and the Beautiful and my favorite television shown Days of Our Lives, for a lady of my age I can still explained or filled anyone in on the actors and the picture itself. Two of my brothers departed at the harbor bound for Cuba and Panama to work, but up to know I have not heard a word or received a letter from them but believe they are all dead by know and may have left family behind.


Chapter


Travel and Education


I got the opportunity of my life when my daughter Arlect sent an airline ticket for her to join her in the Unite States of America for one month. I had never ever travel on a plane before and was quit frighten at the though of flying so high in the sky but at the same time I was looking forward for such a one in a lifetime experience. As I made her way to the States I vividly remembers the bright lights of the City and my granddaughter Donna placing a jacket around my shoulders at the J.F Kennedy Airport. Every morning breakfast was made for me and sometimes consisted of; eggs, bacons, toast, tea, coffee, corn flasks and orange juice were some of her favorite foods. I went shopping in Queens, Brooklyn, and New York and meant some of my daughter and granddaughter's friends. I also remember visiting the Twin Towers which were destroyed by terrorist earlier this year, I remember that my head began to spin from the height, it was a beautiful scene as you look around New York, it was something which one would always remember even if they are gone.


In terms of my education I did not go one to finish my learning but thank God that I can read, write and count on my own. My parents were poor but we still turn out ok, it does not matter how poor you are but if you believe in God and have dreams he will help you to accomplish them.


Chapter 10


Economic, Social & Health Conditions Of Iris Scantlebury


As the bible says the root of money is wickedness, I have never worked for any lot of money in my lift time; the most money I am getting now would be my pension. I do not have much of it but I make do with what I have. I do not get any money to spend really since I do not go to the store or shopping anymore, I am an old woman now so I do not have much need to spend money. However, I still keep a few changes in my purse to send for anything I may need from the shop. My daughter's oversees always send back or bring hats, dresses, under pants, wigs, anything they think I may need. My daughter even sent up a wheel chair and walker for me. My granddaughter buys the other items I need with my old age pension.


In my old age I have benefited from the old age pension, which I receive every month, when I used to catch the bus to go to the Doctor or Speighstown I ride on the transport bus for free. From the time I came alone knew about the Welfare Department. In my time they was a district hospital in St. Lucy near to River Bay and women used to go there to have babies we used to called it the Almshouse, but have change to a place which take cares of the elderly. I know of nurse who came and take care of the elderly and one used to come and check up one me too.


My son Keith prepares my food, during the week and my daughter Norma and her daughter Betty give me breakfast on mornings and food on weekends, I am not able to cook anymore. Any vegetables is usually pumpkin, okras, yam that I eat, I am not so keen, one the other types of vegetables now. I usually use Complain, barley, oaths and saga porridge to drink and it keeps me full during the day.


I was forced to retired earlier than I wanted to, I was always sick with high fever after all my children were born, doctors could not help cure me, my son Selwyn went out to work picking pound grass to get money to feed the family while my husband continue to work as usual.


My daughter Norma, her daughter Betty who is the head of the family and her two daughters live in my house, which my husband and me built together. It has two bedrooms, a kitchen, living room and a dining room. It need the roof changing and my son Selwyn and his son Rally came and change it for me cause the house was getting wet when the rain fall. The toilet, bath and pipe are outside of the house.


In my younger years I used to cook on wood and used kerosene oil, up to today which my daughter Norma still sometimes cook on kerosene oil stove. My granddaughter Betty brought a fridge, gas stove, television, video, radio, telephone, furniture's and carpet to petty up the house.


Some old people do not have anyone to take care of them, they are lonely, family members put them in homes for someone else to take care of them and they need someone to talk to them. Sometimes I feel lonely when I am home by myself.


In my younger years I had a number of friend all over this country but as you go your separate ways one tends to lose contact with each other. As a young woman I also used to keep company with the older women because I realized that they had lost of wisdom and understanding which could guild me in my life and training my children. I believed I had friends from all over Barbados, in my older years I used to run into them in Speighstown or one of their children who I ask to say hello for me. My grand children as comes home and sometimes say that I saw X or Y this place and they say hello. Some come once in a while to visit me at my home in Rock Hall. At my one-hundredth-birthday party were friends that I have not seen in years but they still remember me all these years and wanted to celebrate with me. Other friends have passed away a long time ago.


My neighbours are my granddaughter Alison, her two children, Fredrick, Quering, the Babb's, Hinds and Lettuce. All my neighbours and I speak to each other, they come and visit me sometimes. The members of the Chance Hall Seventh-day Adventist Church also come to visit me and give me service and food hampers sometimes.


People often called me a senior citizen, old girl, old, and moms. I do not mind people calling me these names I am proud to reach such an age. Young people sometimes don't want to listen to old people they feel they know all about life, but old people have experience which younger people don't have.


I do not see my other children often, but I see my son Keith almost everyday, the others in America usually call on Mothers Day, Easter, Christmas and one my Birthday. My daughter Arlect comes back every year now, this is years that I have not seen my daughter Carmen; her daughters visit me when they come on holiday. They write letters, send postcards, phone and send money for me. I do not hear from my sister Laya or from my other brothers who went to Cuba, the rest arte dead.


