Saddam Hussein

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Unless someone has been secluded or living under a rock for the past decade or so then everyone knows Saddam Hussein as the dictator of Iraq. He has been under scrupulous observation by the entire international community ever since the 180's. Some of the reasons for this include the Iraq-Iran war, attacking neighboring Arab country Kuwait, the usage of chemical and biological weapons on his own people and on other countries, for ignoring United Resolutions countless times, and finally for the brutal suppression of his people. Hussein has been in control of Iraq for the past years. Nobody defies him lest a government official kill them. He is known to be a ruthless man willing to kill anybody in order to solve a problem, or simply to make an example for others. There are many known torture chambers in the country, some of which are run by his eldest son, Uday. He has shown what he is capable of in his effort to become president, and through the Iraq-Iran war. Saddam is a very delusional man. He still believes that his country won the Gulf War of 11, and he is sure that he can fend off and survive through an invasion led by the United States and Great Britain once more. This is why he continuously decides not to do what is required of him to avoid war. To him he is not going to lose for sure, he is sure that victory will be his. His arrogance can be seen when one takes a look around the country of Iraq. There are giant portraits, murals and statues of Saddam all over the country. Hussein seems to have no regard for the millions of lives he has destroyed. Some psychiatrists blame this problem on a tough childhood. No matter what the reasons are for Saddam's problems, the fact remains that the deaths of innocent people can be attributed to him everyday. Much of the world has wanted Saddam Hussein gone for years now. Ever since the first Gulf War Americans have been looking for reasons to free the Iraqi people of this man. With recent events and with the start of "Operation Iraqi Freedom", most people believe that the citizens of Iraq will not have to live under this man for very much longer.


To his family and inner circle of friends, Saddam is known as a very charming man when he is in a good mood. He is a very good public speaker. One of the men that he respects is the late Winston Churchill. Hussein admired him for his political work and for his contributions to the literature that comes form that era. Saddam enjoys a lot of Western literature, he likes to read American books, and watch American movies. His favorite is The Godfather trilogy. Saddam is a man of very expensive tastes. He lives in a country that is starving and drought-ridden, however, he still manages to own dozens of palaces with giant swimming pools and water fountains. For food, he enjoys lobster, shrimp and other fish, and fine European wines. He orders shipments of these in from Europe every two weeks. For the leader of country with such poor people he lives an extremely luxurious life.


Saddam's childhood was not so luxurious. Saddam Hussein was born on April 8, 17 in the Tikrit district of Iraq to a Sunni Muslim family, the minority religion of the country. The majority of Iraqis are Shi'ite Muslim. He lived an unhappy childhood that would have been unacceptable for any child. His father left him and his mother before he was born. His mother never wanted him either; this was apparent before and after his birth. A friend of Saddam's mom who defected from Iraq once reported that she had witnessed his mother beating her own abdomen while being pregnant with him. After being born Saddam never had a permanent caregiver for years. He was rotated around between different family members. This could not have had a positive affect on the child as he was linked to the murders of his grade school teacher and of a cousin at a very young age. Saddam eventually ended up with his Uncle Khayrallah Talfah. This turned out to be a very important event in his Saddam's life, because this man had a very big influence on Saddam's religious and political views. Another reason this event was so important to Hussein is because he ended up having an arranged marriage to his first cousin and Khayrallah's daughter, Sajida. They were married in 15, and since then Sajida has been a loyal wife. The same cannot be said for Saddam as he has had many open affairs on his wife. This has embarrassed Sajida very much. Nonetheless she has borne Saddam five children, two sons and three daughters. One of their two sons, Uday (the oldest) and Qusay (the youngest) will be the successor of Saddam's regime and will rule the country someday if it is not taken over before that. Both of the sons seem to be as ruthless, or almost as ruthless as the current dictator is. Uday is the man who is currently in charge of some of the regime's jails and torture facilities.


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Hussein had a very eventful and fascinating political career even before he became the president of Iraq. He began his life in politics in 158 at the age of when he joined the revolutionist Ba'ath party. Less than a year later in 15, the future president of the country was forced to go into exile to Cairo, Egypt after a failed assassination attempt on the current Prime Minister, Abdel Karim Qassim. Saddam was caught and sentenced to death but escaped. Hussein could not return to Iraq until 16 when the Ba'ath party gained control of the country. The control was short lived, and after the fall of the party Saddam was put in jail until 16 when the Ba'ath party claimed control of Iraq once more, this time for good. Hussein was immediately named the Deputy Secretary-General of the party, the second highest position that there was. During his tenure in this position, the future dictator started many social programs within the country. There were programs started that helped Iraqis to become literate, at the time the health care system in the Middle East, there were also many schools, roads and public housing systems built. Saddam Hussein received an award from UNESCO for his efforts in the country. On top of this, Iraq seemed to be a promising country in the Middle East as opposed to other countries such as Iran. After an already eventful political career, in 17, Hussein became the leader of the Ba'ath party resigned and Saddam Hussein became president.


