Mrs.johnson

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Mrs. Johnson is the Younger family's annoying neighbor. She is very nosy and always in their business. The family doesn't really like her and is very offended by her. She doesn't have very good manners. She acts like she's the family's


friend when she actually isn't.


When Mrs. Johnson first comes in the scene the author describes her as a "woman who decided long ago to be enthusiastic about EVERYTHING in life


and is inclined to wave her wrist vigorously at the height of her exclamatory


Online essay help on mrs.johnson


comments. When she starts talking we find out that she's not a nice person, on


the contrary she's very nosy. She is trying to get all the juicy gossip she can get


out of the Youngers, while acting like she's their friend. When she's having a


dialogue with Mama she says things like "I mean sometimes He works in


mysterious ways…be He works, don't He!" and "I'm just sooooo happy for ya'll". And this here child (About Ruth) looks like she could just pop open with


happiness, don't she." She is trying to act like she's just having a casual


conversation with Mama, but she's actually trying to find out everything she can about the family's business. Oleander is really beautiful flower, but on the inside


it's poisonous. Mrs. Johnson is exactly like that. On the outside she looks like a very nice and happy person, but as can be seen she's very nosy and vulgar.


Mrs. Johnson is very jealous of the Youngers. She reacted to them


moving in a house by saying "Lord I bet this time next month ya'll's names will have been in the paper plenty (Holding up her hands to mark off each word in


the headline she can see in front of her) " NERGOS INVADE CLYBOURNE


PARK BOMBED!" Only someone who is jealous of the family would say


something like that. She probably said it to make them think twice before moving in the house. If oleander could think and have feelings it would be jealous of all


the other flowers because people pick them, conversely everyone tries to stay


away from oleander.


Mrs. Johnson thinks that's she's being sleek by acting like she's the


Yougers' best friend, " (Reaching out quickly, playfully, and patting Ruth's


stomach) Ain't you starting to poke out none yet! (She mugs with delight at the


over familiar remark and her eyes dart around looking at the crates and packing


preparation; Mama's face is cold sheet of endurance.)" The family can see right


through that, " if there are two things we, as people have to overcome, one is the Ku Klux Klan and the other is Mrs. Johnson". They know that Mrs. Johnson


actually couldn't care less about them. No matter how pretty oleander is people who know anything about it know that it is a very poisonous plant. Likewise,


anyone who actually knows Mrs. Johnson knows that she's not sweet and


innocent.


All in all like Mrs. Johnson is nosy, offensive, impolite, and vulgar. People are annoyed and offended by her. Without a doubt the Younders are happy to


move out of the apartment and not have to see her any more.


Please note that this sample paper on mrs.johnson is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on mrs.johnson, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on mrs.johnson will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!


How far were English people 'ungovernable' in the period 1660-1770?

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In order to answer this question we must assess the extent to which the English were outside the normal constraints of civil and criminal law. So we must look at the nature of authority , how this authority/power was used and how the authority was look upon by the different members of class.Once this has been done we will come to the conclusion that to a certain extent the English were ungovernable due to the above factors. In 1660 it was a significant time because the puritan ideological of the commonwealth dissolved itself and the monarch was restored by Charles II who used the arms of the law to exercise his power .At the time the court system was seen as the states main body of power. There was a slight problem in that not all classes/social groups were instutionalised by the legal process especially people who lived in remote areas or who worked in remote jobs and even the people that were institualised by the legal system had problems with what they saw as what should and shouldn't be law.


Historically there is two stances of opinon on the above question, yes England was a governable and no England was ungovernable. We will see that J.A Sharpe has the view that the English during the period 1660 -1750 in majority were governable J. A . Sharpe believes this to be the case because of the way in which the legal systems functions were operated and the way in which parishes dealt with crime and because by the early 17th century England had moved away from a freudual system and had started to move towards a capitalist system . The wealthy yeomans and land owners could now be identify with the rich nobility of England than it could with that of the landless labourer and poor man.. This was important because inturn it effected the nature of crime and who committed the crime The crime in medieval England was that of violently bloody crimes committed by that of the nobility but from 1660 the gentry were more less likely to comitte a crime than that of the poor man , but according to J. A .Sharpe this was suppressed through the convention of the poor law.