I visit my doctor every month, if I am really ill she comes and visit me at home. My doctor is a private one and my pension helps to pay my medical bills, and I am presently on medication by my doctor. My granddaughter gives me the tablets to take.


Sometimes my memory goes and comes, I use to have a big appetite but I hardly eat food know, my eyes are not too good either but I can still see, they run water, I can hear fairly well. I usually sleep during the day but some time I am restless during the night.


I am old and all I am looking forward to is to see my heavenly father, I am not afraid of death, I have serve the Lord all my days and I kept trusting in him. I have enough money to bury me, I made sure I safe something, and I don't have a will made out.


I don't see my grandchildren too often; some come and visit me, ask for me and call on the telephone to see how I am doing. I saw the majority of them at my one hundred-birthday party last September. We all get alone well and they have behaved themselves and kept out of trouble.


SUMMARY


Barbados will continue to be bless with it's elderly population living long enough to be called centenarians as a result of a excellent health care system, the monthly pension which is provided by the government, the survival of the extended family and the varies homes on the island who cater to the elderly.


Iris Scantlebury, have seen both good and bad in her life as she develop and travel through the path from childhood unto adulthood, she has seen and experience what it is to be poor and the many changes which our society have undergone since 10.


With the pension that she receives from the government and the finical assistance that her family makes available Iris has been able to life a life without poverty since all her needs finically, spiritual, socially and mentally are being meant. Although most of my friends are dead I still have a few remaining, my neighbours and their children get on well with each other. My children and grand children visit me once in a way and the majority does not live two far from me, while, my children overseas call me or send post cards for special occasions.


Iris has know reached her final stage in life as an elderly person and have prepared herself mentally and physically for her father Jesus Christ if he should come at anytime or call her to eternal rest, may her life story touch our hearts and motivate us to treat the elderly with love and care as we too will get old someday.


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Death of a Salesman

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Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman is a tragic play about an aging and struggling salesman, Willy Loman, and his family's misguided perception of success. In Willy's mind, being well-liked is more important than anything else, and is the means to achieving success. He teaches this flawed idea to his sons, Biff and Happy, and is faithfully supported by his wife Linda. Linda sympathizes with Willy's situation, knowing that his time as an important salesman has passed. Biff and Happy hold their father to impossibly high standards, and he tries his best to live up to them. This causes Willy to deny the painful reality that he has not achieved anything of real value. Willy's obsession with a false dream results in his losing touch with reality and with himself.


Many times during the play, Willy drifts in and out of flashbacks. Most of these occur during the period when Biff was in high school, and foreshadow the events of the present. For instance, in one of the flashbacks, Biff "borrows" a football from the locker room, and is told by Willy, "Coach'll probably congratulate you on your initiative." Obviously, Willy rationalizes Biff's behavior in addition to his own. In the same flashback, Willy asks Biff, "What do they say about you in school, now that they made you captain?" Willy proudly hears that Biff has a crowd of followers in the halls between classes, and is well on his way to becoming well-liked and successful. The reason Willy tries to maintain the guise of success is to not disappoint his boys who admire him. He wants the best for Biff and Happy; deep down, he hopes that their lives will be better than his.


During the play, Willy loses touch with himself, evidenced by his numerous contradictions. In one scene, he mentions that Chevrolet is "the greatest car ever built," only to say later that "they ought to prohibit the manufacture of that car." Willy is an elderly man, his mind is slowing, and he has trouble remembering what he truly believes. When he does have moments of heartbreaking clarity, Linda does her best to buoy his spirits. Willy painfully realizes that people do not seem to like him very much, but Linda reassures that he will do better next time. Later, Linda calls Willy "the handsomest man in the world." While Linda probably thinks that she is helping Willy by comforting him, she is actually enabling him to continue his self-delusions. Willy needs someone to stir him from his illusion, not someone to reaffirm his beliefs. The idea of the American dream is a significant part of the play. Unfortunately, Willy sees only a portion of the picture-- the superficial part. Personality and charisma are important, but hard work, determination, and ethics are more essential. Willy views his life as a childish popularity contest; the one with the most friends wins. His immaturity is most clearly demonstrated in a flashback in which Bernard warns that Biff had better study so he doesn't flunk math, and Willy dismisses Bernard a nerd. However, as Willy finds out, the quest of being liked by everyone is futile and will never bring true happiness. One of the most humiliating insults was that Willy was fired from his job by his boss, Howard-- whom Willy had named when Howard was an infant. Because appearance and popularity are so vital to Willy, he feels utterly disgraced when he is dismissed by a man half his age.


Willy's sons, Biff and Happy, are also failures. Biff is a thirty-four-year-old man whose favorite memories are from his days as a high school football player. He inexplicably ignored a football scholarship from the University of Virginia, and has not been able to find himself since. Willy cannot understand how everything could have gone so wrong for Biff, who had just come back from a ranch in the West. Willy believes that he has taught him the way to be successful, when really he did nothing but rationalize and condone harmful activities. "I never told him anything but decent things," Willy laments. Like his brother, Happy is also misguided. He grew up in the shadow of his brother, and attempts to mask his self-esteem issues by surrounding himself with women. He has sordid sexual affairs with the wives of executives at his company, and hates himself for it. After his father commits suicide, he tries to carry on Willy's unrealistic notions of success.