After Hussein became president, things began to change dramatically in Iraq. Saddam was a liked man within his party when he claimed the presidency, but there were still some party members who did not like him. Instead of just making him the leader they wanted a vote amongst the parties members to decide who would lead. Saddam had come too far to accept this and he committed his first brutal act as president. One of the men who wanted a different leader was kidnapped by Hussein and tortured for days before Saddam called for a party meeting. During the meeting the president said that there were spies for a Syrian conspiracy to take over Iraq within the party. The man who was captured and tortured then came out and acknowledged that he was involved in the plot. He then proceeded to name of approximately 60 other party members involved in the conspiracy. All of them were arrested on the spot and later executed. Over the next few weeks dozens more were executed. From that point on people knew never to go against the views of their new president. After gaining undisputed control of the country Hussein began eliminating the programs that had won him his UNESCO award. Soon, Iraq had one of the worst social programs systems in the Middle East. It turned out that Saddam's charming personality, and implementation of these social programs had simply been an act until he became president. Once Saddam was settled in as president, the inner circle of the Ba'ath party quickly became people who were in his family, or his close friends. He had to be able to trust everyone around him. Soon there was no free speech or press in the country. Saddam would execute anybody with known views against him and gained control of the television and radio networks as well as all news organizations. Soon after acquiring control of these Saddam made an hour-long program of poetry and songs dedicated the leader of the country (himself) every night. Not long after being considered one of the most promising countries in the Middle East, Iraq became a disaster.


A year after becoming president, in 180, Saddam Hussein attacked Iran. There was a dispute over the Shatt-Al-Arab waterway that both countries claimed ownership to. The waterway empties into the Persian Gulf and Saddam wanted it. There had been tension for a while and diplomatic solutions were attempted. Eventually Saddam saw an opportunity and thought that Iran had weak military forces at this point in time. This was one of the greatest misreads during his tenure as president. Hussein expected it to be a few weeks at the maximum before Iran surrendered, and Iraq gained control of the important waterway. After approximately one million casualties between the two countries, and countless injuries the war ended in Iraq's favor eight years later in 188. There were billions of dollars in costs and collateral damages to both countries and not much was settled. Iraq did win thanks to some Western help with their weaponry, as they were the less of the two evils at that time. Iran has complained of 5 chemical attacks by Iraq during the war, which caused thousands of casualties. In many cases these allegations were proven. Some of the chemicals that were used during this time include tabun, sarin and mustard gas. These are some of the chemicals that Iraq is suspected of possessing today. In the end the Iraq-Iran war turned out to be an avoidable conflict that caused both countries damage that could not be measured.


The ruthless brutality that Saddam exercised toward the Iranians during the war compares to that of which he uses amongst his own people. Over a million innocent Iraqi deaths can be directly attributed to him. He kills massive groups whom he does not trust as well as individuals. In March of 188 Saddam's regime sent chemical weapons out into the Northern Iraq Kurdish region. The attack killed over 5000 Kurds and injured over 10000 more. Later in 18, the regime rounded up 18 000 Kurds, and they were never seen again. They had disappeared. In a recorded interview in the future Ali Hassan Al Majid (Chemical Ali), a cousin of Saddam, admitted that they were all killed and that mass graves were dug for them. There were many more attacks and gassings of Kurdish villages causing thousands more deaths. Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath party has also destroyed over 4500 Kurdish villages and approximately 150 Assyrian villages. In the process they tore down or burnt hospitals, schools and Mosques. In 18 Hussein was directly responsible for the complete elimination of the village Dujail. The reason for this was because a plot to assassinate Saddam Hussein had originated there. The 10 invasion by Iraq on Kuwait causing the Gulf War, and many Iraqi and Kuwaiti deaths can be attributed to Hussein. As well as the scud missiles sent into Israel for no reason toward the end of the war. Also, in 11, after the uprising in many parts of Iraq many Iraqi citizens were slaughtered, especially in the South of the country in cities like Basra. The Killings were a punishment to many people for taking the side of coalition troops over their own during the Gulf War. Saddam can also be blamed for the complete suppression of the Shi'ite Muslim religion which makes up the majority of Iraq. Their culture is not the same as Saddam's Sunni Muslim religion and is therefore outlawed. This is just a sample of the attacks by the Iraqi regime on mass groups of people; there are more than these.