The legal system at the time was established to stop violent and bloody retribution between parties. It also in theory was the way in which central government would enforce it's authority. It did this through it's courts and it's judges the court system would excute the state law and the judges would keep the king's peace by enforcing punishment on those who broke the rules; but in reality it was not the actually justices of peace nor was it the courts that enforced the state laws and kept the king's peace it was actually the job of the inferior officers such as the parish constable."despite the attention given by historians to the justices of the peace, and the praise generally lavished upon the incumbents of that office ,most of the daily round of county adminstaration and law enforcement was carried out by inferior officers within the parish." J.A.Sharpe 'Crime In Early Modern England 1550-1750' Longman second edition pp107.


The parish constable was the local inferior officer who usually came from richer offices usually from a neighbouring town/village. His loyalities were to the monarch but also to that of the parish. Therefore the constables duties at times would be to mediate between the actual statues and the actually parishes customs but some times this could clash '…We find constables bound over for failing or refusing to report religious conventicles' ." J.A.Sharpe 'Crime In Early Modern England 1550-1750'longman second edition pg107. 'Quarter sessions Records, Trinity 168 to Epiphany 160 ed. H. C. Johnson, Warwickshire County Records, 8, 15, pp 0,1,18,15,7,57.' Other duties they also would have to implentment was village rituals and festivities.


College Essays on How far were English people 'ungovernable' in the period 1660-1770?


On the whole constables where valuable in keeping England govern due because ethey were local they bridiged the gap in culture differences between the wealthy yeoman/land owners and the landless labourers/poor members of the parishes as they where a tool of the legal system in controlling the ever growing gap between the different parties of the parish.


The opinion of crime was more a nuisances to a community and the actual usage of a court was majority of the time last resort but it was used 'Of the permanent local residents who came to trial, 68 per cent were convicted; of the outsiders, per cent…..servants tired….status of being somewhere between established residents and total outsiders 88 per cent of them convicted' J.A.Sharpe 'Crime In Early Modern England 1550-1750' Longman second edition pp107.


Firstly before a person of the commiunty was even tired at a court the parish would log written and verbal complicates to the person, perhaps deal with the person via the poor law .Failing that they would then use a local courts such as the leet court or archdeacon's this was to gain a local involvement and a speedy trail . If the person carried on after the local courts and persisted then they would be taken to the assize court. Usually if the person went to assize courts and they were members of the local community and of status , other good members would ask the courts for lenicey. ' Thomas west….provoked an imposing display of solidarity on his behalf ffrom respectable elements of the parish'. J.A.Sharpe 'Crime In Early Modern England 1550-1750' Longman second edition pp107. The parish in most incidents dealt with crime in a community way , either by sorting it out by themselves or by actually taking local legal action . With this approach it didn't iradicate criminal offences but it did n't emphathy them either , so even though there were offences taking place overall the parishes were governable due to the fact that constanst perpatratiors were accepted by the comminuty


Another important method in the late 17th century was the poor law . Due to a increase in population from 1550-1750 and poor crop it left a large social group the poor members of society to look for a other alternative to beable to eat and to make money. So it was felt if there was to be alternative means to control and relinkwish the desire for the people to comitte crime, this was done through the poor law. The actual mechanism of this was the invention of workhouses.The poor would be expected to support themselves by work.


Obvicously this belief is not shared with all historians , on the other side of the coin historians who believe that England during the period of 1660-1750 England was ungovernable and put that down partly due to the uneven authority and due to isolation of certain social groups it meant that they weren't colonizised by the legal syatem. Such group that was chastised as been a unlawless group pf society was either people that resided in foresty areas or miners . People from foresty area were seen as been lawless due to the lack of colonisatistaion of the noblebity , churches and lack of a legal strong foothold. Miners on the were also seen as a solidarity body that worked in a united corpation method. Miners were also isolated from the normal social institutes culturally and phisycally.