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Reality, in the play, is represented by the character of Charley, the Loman's neighbor. He is Willy's only friend, and offers him a job when the old salesman is fired. Willy's egotism gets in the way, however, and he cannot bring himself to work for Charley, since this would be admitting failure. Charley symbolizes reality-- a reality that Willy never acknowledges.


Death of a Salesman is one of America's most tragic plays, because it tells of disappointment, failure, and death. Ultimately, Willy wastes his adult years trying-- unsuccessfully-- to prove his worth. He has a misguided philosophy that he passes on to his two children, and can no longer distinguish between reality and illusion. The story of Willy Loman will remain popular because it serves as a warning to all: the question to be asked upon retiring from an occupation is not, "What does the person know?" but rather, "What has the person become?"


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The Gullotine by David morris

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The guillotine was devised and adopted because it was seen as an egalitarian and a more humanitarian form of capital punishment. It was Dr. Guillotine, who advised the change, but it was not Guillotine who actually devised the instrument but it merely adopted his name. Instead of appearing as the original symbol of justice, this machine became a symbol of state terror and state sanctioned murder. The guillotine as a symbol of the revolution was poignant due to its ability to see beyond class, gender and position in society, it did not discriminate against persons, and it dealt with all equally.


It was equal in its ability to end life more humanely and certainly was seen as greater then any citizen. It was egalitarian in delivering punishment as it would cause death to a highwayman, a politician or king without any special treatment. The difference made by the implementation of the guillotine was that previously death was determined by position in society, either by an axe, sword or hung, drawn, and quartering. It was further symbolised by the fact it provided a way that no man's hands actually would be used to physically end life and so as was reported by an unnamed executioner "no man would become tainted by the victims' blood."


The guillotine has its roots deep in scientific principle; it was seen as advancement in technology. This was an element of modernity that had grown out of enlightenment ideals and became a radical improvement on the often cruel and violent punishments that had been passed down by those acting under the authority of the monarchy. The science of the guillotine included having the angle of the blade made to a specific degree to enable a swift cut, the weight of the victim also having been taken in to account and the machine adjusted accordingly. Much of the time the machine was permanently erected but as time developed the terror became mobilised, this involved smaller machines that were wheeled around.


The crown also became a victim of the machine and so became a symbol greater than the monarchy. This is significant as the autocratic monarchy often was seen as Godlike, wielding ultimate power.


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The guillotine became known for its swiftness, from single executions to mass executions, the guillotine became the normal mode of death; within a nine month period around 16,000 people had been killed. As a cultural tool, the guillotine became an educational display, where women were also encouraged to sit and knit during trials and executions. It was also seen as a unifying experience, the patriots against those who challenged the state.


The guillotine became seen as the final humiliation, with the decapitation of the head of prominent people often being shown to the public as surety of his or her death. As Danton was led to the guillotine he remarked Above all, dont forget to show my head to the people - its well worth having a look at. Even in death modesty was never one of his virtues.


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What is a mission?

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MISSION STATEMENTS and STRATEGY


Simonne Vermeylen,


1. The nature of strategy


The basic questions


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Strategic management resolves three basic questions


1. What do we want?


This question refers to the steering elements of a strategy, which include the business an organization is in, or wants to be in; the objectives; the values and norms, and the corporate culture, including procedures and systems.


. What must we do?


Here, the organization focuses on the requirements and evolution of the environment. What are the regulatory changes affecting the company? How do consumer preferences evolve? Which threats do we have to face? How is the competition doing?


. What can we do?


Which resources do we have and which one do we need to acquire or to develop?


There is a constant tension between the ambition, the actual and potential resources and the exigencies of the environment. An organization in its quest for superior returns, resolves this tension through the implementation of a competitive advantage which is the answer to the question what makes the company offerings "irresistibly attractive" to the potential customer?


The mission statement steers the strategy


The mission statement belongs to the steering elements. It summarizes the basic choices which guide the decision making process over a longer period of time.


As a matter of common sense, most strategic plans start with the mission statement, or at least with the goals and objectives that a company wants to reach through the plan. However, the crafting of a strategy is not so straightforward subject to the laws of orderly thinking. In daily life practice an organization will constantly review its ambitions against its resources and the environment. These can be affected by moves of competitors, or by new laws for example. What is finally put down as the goal of an organsiation is not so much the "dream", but rather the result of careful consideration and continuous rethinking of numerous strategically relevant factors. Contrary to most textbook formulations, we are of the opinion that a mission statement may be the starting point of a strategic plan, but is not necessarily the starting point of a strategic process.


. What is a mission?


An organization's mission is the purpose or reason for the organization's existence. It tells what the company is providing to society a service, a product or both. A mission statement then is a text including the goals and objectives, the strategic choices and the values. Neither in practice nor in the literature is there one all compassing prescription about what a mission statement should cover.


A well-conceived mission statement defines the fundamental unique purpose that sets a company apart from other firms of its type and identifies the scope of the company's operations in terms of products (services) offered and markets served.