The Iraqi also has very strict laws and brutal punishments toward its individual citizens. There are secret police all over the country looking for political crimes. It is illegal to even speak ill of Saddam Hussein or of his regime. There are also secret jails and torture chambers hidden all over the countries. They sometimes disguised as hospitals, schools or Mosques. Some of these facilities are not disguised. Saddam's son, Uday Hussein, operates the Abu Ghraib jail and torture facility. Some of his torture techniques include eye-gouging, the shocking of genitals, drowning people in a bucket and extracting people's finger and toenails. If the prisoner is a female she is often raped. In a lot of cases the prisoners ore simply killed and their families (spouses, kids, cousins, etc.) are tortured and sometimes killed as well. A favorite quote of the Iraqi president is, "If there is a person then there is a problem, if there is no person, then there is no problem"(Saddam Hussein). This is a clear example of his willingness to execute anybody who creates any problem for him. Some different ways of executed people include massive public hangings, a firing squad, chopping a person's head off, simply torturing someone until death. These are often performed in public to provide an example to the other citizens of the country to behave. In many cases a proper bribe by a family member is sufficient for a government official to let a prisoner go, or to refrain from torturing or killing them. Saddam's regime has been doing this for over years now; it is at the point where all of the people know the dangers and are afraid to do anything. These are some of the reasons that Saddam Hussein has been compared to some of the most evil men in the history of the world. One man that he has been compared to is Adolph Hitler, the leader of Germany's Nazi party during the World War II period. He was accused of being behind the deaths of six million Jewish people, and the initiator of the War. Another man Hussein has compared to is Joseph Stalin, the leader of Russia's post-World War II Communist party. He is responsible for the deaths of 0 million Russians during his reign of terror. In a country the size of Iraq, Saddam's numbers compare to those of Stalin and Hitler, and Hussein has been under close watch by the international community, while the other two dictators had the freedom to do whatever they wanted. Saddam's brutality is comparable to that of most evil men in the history of the world.


Perhaps the turning point in Saddam Hussein's presidency in Iraq was his attack on Kuwait. This was also another great misread in the Presidents tenure. Hussein believed that if he attacked Kuwait the international community would not care and that the extra finances from Kuwait's oil riches would help to cover the costs of rebuilding after the Iraq-Iran war. In August of 10 Iraq invaded Kuwait and took it over later that month. The international community would not stand for this. Not long after the invasion the first President George Bush began gathering one of the largest military coalitions ever. On January 17 they attacked. After a 40 day bombing campaign, the coalition began its ground war. They went through Iraq, gaining much support from the Iraqi citizens (who later paid for it) and were about to go into Baghdad when, against George Bush's best judgement, a cease-fire was negotiated. Iraq had lost all trust as upon departure of Kuwait they set the Kuwaiti oil fields on fire, and toward the end of the war they sent scud missiles into Israel. Despite of this, the coalition agreed to leave the country, provided Iraq destroy all of its weapons of mass destruction and their programs to make them, and they allow sanctions on their country. Other stipulations such as areas of the country where Iraqis were not permitted to fly (no-fly zones) were agreed upon in the cease-fire as well. The war caused thousands of Iraqi deaths, of soldiers and of innocent people, and billions of dollars worth of collateral damage. This and the economic sanctions devastated Iraq's economy up until the present.


In the little over a decade between the first Gulf War and now not much about Saddam Hussein has changed. He is the same man, and it has been a very eventful period of time for him. Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard punished communities who supported the coalition during the war. A large number of citizens were killed and tortured and many villages were razed. Later two of his son-in-laws defected from Iraq to tell the world of some of Saddam's crimes. They were convinced to return and shot on the spot. Just recently a man decided to speak out against Saddam Hussein and he was tied to a lamppost, his tongue cut out, and left for dead as an example to others. There are no limits for this man, he has not changed at all. Also, the president remains as defiant as ever to the international community. Despite the cease-fire agreement of 11, Saddam has not met his entire requirement. He has not fully cooperated with weapons inspectors, and he continues to ignore international pressure to cooperate. In 18 the president kicked all weapons inspectors out of Iraq. This resulted in a four day bombing campaign by the United States and Great Britain. There was, however, a cease-fire reached. No inspectors were in Iraq between the years of 18 and 00. However, in 00 the United Nations unanimously passed a resolution that required Saddam to disarm immediately and entirely or face serious consequences. Saddam allowed inspectors back into his country, but his efforts were not satisfactory to many nations. Some wanted to go forward with military action, and others wanted more months of diplomacy. After many debates a United States-Great Britain led coalition of approximately 50 nations went ahead with military action without United Nations approval. Saddam Hussein is not expected to keep control of Iraq during this war, or even to stay alive. It appears as though the Iraqi people are in their final days of the reign of this ruthless dictator.


Saddam Hussein lived a rough life through the early stages but nothing is an excuse for his lengthy reign of terror on millions of innocent Iraqi people. He has caused millions of deaths and billions if not trillions of dollars worth of damage to his region of the world. He has killed hundreds of thousands of Kurdish people and has suppressed the Shi'ite and Kurdish cultures, not to mention every Iraqi person's way of living. Now, being as close to death as ever, he remains his arrogant, ruthless self. Saddam Hussein compares to the most evil men in the history of the world. Iraq and the rest of the world will be a better place without him.