John Brewer and John Styles support there view by studying the miners in the period of 1660-1750 especailly a group of miners that lived in the kingswoods forest which was situated outside of the city of Bristol. The Kingwood forest in the 18th century was renouned as the most unmangerable area in England due to the coutinueous conflict the miners had with the crown and land owners . The Miners played a important role in providing coal to function Bristols industry and domestic lifestyle . The first major incident arose in 177 between the collies and the authorities because the conditions of the roads of Bristol had become a state. So in febuary 177 two parties had drawen up petitions addressing the House of Commons with regards to the state of the roads to get a act passed to refurbish the roads. The results were that in April 4th 177 two turnpike acts The Bristol act (1 Geo.I C.1) and the Studley Bridge Toghill Act (1 Geo.I C.1) Brewer, J & Styles J. (eds), An ungovernable people the English and their law in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries. - London Hutchinson, 180. - ((Hutchinson University library) with royal assents had been passed to set up tolls to levy on 1 roads leading out of Bristol. These levy were to apply to all road users. The acts were mange by a tolls trustees which out of 146 there were 6 large landowners named . As soon as the first day of collection of the tolls on 6th June 177 the colliers demonstrated there disapproval and opposition ' assembled in body, and pulled down 4 of [turnpikes]…some of them which they set fire' Farley's Bristol journal 1 July 17 Brewer, J & Styles J. (eds), An ungovernable people the English and their law in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries London Hutchinson, 180. - ((Hutchinson University library) and using what necessary force to bring them down. Within that same week the miners marched into the city of Bristol ' with clubs and staves in a noisy manner;according to the mayor of Bristol' Brewer, J & Styles J. (eds), An ungovernable people the English and their law in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries London Hutchinson, 180. - ((Hutchinson University library). This made the mayor nervous and so troops were sent in to catch the colliers but only 4 prisoners were caught. So in July 177 the colliers sent a letter addressing the issues to the king and the underlinging problems wasn't the actual taxation but they were distressed by the power in which was given to the trustees 'to remove furze and heth from any common land' Brewer, J & Styles J. (eds), An ungovernable people the English and their law in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries London Hutchinson, 180- ((Hutchinson University library). they were upset that a balance would be upset by the medaling of the trustees such as the heth which was used as fire wood and to graze there horses. Secondaly they were upset that they had to pay a levy for the roads when infact they belived it to be the trustees fault for the conditions of the road and thirdly they believed it was also the failure of the magristrates to enforce the law to get the roads fixed in the first place. Overall the colliers felt that the authority had negelected to act properly and that the King wouldn't have passed such an act against them.By late 177 the 4 collier prisoners were tired at the assizes court and aqucuttied due to lack of evidence and the colliers were subdied. As result of the colliers taking action in th May the Studley Bridge trustees petitioned parlimentant for a effective puninshment as the Bristol Act were ambigoust as it didn't state a punishment which meant that the gentry didn't know how to or what under to proscute any one found damging the tolls. So weeks later a new act was introduced ' I Geo.II C.1' Brewer, J & Styles J. (eds), An ungovernable people the English and their law in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries London Hutchinson, 180- ((Hutchinson University library). Which stated that for first offence if found to be destroying a tollgate then they would be imprisoned in the gaol for months and publically whipped and for a second offence they would be sent to do 7 years of transportation . Then in !71 the actually Bristol Act was amend to a change of how the admistration of the trustees was ran and a clause that allowed any animal carrying coal to go through free of charge. This meant that the authorities only answered one of the colliers grievances and the road had even been fixed either.