It may also include the firm's philosophy about how it does business and treats its employees. It puts into words not only what the company is now, but what it wants to become (ambition) the vision of management of the firm's future. (Thus there is a difference between a mission the latter describes what the firm does now, and the vision, which articulates what the firm would like to become. Of course, mission and vision can be combined in one statement. Also in a lot of articles, mission and vision are used as synonyms).


In summary, a mission statement " tells who we are and what we do as well as what we'd like to become".1


Nightingale presents the following definition


A statement of vision, or ambition that defines success and establishes the ground rules by which success will be achieved for a particular company or institution; the articulation of management¢s intent regarding the future of an organization, expressed in aspirational terms. "


. Content


Ideally a mission statement should be guided by the following questions


A general concept of the business


§ The business activity Moving people and material vertically and horizontally over relatively short distances (Otis Elevator)


§ Believes about the keys to success (innovation) how to add value, skills, and the way to meet challenges and opportunities.


§ What business are we in? Are there limitations to the kinds of businesses we can or we want to be in?


§ What do we have to do particularly well to compete or succeed?


§ How do we add value to our customers? How does that differ from what competitors do?


§ What are our most critical challenges?


§ What are our most important opportunities?


Often the business activity will be narrowed down to the "core business" which is the "bread and butter" focus of the company on a particular market or product. Especially in the field of corporate strategy, the definition of the core business protects the group against moves of unrelated diversification. This viewpoint is not shared by Hamel and Prahalad (14) who argue that the dichotomy between core business and unrelated diversification tends to be sterile. Instead they propose not to think in terms of core business, but instead in terms of core competencies which are the connective tissue that holds a portfolio together (p. ).


A sense of uniqueness or identity


§ What makes one organization different from others? Fingerprints?


§ Who are our major competitors?


§ In what way are we unique? Which of these areas of uniqueness are we proud about? Which are we embarrassed or worried about?


§ What are our relative strengths and weaknesses? Take AMRO bank (before it merged with ABN) The company's strength is to be found in its seamless domestic distribution network, its top quality corporate and private client base, its leadership position in investment banking and treasury, its superior technological infrastructure and in the dedication and quality of its employees and management. (Nightingale, p. 8)


Philosophy about employee relationships


§ Connects the broad purpose to the implementation by each employee.


§ What do employees expect or deserve in exchange for their efforts? - high wages, promotion, profit sharing, security...


§ How important are employees to the success of the firm? Are some categories more important than others are?


§ How do employees see one another? as friends, competitors, partners?


§ What do we believe about developing skills, as opposed to hiring skills?


Orientation to external stakeholders (shareholders, the public, financial institution, regulatory agencies...)


§ A clear sense of the group's role provides direction to the choice's people make and the priorities they set


§ Who are the most important stakeholders?


§ What is our relationship to each of these groups? Do we learn from them, compete with them, or do we try to fool them?


§ What do we believe about their view of us? Are we trustworthy, dishonest or hard bargainers?


4. The mission statement as a strategic tool


Strategic intent


A mission statement, when developed with the involvement of all levels in the organization, should create a shared understanding of what the company stands for. As such, it acts as the competitive agenda, sustained over a long period of time.


In the concept of "competence-based " strategy , the mission statement gets less attention. Instead, it is argued that organizations should develop a strategic intent this is a stretch target, based upon imagination, not limited to what seems possible today. It is an ambition, not a wild dream as critics often say.


Take John F. Kennedy's ambition when he launched the Apollo program a man on the moon by the end of the decade (170). At the moment this ambition was expressed, the USA was not ready for this challenge, but the fact that people believed in it freed the resources needed, directed research and focused the attention on this goal.


Although the line between an mission and an intent can be very thin, an intent does not come in the place of a mission. It is another way of channeling the efforts to stay ahead of competition. Kodak's intent reads as "to remain a world leader in imaging". This ambition combines chemical and electronic imaging, thus forcing the company to think about the possibilities of a new combination. Should Kodak have said that it wanted to be a leader in chemical imaging, then it would most likely limit itself to leveraging its competence in this field. The combination of two different technologies however stretches the efforts to something new, possibly not imagined by competition, and thus giving Kodak an edge.


Insofar both the intent and the mission increases the aspiration level of an organization, the are both powerful strategic tools to


§ Develop new competencies


§ Leverage existing competencies


§ Design the path for resource development (strategic architecture)


§ Avoid opportunism


§ Define the core business and the core products


§ Design a (balanced) score card


§ Think more creatively about diversification and alliances


Strategic intent, mission and vision


A lot of mission statements incorporate a statement on the vision of the company. The concept of vision however is often misunderstood, insofar it serves as a goal statement, or as an "opinion". A vision is rather


1. Something seen otherwise than by ordinary sight (as in a dream or trance)


. A vivid picture created by the imagination


. Unusual wisdom in foreseeing what is going to happen/ to foresee something as through mental acuteness


A vision is the basis for the articulation of a strategic intent, since it assumes a well based view on the developments and the possibilities in the industry and in the market. Scenarios are a powerful tool to develop a vision, which should be more than a sterile dream . Developing a vision of the future ensures that every opportunity is examined, and that options are left open for further exploration.