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Segregation

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Segregation


What makes African Americans so different from Caucasians? Ever since the 1800's there has been a problem with Segregation! Blacks and whites were never considered "equal," but instead were considered different in every way. It came to the point where the two races couldn't even drink the same water. Why was it so wrong to be different?


It began in the late 1800's. Although it seems that segregation never had a beginning, it feels as if it has always been that blacks and whites have never been equal. In the early 1800's, the Jim Crow laws were adopted. These laws stated that blacks and whites had to have their own drinking fountains, telephones, bathrooms, restaurants, and even schools.The blacks were not helpless, they had a wonderful leader who was always encouraging them to go on and to take the brutal discrimination they were getting. This man's name was Booker T. Washington. Washington was the most prominent leader of his day. His childhood consisted of being a slave in Franklin County, Virginia. He tried very hard to improve the lives of African-Americans. Today how many of us just go up to a drinking fountain and get a nice long drink without even thinking about it? We don't have to worry about going to a specific one just to get a drink. We simply go wherever available. Back then if you were to go to the wrong drinking fountain, even if it was an accident, you could have been arrested right then and there.


Blacks were always considered second. They never received the chance to sit on the front of a bus, they never got to be first. They were the leftovers. Nobody thought they may actually have feelings, they were treated like dirt. Few people ever tried anything as crazy as what Rosa Parks did. Rosa Parks changed everything. She is one of the main reasons things are better today. On December 1, 155, Parks made history. She was tired and worn out from along day of work. She was sitting on the bus traveling home, when a white man came up to her waiting for her to move so he could sit down, she refused. In most cases she would have moved. On this occasion she decided she did not want too. She was sick of being mistreated, she felt as if it were unfair. Of course, Parks was arrested and sentenced to a trial. However, her one incident ended up setting the trend. People began to stand up for themselves. African Americans decided that they didn't want to be mistreated. They began a boycott. The blacks refused to ride any of the buses. This aggravated the city of course because they did not make as much money.


If blacks and whites wanted to worship God they had to have their own church and go no where near one another. One example of this is in the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. When the children were heading to church with their maid, they approached a black woman and this is the maids reply to the woman. "Stop right there, nigger." The woman then stopped and responded, "You ain't got no business bringin' white chillun here -they got their church, we got our'n. It is our church, ain't it, Miss Cal?" Miss Cal then answered, "It's the same God ain't it?" (pg. 11) Even when it came down to the most important things, such as religion and worshiping their god, blacks and whites could not do that at the same church.


Many incidents occurred over the next many years. Every now and then there were those few such as Rosa Parks who would stand up for themselves. Finally after many long years of segregation, came desegregation. This, meaning that blacks and whites begin to be a little more friendlier and accept each other. On July 6, 148 President Harry Truman issued two executive orders. One stated that there should be fair employment. The other declared that there should be equal treatment and opportunity in armed forces, race, religion and that national origin should not affect that. After many years of segregation and everyone hating one another because of color, things started to change. People learned to accept one another and they moved on with their lives. There are still many people today who do not think that we are equal, and believe that things should still be different. Today the issue of poor and rich comes up. If you don't have something as good as someone else, you're not considered good enough.


Hopefully someday we will all be equal. That probably will not ever happen because there is always someone who feels as if they are better. Whether it be because of their skin color or the amount of money they have. It is true that things have changed tremendously, and we are fortunate to not be mistreated as badly as the African Americans were back in the 1800's and early 100's, but segregation still is going on whether we see it or not. It happens with the dumbest things. Unfortunately we are unable to fix this, try as we might there will always be that one person that does not agree with the ways of the world.


Bibliography


Stevens, Leonard. Equal Toronto, Canada Longman Canada Limited 176


Luther King, Jr. Martin. Stride Toward Freedom New York, N.Y. Harper and Brothers 158


Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird Philadelphia, Pennsylvania J.B. Lippincott Company 160