So in 171 when the trustees began to erect the tollgates again on the roads to Bristol colliers and countrymen began to destroy the tolls once again. June 0th 171 Some colliers were destroying a toll when a gang led by William Blaithwaite the Justice of Peace stop them in there tracks and took 4 prisoners to his home. What the colliers did afterwards displays the mentality the colliers had for the law and the weakness of the law .Before Blaithwaite took the prisoners to the gaol he came under siege from the colliers threathening to destroy his house if he didn't release 'their brethren'Brewer, J & Styles J. (eds), An ungovernable people the English and their law in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries London Hutchinson, 180. - ((Hutchinson University library). in which Braithwaite released the prisoners . That summer the authorities were unable to excess size any of the law and no prosecutes were made against the colliers . still unhappy with the present climate gentry petitioned for further advancement s of punishment to be made so in may 17 the result was a new act was passed 5 Geo. II c. which stated anyperson convicted of destroying a turnpike would in affect be transported for seven years. With this new harish law in August 17 trustees of the Studley Bridge-Tpghill began to erect toll-gates which resulted in ' a party of Bristol colliers arm'd with axes ….cut down the turnpike….without any oppsitition' Brewer, J & Styles J. (eds), An ungovernable people the English and their law in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries London Hutchinson, 180- (Hutchinson University library). The consequesnces of the colliers actions lead to prisoners taken and in 17 a enomurous amount of effocet to gain a conviction against the colliers was taken. At the Salisbury assizes court colliers were convicted and sentenced to transportation this was only possible via the determation of one Roger Hollands who infact had played a important role in attending the toll-gate Acts in parliament. This incident made a clear statement to people that the law if stood strong could achieve a positive and just outcome. The following years the turnpike issue subsided. It wasn't until 1740 where the colliers involved majorly involved in another riot . Due to a price war between the owners of the coal mines they plan on reducing miners wages by a 5% decrease so they striked and stop working. The colliers didn't just stop work they also made sure that coal couldn't leave Bristol and they also organised a strike collection of food and money from non miners. They began there strike in th October and in the next 4 days they wreaked havoc ' procession of colliers through Bristol hallowimg and shouting…robberies on the highway' Brewer, J & Styles J. (eds), An ungovernable people the English and their law in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries London Hutchinson, 180- ((Hutchinson University library). So the authorise worried wrote to the secretary of state to arrange emergency coal and guard . Within a week it was all over and coal began to be brought back into the city and evictence was been collected against the rioters so they could be made of examples. But in November troops were situated on the eastern boarder to prevent a resuce mission to break a pitman free. The colliers took no direct action due to the troops and April 17 there were 6 warrents issued for the arrest of colliers who took part in the October riot but no evendice to suggest that any were tired nor is there any evidence that the pitman was prosecuted either.


Even though the colliers took part in other riots they either didn't orcherstrate the riot they just tagged along 174 the sommerset turnpikes or when it came to actually using direct action in 1740 possible food riot they are deterred by the force of soldiers. The only time the colliers of kingswood united was when they felt that the authority wasn't doing it's job properly such as in the case of the turnpikes the colliers felt it was down to the authority to sort the roads out and so they went looking for redress of grievances and make the authority accountable to by addressing there disagreement.


Inconclusion J.A Sharpe argument is correct to say that England was fairly govern because it had a hierarch of gentry to establish and enforce the laws due to the coming of the large cultural and social gap that was becoming apparent from the early 17th century. John Brewer and John Styles were also correct in there argument that England was ungovernable due to the lack of colozisation of institutes such as churches and even the gentry were sparse in Kingswood . Even though both arguments are correct I think England was governable because with in time Kingswood would have it's first church and there was a present of authority but it wasn't rooted authority and there was no social and cultural diversity between the community ,so I think such incidents that happen in Kingswood were probably isolated incidents and didn't generally spring up all over England due to the evidence that J.A Sharpe presents about community morale.


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Schindler's List

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Schindlers List begins by illustrating Oskar Schindlers problem with trying to reopen an enamelware factory in Krakow, Poland. Schindler is a Czechoslovakian-born Nazi who seeks help from Itzhak Stern, an accountant and a Jew. With Sterns assistance, he convinces wealthy Jewish businessmen to contribute vast amounts of money to the factory. In return, the Jews would be able to work there and avoid being sent to the forced labor camps. To do this, Schindler has to forge documents for these Jews which say that they are skilled factory workers, machinists, and technicians. Many highly educated men and women professors, musicians, intellectuals had to make themselves out to be workers rather than thinkers. Otherwise, the Nazis would have no use for them except for their physical labor. But the Jews had nothing to lose. Their money was no good to them since at this time there were severe restrictions to what they could do or buy, and the entire Jewish population of the city were already confined within a sixteen block Krakow ghetto. So, Schindler gets his money and a slave labor force for practically nothing.


Jews were then packed into train cars normally reserved for cattle and shipped to the forced labor camp.


Hundreds and hundreds of people, stripped naked, are forced to run around in front of the Nazi doctors so they can separate the fit from the unfit. They were so skinny, bones protruding from their backs and chests their faces pale from toil and undernourishment. Some women even cut their fingers and wrists and rubbed blood on their cheeks trying to, as one woman said, look alive.