A vision can also be seen as a much better alternative to the much used extrapolation. The latter is more static, since it builds on the current picture, and assumes that actual trends can and will not be altered. A company that is driven by a clear vision takes a dynamic position and will organize itself to come closer to the vision.


The risk of a dream finding the equilibrium between idealism and opportunism


In their quest to find idealistic values and visions that can inspire a large number of people, organizations may end up with statements that are too broad and abstract to be of any help in making tough strategic choices. Selznick suggests two negative consequences.


First, when people attempt to rely on overgeneralized purposes to guide their decisions, they sooner or later will have to refer to more realistic criteria to guide their decisions. Lack of consensus about these criteria makes them uncontrolled and uncontrollable, thus immediate exigencies will dominate actual choices .


Second, too much abstraction leaves little room for measurable progress. When people feel that the final goal is unattainable, they will rather be discouraged than inspired by it.


Not everybody agrees with this point of view. Some authors indeed argue that a mission statement and the values voiced in it, should be almost religious , idealistic enough that people feel embarrassed and uncomfortable .


In his article The Vision Trap Gerhard Langeler, president of the Systems Group of Mentor Graphics Corporation cautions against grand, abstract visions. " The company may wind up making more poetry than product", he states, warning the reader to be very careful when developing missions. They indeed can become too grandiose and beyond anyone's power, and as result not be "bought" by the stakeholders and the employees in particular.


Broad or narrow?


A mission may be defined broadly or narrowly in scope. It can be general or rather specific. Serve the best interests of shareholders, customers and employees is broad, but keeps the company from limiting itself to one field or product line. It fails to clearly identify what it makes or what product/markets it plans to emphasize.


A narrow one, such as Watteeuw's one word "gears" may be more useful since it clearly states in which business the company is active. It may be not sufficiently inspiring, since it restricts the firm's scope of activities in terms of products offered the technology used, and the markets served.


5. Objectives


Whereas a mission statement typically voices value judgements, objectives are a more specific and quantitative restatement of the corporate image as of a particular time in the future. An objective tells where the company, or the SBU is going and when it wants to get there. A clear financial objective for example reads as follows


The company has as its objective 15% profit before tax and 0% return on stockholders equity and long-term debt .


Or on innovation Maintain a basic technological capability permitting the Company to develop, produce and market a specific product within one year. Development is directed toward products which will have a significant market within to 5 years.


In order to specify objectives, it is necessary that a future description of the company or SBU be developed hence the mission or general purpose of the organization. Only when each manager has a sufficiently detailed translation to see where unit is going and what each person's role should be, can specific objectives be expressed.


Quantification is necessary to show the implications of a decision. Costs, payoffs, contributions, the probability of success need to be reflected in the objectives. For example , read Textron's objectives To achieve the goal of superior performance, the specific targets for the ten-year period ending in 18 are


· Sales expansion at an average compound rate of 8% to § .5 billion


· Net average income growth at an average compound rate of 10% to § 00 million


· Earnings per share up at an average compound rate of 10% to §6.00.


6. Advantages and functions of a mission statement


Why is having a shared vision important? There is little agreement on this issue.


In general, a mission lets people know the general purpose of the organization, their role therein, and why they should be proud of it.


The mission promotes a sense of shared expectations in employees and communicates a public image to important stakeholder groups in the company's task environment.


A mission statement offers 1) inspiration, as people feel uplifted by the purpose of the organization, ) integration because several groups see what they have in common and why they need to cooperate and ) focus that keeps the company from drifting into wasteful activities


Defining competitive domains and ethical restraints can help managers and employees to prioritize and focus their efforts. This is confirmed by the research finding that the most successful firms tend more often to mention values (in addition to profit making) as their purpose.


We see four positive functions


1. Inspiration


A shared vision can energize people and satisfy one of his basic needs to feel important and useful . Companies who maintain good internal relationships, value employee development and reward performance, tend to perform better than those who do not, according tot a study of Fortune 500 firms (commented by Pearce). Their study does not demonstrate univocal causality focusing on values does not guarantee long term success. But it is significant to see that part of the recipe for success seems to consist of an outspoken interest in values and people's concerns. For clarity's sake, 0% of all the firms in the sample did explicitly mention that they valued profitability. However, the top quartile performers more often stated values related to HRM philosphies, concern about their public image and explicitly referred to a self-concept.


. Unobtrusive control


Since an executive can not be everywhere every time, a mission provides employees with a compass that points their feet in the right direction without being told, or without direct supervision.


Also Ouchi argues that a widely shared philosophy can to some extent replace giving orders and closely supervising and controlling workers, thus leading to both increased productivity and supportive relationships at work. A shared vision thus can affect the perspective or premises that people use to make decisions in the absence of rules, direct supervision or threats.


. Focus


The mission can channel the energy, preventing the employees from dissipating their strengths in a variety of unrelated directions. According to Selznick organizations without a vision tend to drift as they are exposed to short-term opportunistic trends. What is more, without a business concept, organizations will never develop distinctive competences which set them apart from their competitors.