"S." The World Book Encyclopedia. 1 ed. 1


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American Dream

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The Creation of a New life


The American Dream is a dream of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is a dream in which life is full of joy and prosperity, a place where problems are solved, and where new lives are begun. It's a place where freedom strives, a place where you can be whatever you want to be. The American dream is not a dream for the whites nor blacks nor Asians nor Hispanics but for each and every background and nationality. Mostly if not all of our grandparents, great grandparents or even our own parents had come from another part of the world. They all had come for this American dream. Not all have accomplished this dream, but those who did thank God for the true gift that was giving to them. My parents, and grandparents have originally come from Russia. In Russia, Jewish people were not able to follow their religion in an open matter. The Jews had to practice Judaism in their homes in private; some had even pretended to be Christian since if they were caught practicing Judaism they would face a fine or even jail sentencing. In Russia prices of food and clothing were expensive. As a worker at a hospital my mom made around 150 rubles a month, yet shirts 1 pair of jeans, and a little bit of food, at that time was all that those 150 rubles would get you. For those and many more reasons my parents and grandparents decided to come to America. At arrival to America, they were taken to Ellis Island. As they wondered around the Statue of Liberty, breath-taking wonders had gone through their minds, as they soon realized they are starting a new life here in this beautiful city. At that time my brothers were 14, and 17, while me as the baby of the family, I was only 4. As we found a little place to stay in, my dad began to worry. A new country, a new language, how would he ever find a job here? Not long after we moved into our new home, my dad was offered a job as a driver in his friends company. He took the job, and now he was supporting the family. At first, it was hard, but as soon as he started making more and more money, things became much more easier. As the years of our lives went by, life kept getting better and better. My brothers went to high school and college while I went to kindergarten. It was and still is an amazing feeling living here. My parents do not have any regrets of moving from Russia to America. Our American dream is just about fulfilled. We are living a prosperous and joyous life. We are financial stable and are not currently worried about any financial problem. We also share many of the great freedoms entitled to all persons by the United States Constitution. Some might say as a family our American Dream is remarkable for as a family we can accomplish anything, but apart we would not go far in life. We thank God for the great life we are living, since we know in places around the world at this very moment people are starving and treated with harsh ways. For this reason we donate money to funds that support the needy kids in places all around the world.


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Forest as a Shelter

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In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, life was centered around a rigid Puritan society in which one was unable to reveal his or her innermost thoughts and secrets. Every human being needs the opportunity to express how he or she truly feels; otherwise the emotions are bottled up until they become unpredictable. Unfortunately, Puritan society did not permit this kind of expression, thus characters had to seek alternate means to relieve their personal anguishes and desires. Where the characters relieve their personal anguishes and desires in the forest. The forest was a type of shelter for members of society in need of refuge from daily Puritan life. The forest was precisely the escape route from strict mandates of law and religion, to retreat where men, as well as women, can open up and be themselves. In the forest was where Reverend Dimmesdale openly acknowledges Hester Prynne and his undying love for her. The forest was also where Hester could do the same for Dimmesdale. Finally, the forest was where the two of them could openly engage in conversation without being preoccupied with the restrictions that Puritan society places on them. The reason why Hester and Dimmesdale could not speak freely in public was because they committed adultery. So, they talk about their affair and their undying love for each other in the deep, dark portions of the forest to have more privacy.


The forest itself was the very incarnation of freedom. Nobody watches in the woods to report misconduct, thus it was here that people may do as they wish. To independent spirits such as Hester Prynne's, the wilderness beckons her "Throw off the shackles of law and religion. What good have they done anyway? Look at you, a young and vibrant woman, grown old before time. And no wonder, hemmed in, as you, on every side by prohibitions. Why, you can hardly walk without tripping over one commandment or another. Come to me, and be master less" (p.186). Truly, Hester takes advantage of this when Reverend Dimmesdale appears. She openly talks to him about subjects, which would never be mentioned in any other place other than the forest. Hester tells Dimmesdale, "What we did . . .she reminds him, had a consecration of its own. We felt it so! We said to each other!"(p.186). This statement shocked Dimmesdale, and he tells Hester to hush, but he eventually realizes that he was in an environment where he could freely express his emotions. Yet here in the forest they can throw away all reluctance and finally be themselves under the umbrella of security which exists.


Yet, in the forest Hester and Dimmesdale are able to have intimate conversation and worrying about what society would think is ignored while in the forest. If Dimmesadale tried to comfort Hester the towns' people might suspect something that is why they run to the woods to speak to each other freely. Dimmesdale tells Hester Be thou strong for me. Advise me what to do (p.187). This statement by Dimmesdale was a cry for help finally admitting he cannot go through this dilemma by himself. With this plea comes an interesting role-reversal between Dimmesdale and Hester. When Dimmesdale asks for help, he was no longer sustaining the certainty that he was above Hester. He was finally admitting that she was an equal, or maybe even that she was above him. Because Dimmesdale is a reverend he is of higher class than Hester, which is one reason that Puritans will not accept these emotional displays because the society is so socially oriented.


Hester Prynne, assuming a new a position of power, gives an earnest, moving speech to Dimmesdale. The expression of her words cannot be over emphasized, and it is a resemblance to one of Dimmesdale's sermons. Hester tells Dimmesdale "Begin all anew! . . . Preach! Write! Act!" (p.188). Not only does this speech resemble one of his sermons but also the questions, which she asks him such as "Whither leads yonder forest-track? Backward to the settlement, thou sayest! Yea; but onward, too! Deeper it foes, and deeper into the wilderness . . . until some few miles hence, the yellow leave will show no vestige of the white man's tread" (p.187). Hester has had to live with the sin, and Dimmesdale was able to use Hester as his scapegoat so the town people would not find out he was the man who she had committed adultery with. Hester gives this speech because she needs to get out what she truly feels inside and what place better to express herself then the forest.