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As the inspection took place, the children are rounded up and driven away. The picture of the mothers screaming and running after them gives me chills down to my toes. Some children, fortunately enough, are able to escape. I remember one boy running, trying to find an unoccupied hiding place. As a last resort, he jumps into the latrines, finding about two or three other children already there.


Meanwhile, Oskar Schindler tried to get his precious workers back. Of course, this is strictly for selfish purposes, for he has lost his source of labor and the money he was making as a result of production. In order to regain his Jewish workers, Schindler decided to buy them from the Nazi in charge of the camp. He had been used to bribing Nazi officials while the enamelware factory was in operation. He and Stern stay awake for hours composing the list of Jews whom he will purchase…the list of those whose lives he will save. Hence the title, Schindlers List. The list is life, Stern poignantly states. Finally the list is complete, with over 1100 names of the people who will help Schindler reopen the factory. Only this time, the factory will produce munitions, thereby becoming a vital part of the war effort and sanctioned by the Nazis.


The selected Jews leave the labor camp the same way they first came in cattle cars. However, the men and women are on separate trains, and though the men arrive safely at the factory, the women are diverted to Auschwitz. The women arrive confused and are immediately taken to have their heads shaved. As they are forced into the shower chamber, my heart pounded violently in my inner cavity while I waited to see whether life-giving water or deadly gas would emerge from the shower heads. To my relief, and the womens, it was water.


Schindler, now aware of the mistake, informed the Nazi at Auschwitz that they are wrongfully holding his Jews, who are critical to the war effort. He successfully bribed a Nazi official into releasing the Jews. Again the women are transported back to Krakow…still alive.


So production is in full swing once more at Schindlers factory. It is soon revealed that they gauges used to create the ammunition shells are intentionally offset. Oskar Schindler made it appear as if his factor were crucial to the war when, if fact, nothing that came out of the factory would ever help the Nazis or be used to kill another human life.


Schindlers view of the Jewish people definitely changed since the beginning of the film. At first, he helps them only for his own benefit. He uses them. He is callous and unfeeling when witnessing the murder of Jews, unless it is one of his workers which would result in decreased output. By the middle, when the bodies of Jews killed in the Krakow liquidation were exhumed dug up and burned in massive heaps of stinking, rotting flesh I could tell that Schindler was a changed man. Exactly when and how this change took place, I am not certain; it is a very fine line that divided him as the exploiter and the humanitarian.


Toward the end of the movie, Hitler surrenders the war, and Schindler proclaims that his Jewish workers are free. He also says that he, too, must flee, for he is considered a war criminal that helped the Nazi cause, even though he really did not. He knows that he will probably be hanged, a fate suffered by many, including the commander of the forced labor camp where the Jews had once been.