4. Integration


A mission is also an integrating force in the organization, thus a mechanism for coordinating the efforts. In the absence of some sense of purpose, energy is often wasted when political issues are repeatedly debated but never fully resolved. The absence of vision can result in endless struggles over where efforts and resources should go.


7. Values


It is generally accepted that a mission statement should include values and norms.


Values are the widely held, but important beliefs and convictions which drive the behaviour of people .


In 1 Digital Equipment Company sponsored a survey of executive opinion in the UK, called Corporate Values. The Bottom Line Contribution. (Foster, p. 16). The survey questioned 4 managers, and found that 80% of these organizations had written value statements, 8% expected values to gain importance over the next three years, and 8% believed that properly implemented values contributed to profitability.


Usually, management will agree on a set of values they believe necessary for success, but often they don't represent the values the organization currently adheres to. Listing values which just sound nice is dangerous, because for many employees they are the most important part of the mission statement.


However most of these value statements are lopsided they state expectations but don't give back anything.


The problem with some value statements is that employees read them and look around. And it is there where most mission statement programmes are being killed. Management is judged constantly and it must be prepared to have its behavior benchmarked against the values.


8. What constitutes a good a mission statement?


The format


Good or useful mission statements should exhibit at least three qualities


1. Short, brief, simple these adjectives indicate that brevity and simplicity make mission statements easy to understand and remember. In general, verbose statements demonstrate a lack of clear thinking rather than creativity.


. Flexible, broad. Take the Macintosh (of Apple Computer) Division's mission statement To improve the creativity and productivity of people. It leaves sufficient room for product and market additions such as software, books, training, printers while progress towards the goal can be measured.


. Distinctive. A mission statement should set the organization apart. Therefore one should avoid general and generic expressions such as highest quality , or we strive for the highest customer satisfaction.


The following criteria can be added to this list.


4. Ambitious and inspiring. The mission statement should stimulate people to stretch their skills and capabilities.


5. Controversial. If one agrees that a mission statement is the expression of basic choices, then it can always be subject to reasonable criticism. When the Body Shop states We will be the most honest cosmetic company around", it goes diametrically against the common messages of other cosmetic companies, thereby challenging other opinions.


The effectiveness of a mission statement


Because of the causal ambiguity attached to a mission (successful companies may have good mission statements, but having a good statement is no guarantee for success), research rather concentrates on the "effectiveness" of a mission statement . These authors use five factors to rate an effective mission. The first relates to the mission itself it should be inspiring, set targets, be flexible and vivid, be pragmatic. The second factor refers to the process used to develop the mission statement, while the third factor is about the process of "selling" the mission, thus the tactics to get the message across. The fourth factor of the model measures the credibility of the seller, based upon the observation that the sincerity and the commitment of the seller(s) largely influences the success of the exercise. The fifth and final factor measures the organizational commitment of the individual employee the extent to which employees feel part of the team, which in turn will facilitate their acceptance of new goals.


The Ashridge model is based upon a questionnaire which has 5 parts the purpose, the strategy (business domain, strategic positioning), the values, the behavior standards and the character (the portrait of the company).


Pearce hypothesizes that a comprehensive mission statement development sets the stage for comprehensive planning efforts. The statements ought to act as guidelines for management to focus and direct the company's planning efforts. Thus once again, it seems that the process is more important than the final outcome.


Regrettably, many mission statements are little inspiring, boring and very general. Especially publicly stated missions give the reader a "d jà vu" feeling. One of the major reasons is that missions are political compromises, where all parties involved had to give in, where controversial statements are polished for the sake of acceptability, leaving little uniqueness or inspirational character.


Changes occur because of changed practices, not changed rhetoric , Wilkins ( p. 6) remarks. And Nightingale phrases the same message it is the process, and not the product that usually determines whether or not a mission statement becomes an effective management tool.


Most authors agree that a good mission should be sufficiently inspirational, in order to stretch the resources. Revealing the invisible , Oldelft's concise mission may seem unrealistic and too broad, yet progress into that direction is measurable and can continue to be made. When Mahatma Gandhi dreamed of an India free from intolerance, that appeared as utopian and extreme. Yet although the goal was never reached, visible progress was made. We can therefore conclude that a mission statement should be understood in the context of an organization and how its members interpret and apply it, before one can say that it is effective, utopian or not,


. The process of a mission formulation


Should an organization start with a clear and new mission, or does the mission evolve over time, as a result of experimenting and sometimes building (political) support behind the scenes?


When an organization is in the midst of a crisis, or when it feels clearly that old choices are no longer applicable, a new mission can trigger the desired changes. After a crisis new goals give new hope and direction.


On the other hand, putting a mission on paper can also serve the purpose of gluing the organization. For example, after a merger or an acquisition, many organizations feel that they need a revised mission statement to unify the parties. In that case, one will not look for shocking new choices, but rather try to reach a consensus on the common themes that will bring people together, rather than estrange them.


Most authors agree in their observation that the creation of a mission statement is an evolutionary process.