Puritan society could be harsh and could tear apart one's inner self. Dimmesdale and Hester are good examples of this, but Hester was able to live with what she did with her head held high where as it is eating Dimmesdale up everyday that goes by. Also, the forest was created to give the characters a place to escape and convey their true feelings, values, and sentiments. It was here that thoughts and ideas of the characters flowed as continually as the babbling brook, and the emotion was as uncultivated as the forest itself. There are no chains in the natural world, because it was just that, natural.


Please note that this sample paper on Forest as a Shelter is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Forest as a Shelter, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Forest as a Shelter will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!


Recruitment Process

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RECRUITMENT PROCESS


"The purpose of a recruitment function are patently straight forward to seek out, evaluate, obtain commitment from, place, and orient new employees to fill positions required for the successful conduct of the work of an organization."


By Roger H. Hawk.


What is purpose of the three integrated hiring procedures, recruitment, selection, and placement? From personnel point of view, management is trying to do far more than merely to fill current vacancies. If this were all that needed to be done, the simplest formula would be vacancy-requisition-fill. But such an oversimplified hiring process would not promote the larger aim of building effective teamwork by achieving a balance between personnel mobility and organizational health. In order to advance this purpose, certain policy decisions have validity for all organizations, despite specific differences in their product or service.


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PERSONNEL PLANNING, RECRUITMENT, AND PLACEMENT


In simplest terms manpower planning, recruitment and placement involves placing the right person on the right job. Specifically, it involves planning personnel requirements; building up a pool of acceptable candidates; interviewing and testing them to select the most promising ones checking their backgrounds; and hiring, training, and orienting them.


Planning, recruitment and placement are crucial functions. Managers carry out many other functions like organizing, planning and controlling; but it is safe to say that unless you hire the right people, the right plans, organization charts and control systems won't do you much good.


THE STEPS IN PLANNING, RECRUITMENT AND PLACEMENT


We can conveniently assume that planning, recruitment and placement involves six steps and the order of these is as follows


1. Job Analysis The first step is to determine what each job entails and what traits and skills are required to successfully perform it.


. Personal Planning and Recruitment This involves forecasting which positions will be open, planning how and by whom they will be filled and recruiting a pool of candidates. This is the most important step. If there are many candidates then you can select the best one out. But if there are just two then there is "have it or leave it ".


. Obtain application blank information The next step is usually to have candidates fill out application blanks. These provide basic information like name, address, previous work experience and education.


4. Interview the candidate Managers use many techniques to screen out and select the best candidates. But virtually all candidates rely on direct, face-to-face interview with the candidate.


5. Test the Candidate Many employers also test their job candidates to further determine his or her potential to do the job. Then as you approach the point where a hiring decision is to be made you will want to check the background and reference of each candidate.


6. Orient/Train The final step involves hiring the candidate and orienting/training them.


POLICY DECISIONS IN RECRUITING AND HIRING THE DISADVANTAGED


The problem of the really disadvantaged persists and presents policy decisions for employers on a number of questions


· Should an active effort be made to seek out the disadvantaged in their home areas (often the urban ghettos), rather than expecting them to come to the employment office looking for work?


· Will extra effort be required from management if recruitment of minority group members brings them into a community where local prejudice creates difficulty in housing, education and recreation for the new employee and his family?


· Should adjustments be made in normal hiring standards (such as the requirements of a high school diploma)?


· If so, should special pre requirements and on the job training be supplied?


· Can it be said that some employment tests are culturally biased or otherwise inapplicable to disadvantaged persons? What changes if any, are needed?


· Will special follow-up be necessary or desirable for disadvantaged job applicants?


· Will special supervisory qualities and skills be needed to induct and supervise these new employees, and if so, what are they?


· Since there are additional costs in recruiting, hiring, and training disadvantaged persons, should a government subsidy be made available to induce employers to hire them?


In our opinion, all these questions should be answered in the affirmative by mangers concerned with the special implications of leaving disadvantaged minorities out of productive private employment. The alternative is some form of guaranteed income maintenance or subsidized public service employment, both of which may still may necessary for some of this group.


For most of the organization's manpower needs, the recruitment, selection, and placement processes that are widely used are adequate.


SOURCES


The following are the sources from where future employees can be recruited


INTERNAL RECRUITMENT


The decision making process regarding where, when, and how to implement recruitment activities, initial consideration should be given to a company's current employees, especially for filling jobs above the entry level. If external recruitment efforts are undertaken without considering the desires, capabilities, and potential of the present employees, a firm may incur both short and long run costs. In the short run, morale may degenerate; in the long run, firms with a reputation for consistent neglect of in-house talent may find it difficult to attract new employees and to retain experienced ones. This is why soundly conceived action plans and management succession plans are so important.