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123 HIPPA

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Effects of the Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA) Introduction Just when Americans thought it was safe to turn on their computers after this year's anticipated YK catastrophe, now comes the federal government's new Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA) -- privacy regulations that will create new, insurmountable challenges for today's healthcare industry. The YK bug is estimated to have cost the health care industry upwards of $10 billion. By comparison, implementing the HIPAA privacy and security regulations is estimated to cost the health care industry $40 billion over the next two years. Beginning January 001, US health care operations will never be the same again. This paper will address the origins of these new federal privacy regulations with a specific focus on the privacy standards and the Health and Human Services (HHS) proposed rules on confidentiality of personal health information. In a Wall Street Journal/ABC poll conducted on September 16, 1, Americans were asked to identify those issues that concerned them most for the coming century. Loss of personal privacy ranked as the first or second concern of percent of all respondents. Other issues, such as terrorism, world war, and global warming, scored of percent or less. Background Historically, an individual's access to his or her own medical records and the ability to limit that access to third-parties was safeguarded by the patient, physicians, and healthcare organizations (i.e., hospitals, clinics, etc.). However, with advances in information technology, the issues of security and breeches of patient confidentiality have become major priorities. When Congress passed the Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act of 16, it contained hundreds of pages of proposed legislation intended to set privacy and security standards for the creation and maintenance of patient health care databases. Congress set a deadline for itself of fall 1, to pass comprehensive legislation regulating the privacy and security of information traditionally held sacred between patient and doctor. If Congress did not meet its deadline, HIPAA authorized the Secretary of the Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) to take on the program. In November 1, after Congress failed to meet its deadline, HHS issued proposed privacy regulations regarding the secure treatment of electronic information and requiring a standardization of data used in transmitting health care information electronically. After the uneventful passing of the YK crisis, healthcare providers reevaluated the proposed regulations and began to realize the impact of such privacy and security regulations. Purpose HIPAA addresses the protection of health information from its creation and establishes uniform requirements for those handling such information. The new privacy regulations effect all health care providers, health plan administrators, and health care clearinghouses (hereinafter collectively referred to as health care operators) that electronically transmit individual, identifiable health information in one of several types of transactions. The regulations apply not only when a health care operator engages in one of the listed transaction, but any time they use or disclose protected information. In fact, the regulation covers such a broad variety of healthcare-related transactions -- such as verification and coordination of benefits -- that only on rare occasion will a health care operator not be effected by this mandate. The regulation governs the use and disclosure of individual, identifiable health information that has been electronically transmitted or maintained by a health care operator. However, not all health care information is protected under these regulations. The new privacy regulation only applies when a health care operator places information that potentially identifies an individual into an electronic format, and a reasonable basis exists to believe that the information can or will be used to identify the individual. This category of information is known under the new regulation as protected health information. It is important to remember that individual, identifiable health care information can easily become subject to these regulations whenever existing information is entered into a computer or any type of electronic data system. This includes the scanning of older, paper records into an optical storage device. As a general rule, protected health care information may not be used or disclosed -- even within an organization -- unless the health care operator receives specific authorization from the individual patient. The Privacy Act of 174 Before considering the HIPAA Act, there is value in first reviewing the Privacy Act of 174, as both generally promote respect for the public's privacy. Under the Privacy Act of 174, federal agencies were adopt minimum standards for the collection and processing of personal information, and to publish detailed descriptions of these procedures. This Act also limits the making of such records available to other private agencies or parties and requires agencies to make records on individuals available to them upon request, subject to certain conditions and exclusions. This is not unlike the HIPAA Act which governs how health care operators (as opposed to the federal government) handles the confidential information obtained from patients (as opposed to the public at large). The Privacy Act of 174, has four basic policy objectives o To restrict disclosures of personally identifiable records. o To grant individuals more rights to access records agencies maintain on them. o To grant individuals the right to seek amendments to agency records maintained on themselves. o To establish a code of fair information practices which requires agencies to comply with statutory norms for collection, maintenance, and dissemination of records. Security According to the HIPAA, the security standards that apply to the health care operators must address reasonable and appropriate administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to o Ensure the integrity and confidentiality of the information. o Protect against any reasonable anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of the information, including unauthorized use or disclosure. o Ensure compliance by officers and employees of the health care operators. Personnel Security Organizations that handle individual health care information must establish control policies that regulate appropriate access to the information in their possession, while assuring its confidentiality. An effective policy would first determine those staff members who are granted authorization to the information, and then govern how and when such authorization is maintained, modified, or terminated. Issues to consider are · Training. Employees should be trained regarding what information, systems, or applications they have authority to access, together with their responsibility to limit such access. · Identification Health care operators should supply authorized personnel with Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) or key cards by which users can be authenticated as part of the control process. Information Systems Security Management Information systems security management requires formal policies and procedures for granting (or denying) access to various levels of health care information, including user authentication and accountability practices. In order to meet regulatory compliance, three key areas must be in place 1. security measures for all information systems; . security testing, including intrusion testing, performed regularly on systems and networks; . virus protection, and a response procedure when a virus is detected. · documenting all policies and procedures in the integration and daily work of the Information Systems Management Department. · installing software that maintains review schedules for testing security features. · creating a system for on-going and periodic system checking. · updating and formatting a frequent virus checking system and procedure. Security Incident Procedures To ensure that violations are managed quickly, health care operators are required to have documented damage control procedures for reporting security breaches. Such procedures should address data backup, data storage, and proper disposal of data, in