The incremental process that most managers use in developing a shared mission, is very similar to what Quinn describes as the process that is followed to formulate a strategy. The logical incrementalism is a process by which executives build consensus through experimenting and testing. Instead of locking themselves into irreversible commitments or providing a focus for opposition, successful managers take their time for the political process to mature. This approach offers more flexibility and room for revision without loosing face in an uncertain environment, since it leaves sufficient room for new information. This view comes very close to what Selznick calls the risk of premature self-definition .


Mission management is the term used to describe the process to generate consensus and commitment which leads to the formulation of a mission statement. It also includes the communication and implementation throughout the organization.


Conclusion


Mission statements can be a powerful strategic tool. All too often, they are created for the sake of corporate communication a fashionable message, well edited, but sterile. Companies which enter into the process of mission development should realize that it is a time- consuming and controversial exercise, yet rewarding when supported by the whole organization.


Examples of mission statements(Foster 1)


Maytag Corp.


To improve the quality of home life by designing, building, marketing and servicing the best appliances in the world.


Lloyds Bank plc


The thoroughbred bank


Our aim is to be the best and most successful company in the financial services industry best in customer service, best to work for, best in creating value for our shareholders. But superior performance does not come easily.


We have many able competitors and more to come in the years ahead. To be the best, we know that we must have the best people, backed by the best technology and the best training, and concentrate their efforts on those businesses in which we have the experience and the ability to excel.


Our strategy starts with our customers? We can only create value for our shareholders, if we create value for our customers. And customers' needs and expectations are changing rapidly. Today's customers are more selective than ever. They want wider choice. They want better quality. Above all, they want greater value for money. That is why our strategy is to focus on the things we can do well and then strive to do them better than anybody else.


The successful management of change is crucial to our progress. We see innovation whether in the form of a better product, service or delivery system or a low cost product, service or delivery system - as the main way to encourage people to buy from s instead of our competitors. To attract and hold our share of customers, we have to adjust to their changing needs, not to expect them to adapt to ours. (Foster, p. 86-87).


The Royal bank of Scotland Group plc


Where people matter .


The Royal Bank of Scotland Group, headquartered in Edinburgh, provides high quality, competitively prices banking, insurance and related financial services.


Our core market is the United Kingdom. We are active in Europe to serve and develop our UK commercial banking customer base, and in the north-east USA to diversify our earnings.


We aim to be recognised as the best financial institution in the United Kingdom. In striving towards that aim we are mindful of our responsibilities to


· Shareholders, who entrust us with stewardship of their capital ;


· Customers, who confide management of their affairs to us ;


· Employees, who commit their careers to us ; and


· The Communities in which we operate.


Achieving our aim while successfully balancing these responsibilities is the primary challenge. We believe that we can best respond to this challenge by remaining independent.


Sedgwick Group plc


Sedgwick provides risk consultancy, insurance broking, employee benefits consultancy and financial services from more than 0 locations in 58 countries.


Sedgwick's goal is to win with quality wherever the group operates, through expertise of its staff, by its commitment to providing an ever-increasing level of service for its clients, by improving shareholder value and through its relationship as a good citizen of the communities of which it is a part.


Sun Life Assurance Society plc


Sun Life


Sun Life aims to be the leading life assurance, pensions and investment company in all our chosen market sectors. We will meet our customers' needs for protection, security and investment growth and will seek to achieve total customer satisfaction through continuous improvement of our products, performance and service.


Sun Service


We will be distinctive by understanding and meeting our customers' needs in three areas


Superior solutions


· Using technical and financial expertise to create outstanding products and services.


Superior service


· Delivering a fast, friendly and fault-free service, second to none in the industry.


Superior satisfaction


· Delivering consistently superior investment performance and providing efficient administration at below industry average cost.


Sun Spirit


We will deliver this commitment to industry excellence by


· Putting the customer first at all times.


· Taking individual responsibility to satisfy customer needs.


· Maximising opportunities for self-development.


· Creating an environment of professionalism, integrity and fun.


· Valuing teamwork as the means to attain our objectives.


· Seeking continuous improvement in all our operations.


· Taking pride in Sun Life.


Refererences


Block, P. (187). The Empowered Manager. Positive Political Skills at Work. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.


Campbell, A., M. Devine, et al. (10). A sense of mission. London.


De Hen, P. E. (10). "Heel respectabel hoor, maar saai, saai!" FEM(17, augustus).


Foster, T., R.V., Ed. (1). 101 Great Mission Statements. How the Worlds Leading Companies Run their Businesses. London, Kogan Page Limited.


Hamel, G. and C. K. Prahalad (18). "Strategic Intent." Harvard Business Review(May-June) 6-76.


Hamel, G. and C. K. Prahalad (14). "Competing for the Future." Harvard Business Review(July-August) 1-18.


Kinston, W. (186). "Purposes and the Translation of Values into Actions." Systems Research() 147-160.


Langeler, G. (1). "The Vision Trap." Harvard Business Review March-April 46-56.


Markides, C. and V. Papadakis (17). What constitutes an effective mission statement an empirical investigation. Strategic Management Society, Barcelona.


Nightingale, G., J; (1). Successful Mission Management. 101 Great Mission Statements. How the Worlds Leading Companies Run their Businesses. T. Foster, R. London, Kogan Page Limited 144.