One of the thorniest issues confronting internal recruitment is the reluctance of managers to grant permission for the sub-ordinate to be interviewed for potential transfer or promotion. As one reviewer put it, "Most supervisors are about as reluctant to release a current employee as they are to make a cut in pay." In order for managers to overcome this aversion, promotion- from within policies must receive strong top management support, coupled with a company philosophy that permits employees to consider available opportunities within the organization.


Among the channels available for internal recruitment, the most popular ones are Succession plans, Job posting, employee referral, and temporary worker pools.


EXTERNAL SOURCES


External sources are used for the lower entry job. And they are also frequently used for other types as well. They are quite numerous and varied in character. The more common outside sources of personnel are following


1. Advertising


. Employment agencies, both public and private


. Recommendation of present employees


4. Schools and colleges


5. Labor Unions


6. Casual Applicants by letter and at the gate


MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES


The following are part of comprehensive recruitment program


1. Special scouts who are sent to distant parts of the country to encourage labor migration.


. Penal institutions. Some firms utilize this source as matter of policy.


. Inter-company rotation in industries of a seasonal nature. Labor may move from company to company according to the season.


4. Mobile employment trailers. A mobile employment office makes the company more accessible to prospective applicants. This is of value in places and time of scarcity.


5. Fraternal organizations, lodges and churches are sometimes of value.


6. Other business organizations constitute a source either through ethical contacts or labor pirating.


FORECASTING


Manpower planning has been defined as " an effort to anticipate future business and environmental demands on the organization and to meet the manpower requirements dictated by these conditions." It is the process through which the employer plans for the openings that inevitably develop in the organization. As such, it basically involves forecasting the demand for and supply of manpower, and developing specific manpower plans (for instance concerning who to train and how many people to recruit for). Not all mangers engage in manpower planning, of course. The other alternative is to wait for the opening to develop and to try to fill it as best as possible. Most managers probably use this approach, and it is probably effective enough for small organizations. But for larger firms (and for managers who want to avoid last minute scurrying and mistakes), some forecasting and planning are worthwhile.


FACTORS IN FORECASTING MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS.


· Projected turnover (as a result of resignations or terminations).


· Quality and nature of your employees (in relation to what you see as the changing needs of your organization).


· Decisions to upgrade the quality of products or services, or enter into new markets, etc. these have implications for the nature and abilities of employees; ask, for example, whether the skills of current employees are compatible with the new products your company will be producing.


· Technological and administrative changes resulting in increased efficiencies increased efficiency (in terms of output per man-hour) could reduce manpower needs


· The financial resources available; a larger allows you to hire more people and pay higher wages. Conversely, a projected " budget crunch" could mean fewer positions to recruit for and lower salary offers.


For forecasting we can use computers, which use different custom made or general soft wares to predict future requirements. Mathematical modeling can also be used.


THE OTHER SIDE OF RECRUITMENT JOB SEARCH


"According to the mating theory of Recruitment- in which the organization searches for suitable candidates as candidates search for organizations."


Research shows that 70 percent land a job through personal contacts, 15 percent through placement agencies, 10 percent through direct mailing and only 5 % through published job openings.


According to management consultants and executive recruiters the following are some of the key things not to do when looking for a job


· Don't panic A search takes time, even for well qualified middle and upper level managers. Seven months to a year is not unusual. Be prepared to wait it out.


· Don't be bitter Bitterness makes it harder to begin search; it also turns off potential employers.


· Don't kid yourself Do a thorough self-appraisal of your strengths and weaknesses, your likes and dislikes about jobs and organizations. Decide if you want to change field and don't delay the search for too long.


· Don't drift Develop a plan, target companies, and go for them relentlessly. Realize that your job is to find a new job. Cast a wide net; consider industries other than your own.


· Don't be lazy The heart of a good job hunt is research. Use reference books, public filings, and annual reports when drawing up a list of target companies. If negotiations get serious, talk to a range of insiders and knowledgeable outsiders to learn about politics and practices.


· Don't be shy or overeager Since personal contacts are the most effective means to land a job, pull out all the stops to get the word out that you are available. At the same time resist the temptation to accept the first job that comes along. Unless that job is absolutely right for you, continue your search.


· Don't ignore your family Some executives are embarrassed and don't tell their families that what's going on. A better approach is to bring the family into the process and deal with issues honestly.


· Don't lie Experts are unanimous on this point. Don't lie and don't stretch a point either on resume or in interviews. Be willing to address failures as well as strengths. Discuss openly and fully what went wrong at the old job.


· Don't jump the gun on salary always let the potential employee bring this subject up first. But once it surfaces, thoroughly explore all aspects of your future compensation and benefits package.