addition to assigning responsibility in the event of a security incident. The damage control procedures should also include a disaster recovery plan, emergency mode operations, equipment control, an organization security plan, procedures for verifying authorization prior to physical access, maintenance records, need-to-know procedures for personnel access, and sign-in procedures for outside (contract) vendors. Security Management Process Health care operators are required to establish risk reduction security policies to insure accountability, prevention, containment, and correction of security breaches including risk analysis, risk management, and sanction policies. Additional measures to protect sensitive data includes firewalls, intrusion detection devices, and audit logs. Training It is imperative that personnel be properly trained in order for a health care operator to meet the HIPAA standards. Each organization must develop, implement, and maintain records of awareness training for all personnel on virus protection, reporting data discrepancies, and password management to ensure protection of health care information. Terminations Procedures In order to meet the HIPAA standards, health care operators must establish termination procedures for personnel leaving the organization including changing the locks, terminating user access to databases, denying access to the physical facilities, and revoking control mechanisms (i.e., swipe cards and keys). Market Refortm / Impact The financial impact for organizations preparing for the YK bug was estimated to have cost the health care industry upwards of $10 billion. Implementing the HIPAA privacy and security regulations is being estimated to cost the health care industry $40 billion over the next two years. According to a recent survey conducted by the newsletter HIPAA Alert, 80 percent of health care operators, and 75 percent of insurers, are trying to build overall awareness in their organizations about the new HIPAA requirements. Additionally, more than half of healthcare industry professionals are completing their initial assessment process. Over half of billing clearinghouses and vendors are well into HIPAA compliance, planning, and implementation. It is the health care providers and insurers who are behind in their efforts, with less than a third of respondents saying they have begun planning and implementation for the HIPAA compliance. One reason given for the slow movement of providers was that they were waiting for the final rules to be set in place before moving forward with implementation. Three-fourths of information system vendors indicated that they would complete internal testing of the HIPAA-compliant systems within 1 months, and all billing clearinghouse respondents reported they will be HIPAA-ready within 18 months. More than half of insurers indicate that they will not be fully HIPAA-compliant for 4 months or longer, possibly because of confusion over what is really needed to be compliant. Court Decisions Inasmuch as the HIPAA law has yet to go into effect, there is no case law yet involving this legislation. It will be interesting, however, to see how this legislation impacts further interactions between health care operators and the people they serve. Recommendation Health care operators who will be affected by the final ruling slated for December 000, should assess their current status to ascertain whether they will be in compliance with HIPAA and, if not, what they need to do about it. Such assessments should include Educate organization staff members What can a health care operator do to prepare for HIPAA? Their first step should be to educate their senior management and line-staff. The HIPAA is a complicated and extensive piece of legislation. It requires considerable education and a commitment from senior management to secure the necessary human resources and financial resources. Especially in larger health care operations, a chief security officer or similar senior management officer is recommended to lead the organization's HIPAA efforts. Coordinate a HIPAA Committee Individual health care operators should each establish HIPAA committees. These group should be responsible for the oversight of HIPAA education, communication, and timelines. Needless to say, personnel from Human Resources, Information Services, Finance, and the General Counsel's office should comprise the committee, in addition to personal from medical records, medical staff affairs, managed care, and the business office. Such committee should meet frequently during the establishment and coordination of the HIPAA initiatives to make certain that compliance will be met, and then periodically thereafter to insure proper maintenance. Audit Policies, Procedures, and Application Systems Health care operators should audit their existing information systems to identify areas that will require improvement in order to comply with the HIPAA rules. One method would be to conduct a gap analysis. The analysis would serve as the foundation for creating a timeline for meeting the HIPAA deadlines. The audit should include an extensive review of all policies and procedures associated with the release of information, network and application security, and medical record confidentiality. Such audits both current and future should be under the direction of the HIPAA Committee referred to above. Identify Risk Areas As a result of the initial audit, each health care operator should be able to recognize high risk areas and then develop a corrective action plan in response. Such action plan will greatly depend on the identified deficiency. As a matter of necessity, those areas with the highest risk should be addressed first, although these may also require the most time, money, and manpower to correct. Most importantly, health care operators should document each of their efforts towards compliance in the event that their labors are ever questioned. Conclusion Compliance with the upcoming HIPAA mandates will require the coordinated efforts of every health care operator in the United States. However, despite how long, costly, and tedious this process may be to these organizations, these initiatives are absolutely necessary to safeguard the right of each American citizen regarding his or her health care records. In the current cyber-society in which we live one that will only get more sophisticated with time such laws are imperative. The average cyber-junkie, familiar with the information superhighway and all its little side-streets and alleys, can already find out more information on the average citizen than most of us would want shared our home addresses, phone numbers, interests, hobbies, etc. In some ways, it is akin to George Orwell's 184. The only exception is, this time it is not Big Brother who is watching instead it is your next door neighbor or the kid down the street. Without laws such as the Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act, we could one day learn that our most personal concerns the health of our minds and bodies is fodder on the Internet. Bibliography References HIPAA Insurance Reform http//www.hcfa.gov/medicaid/ HIPAA Health Information Standards http//www.jhita.org/hipaarule.htm Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 16 Administrative Simplification http//www.hcfa.gov/facts/February 17 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 16 Getting Ready for HIPAA Privacy Rules AHIMA article on preparing for HIPAA security standards http//www.ahima.org/journal/features/feature.0004.5.html Conducting Your Own Internal Assessment Journal of AHIMA article provides good checklist to do your own assessment http//www.ahima.org/journal/features/feature.0005.4.html Lemonine, B. The Business Journals. HIPAA compliance cost may exceed YK http//www.bizjournals.com/ Part II Potential Effects of HIPAA A Review of The Literature Stephen Long and M. Susan Marquis http//aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/hipabase/ Department of Health and Human Services, Proposed Standards for Privacy and Individually Identifiable Health Information http//aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/faqtxdif.htm Proposed Rules Federal Register, 6, no. 155 (18) http//www.access.gpo.gov Implementing HIPAA Security Standards Are you Ready? ( October 1) http//www.ahima.org/journal/features/feature.0004.4.html HIPAA supersite from consulting firm Beacon Partners, includes news, timelines and legal info. http//www.hipaacomply.com Word Count 40