Ouchi, W. (181). Theory Z How American Business can meet the Japanese Challenge. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley.


Pascale, R. and A. Athos (181). The Art of Japanese Management. New York, Simon & Schuster.


Pearce, J. A. and F. David (187). "Corporate Mission Statements The Bottom Line." Academy of Management EXecutive 1() 10-116.


Quinn, J. B. (180). Strategies for Change Logical Incrementalism. Homewood, Ill., Irwin.


Rogers, D., C.D. (177). Business Policy and Planning. Text and Cases. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc.


Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1). "How to Link Strategic Vision to Core Capabilities." Sloan Management Review(Fall) 67-81.


Selznick, P. (157). Leadership in Administration. Evanston, Ill., Row, Peterson.


Wheelen, T., L. and J. D. Hunger (18). Strategic Management and Business Policy. Entering 1st Century Global Society. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley.


Wilkins, A. (18). Developing Corporate Character. How to Successfully Change an Organization without Destroying It. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Publishers.


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PEOPLE

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Factors affecting company performance.


There are many factors which can affect a company's performance.


These could include


 The size of the company (large, small, international)


Essay help on PEOPLE


 The products they sell and who they sell to ( public, mass market etc)


 How the business is run ( PLC, LTD Sole Trader)


 Where they produce their merchandise (UK, Far East, Cheaper labour overseas)


 The state of the economy ( stable, recession)


 The Industry ( e.g. Retail, Leisure etc and how much is spent in the industry etc)


The factors which affect Marks & Spencer's financial performance include


The size of the company


Marks & Spencer's are a large and reputable company serving 10 million customers a week in over 00 stores in the UK and in over 0 countries worldwide.


In recent years Marks & Spencer's have found that some overseas stores have been making a loss so chose to dispose of them.


In the financial year ending 1st March 00 the sales from international operations fell by .% and operating profits were down 1% to £0.7 million since 001.


According to "A year in review" which forms part of the annual report " The Republic of Ireland sales were encouraging but franchises in Europe, the Middle East and Hong Kong experienced difficult trading conditions."


The French, Spanish and USA businesses owned by Marks & Spencer's were sold in a takeover bid and stores in Continental Europe were closed down.


Marks & Spencer's hope that the disposal of these businesses will reduce losses, and increase profits, by re-channelling the money into UK businesses.


Having such a large company can also affect decision making processes as each country has a different state of economy so where trade may be good in the UK , trade in the Far East may be slow due to a recession or other external factor.


As the company operates as a whole a poor performance in one country can affect the overall accounts and profit and loss made by the international business.


Products they sell and who they target


Marks & Spencer's sell a wide variety of products and services so they target quite a large section of the consumer market.


The products they sell include clothing and footwear, home ware, food and drink and financial services.


In the financial year 00 , clothing sales increased by .4% from 001 according to a year in review.


Food and Home Ware's increased sales by 5.7% and 4.% respectively.


The sales of financial services offered by Marks & Spencer's fell last year and the company suffered a £1.1 million loss due to the market being highly competitive.


As Marks & Spencer's only sell to the public it is important they keep producing products and services that customer want and continue to meet customer needs in order to be successful.


If they fail to do this customers will shop elsewhere and losses will be made.


Where products and merchandise are produced


In recent years Marks & Spencer's, alongside many other UK retailers, have moved production of their clothing and home ware ranges over to the Far East and Asia from the UK.


This is because the work force, property and materials are cheaper overseas which reduces the cost of expenditures and makes the profit mark up higher so more profit can be made.


The way the company is run


Marks & Spencer's are a Public Limited Company (PLC so has a board of directors who have been appointed by shareholders.


Decisions regarding the company can only be made by all shareholders using a majority vote system.


This means the company is effectively run by many people ( all shareholders) and that decisions regarding the company cannot be followed through without the full support of all shareholders.


This could help to eliminate risks and wrong decisions as shareholders want to make a profit and are more likely to think things through. Although it could work the other way where shareholders want to make a profit and make the wrong decision as they believe they will make more money and not think it through.


Competitors


Marks & Spencer's have many competitors including John Lewis, Debenhams, high street stores and supermarkets.


The clothing department of Marks & Spencer's have competition from other department stores such as Debenhams and from more niche market stores such as Top Shop, Wallis and Burtons who may offer more fashionable clothing at similar prices.


The food halls of Marks & Spencer's may suffer competition for places like Sainsburys and Asda as they offer food at much cheaper prices.


The home ware's main competitors are companies such as Habitat and Ikea.


The UK consumer market is becoming more price conscience and is now more likely than ever to shop around instead of sticking with one store (brand loyalty).


State of Economy


It is widely feared by the stock market that the UK and Europe are facing a recession.


If the UK suffers a recession the economy will suffer resulting in higher prices, job losses and less consumer spending.


During a recession the majority of the consumer market cut back on non-essential items such as clothing and home ware and reduce the amount spent on essential items such as food.


This means that Marks & Spencer's will suffer as people won't be buying clothing and are more likely to shop at cheaper supermarkets for items such as food.


Please note that this sample paper on PEOPLE is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on PEOPLE, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on PEOPLE will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!