Those who have been through the trauma of job loss and the challenge of finding a job often describe the entire process as a wrenching, stressful one. Avoiding the mistakes shown above can ensure that finding a new job need not take any longer than necessary.


PROBLEMS FACED IN THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS


Anyone who talks to enough recent job applicants about the recruitment process will hear stories of alleged abuses. A woman from the Midwest flies east at her own expense to be interviewed for a position at a community college; when she arrives, she is told that the position has already been filled. A young scholar with several years teaching experience is invited to interview at another institution; only after she arrives is she told that she is expected to give a lecture and that the open position is at a rank lower than the one she presently holds. A number of doctoral candidates are given interviews with a prestigious department at an MLA convention; to their dismay, they learn that each interview is only five minutes long. A woman receives a phone call soliciting her application for a position; when she calls a week later to find out if her credentials arrived safely, she is told that the position was filled before they were received. A young man is offered a two-year position by telephone; he accepts and subsequently declines another offer only to discover later that the contract is really for only one year. An established scholar responds to an advertisement seeking someone in her sub-field; when she receives no answer to her application, she calls and is told that the chairperson never responds to applications and that he has changed the job description anyway. Job seekers, female and male, minority and white, apply for positions; they are told that they are well qualified but that someone of the opposite sex or a different racial/ethnic group must fill the vacancy.


Obviously, all of the stories we hear are not entirely true. Honest misunderstandings are always possible, particularly when information is transmitted over the telephone or in conversation. A discouraged job applicant, having only a limited perspective on the recruitment process, may perceive discrimination or other illegalities where none exists. Nevertheless, not all of the stories of abuses and mistreatment are attributable to errors on the part of the candidates; some of them do result from lack of sensitivity, inattention to detail, or overt violation of affirmative action procedures on the part of people responsible for the recruitment.


Equal opportunity


In essence, requires that the individual be judged on his or her own merits with respect to the open position; all other considerations are irrelevant. Specifically, federal laws and regulations prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, religion, color, sex, national origin, ancestry, age, physical or mental handicap, veterans or marital status. Thus, an employer who states that a particular position may be filled only by a woman or only by a man is breaking the law.


SOME TIPS ON AVOIDING PROBLEMS IN THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS


Recruitment advertisements should be as precise as possible. They should indicate the qualifications for the position in terms of education level, experience, and, where appropriate, sub-field. A carefully worded vacancy notice should eliminate a number of unnecessary applications from individuals who are, in fact, not qualified.


Once applications are received, a committee rather than an individual should evaluate them carefully, preferably. Applicants should be judged on their merits, not solely on the institutions they attended.


Except in emergency situations, positions should not be filled without a proper search.


Applicants should not be invited to interview unless they are under serious consideration


They should likewise be informed of the salary and fringe benefits. To the extent possible, all candidates should be given similar interviews so that they may be evaluated on equal grounds.


Job candidates feel less dehumanized in the recruitment process if they have some response. They would prefer individualized letters. Those interviewed, however, should receive personal letters notifying them once the decision has been made.


Many of the complaints of deception or discrimination in employment practices result from misunderstandings of verbal commitments. The applicant should not assume that an offer has been made until receiving a written confirmation. It is a wise precaution to follow up on telephone or other oral discussions with correspondence reiterating any verbal agreement relating to interview expenses, terms and conditions of employment, or other matters that might easily be misunderstood.


SUMMARY


Recruitment begins with a clear statement of objectives, based on the types of knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics that an organization needs. Objectives are also based on consideration of the gender and ethnic group representation of the work force, relative to that of the surrounding labor force. Finally, a recruitment policy must spell out clearly an organization's intentions to evaluate and screen candidates without regard to factors such as race, gender, age or disability, where those characteristics are unrelated to a person's ability to do a job successfully. The actual process of recruitment begins with the specification of human resource requirements numbers, skills mix, levels, and the time frame within such needs must be met.


Recruiting may involve internal, external, or both kinds of labor markets. Internal recruitment often relies on succession plans, job posting, employee referrals or temporary worker pools. Many external recruitment sources are also available. These sources are university relations, executive search firms, employment agencies, and recruitment advertising. In managing and controlling recruitment operations, consider calculating the cost of operations and analyzing the performance of each recruitment source, since the number of hires who actually perform their jobs successfully determines recruitment success.


REFERENCES


1. www.hallman.com


. Personnel Management (second edition) by Gary Dessler.


. Personnel Administration by Paul Pigors and Charles A. Myers.


4. Managing Human Resources (fifth edition) by Wayne F. Cascio.


5. Management of Human Resources by Paul Pigors, F.T Malm and Charles A. Myers.


6. Increasing Office Productivity by Earl P. Strong.


7. Personnel Management by K.C. Lawrence.


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