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Aggressive in-lining

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Aggressive In-lining


Aggressive in-lining started in nineteen ninety five with an underground style. The sport began with limited tricks; do to poor manufactured skating equipment. After skaters progressed, so did the sport in many ways. Aggressive in-lining is an extreme sport with specialized equipment, technical maneuvers, and a great form of exercise.


Aggressive in-lining has specialized equipment consisting of a re-engineered skate with a resin plastic cuff, adjustable wheel distance spacers, and memory foam in-sole booting. The resin plastic cuff allows it to bend, and still be strong enough to hold the weight of the skater pressing down on it. The cuffs help protect the skater from twisting and breaking their ankles. The adjustable wheel distance spacers let the skater decide the comfort zone on the rail. Skaters can move wheels in four directions up, down, left, and right. The skate's memory foam adds comfort and safety to the skater by molding to the skaters' feet, holding them in place, so they do not hit the outer shell of the skate. The foam also absorbs most of the pressure during a fall or high landing.


Aggressive in-lining had a rapid change considering that when is started it had less then five tricks. Now the sport has hundreds of tricks. The "Five forty Flat-spin" is a five hundred and forty degree rotation of the body while doing a back flip. This trick sounds impossible, but it is not as complicated as it seems in words. When performed correctly this trick is smooth and remarkably stylish. A "Blind-side ally-oop Measou grind" is a two hundred and seventy degree spin onto the rail, the back foot landing on the outer side of the skate sole, and the front foot landing in-between the second and third wheel on the frame. One of the most technical move is the twelve hundred and sixty degree spin that is executed on a half pipe, a U-shaped vertical ramp. To do and land a three and a half rotation takes determination and confidence.


College papers on aggressive in-lining


Aggressive in-lining is a great form of exercise. It takes strength and flexibility to do these maneuvers. Skaters work out all year long to increase mussel mass for bigger and harder moves. Many people have compared skating to gymnastics, because of the twisting and spinning of the body. The skaters' body needs to be at top peek condition to keep them from getting hurt during a crash, fall. The constant moving of the arms and legs is an exceptional way to improve endurance, which helps the skater keep a smooth, powerful pace. The cardiovascular system is used in large deal with the skaters' endurance. A trained skater knows how to control his or her breathing ratio to help maintain a steady heart rate.


Aggressive in-lining has had vast amount of changes in a short period of time, and continuing to grow day by day. Skaters that use the specialized equipment and have the mental and physical ability to train hard will one day become an aggressive in-liner.


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