Information technology

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I. Introduction

Information Technology is an important main part of our Global Village. Its one of the main players that develop all applications related to the new technologies like the internet.

Unfortunately, when we talk about the educational problems and complaints, we dont see much technology involvements in this field. The benefits of information technology in education systems are still at minimal. In this report, the education word will refer to K-1 stage only, simply because there where the problem is taking place. We know that IT is changing the business processes today, because the business movers and players involved the technology in their business, and they are gaining all benefits from that involvement, but in education, the ignorance still going on, not because they dont have computers and software, but because of the wrong implementations of these devices.

The internet is the main key to open wide doors for IT to be involved in educations. The internet is a popular tool that used by everybody, beside it gives the minimum level of technology experience like word processing, which is important for every student. Again, as a reminder, I am talking about the K-1 stages only.

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Few years age, President Bill Clinton announced a plan of four components that will help children in schools to be more technologically educated. The four points are 1) Providing modern computers to each classroom, ) Providing high speed network connections to these computers, ) Developing new education contents and curriculums that match the new trends, and 4) Training teachers, because they will be the agents of technologies.

Some people argue that the use of computers by K-1 students in schools will affect their natural intelligence. They think that they should solve all problems by themselves with no help from any software, and their point of view is if they are not allowed to use calculators in this age, they should not be allowed to use more advanced software. Also, they say that if all students will use word processes to type their home works, a whole generations will have a very bad handwriting!!

But on the other hand, it is very difficult to predict and forecast the future of technology in education. We learned from history a lot of funny forecasts (like the handwriting arguments above) on technology. Here I will mention some of these amusing forecasts, not because we want to laugh, but in order to make a quick history view of how things got changed

- This telephone has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us. (Western Union internal memo, 1876.)

- Books will soon be obsolete in the schools. … Scholars will soon be able to instruct through the eye. It is possible to touch every branch of human knowledge with the motion picture. (Thomas A. Edison, 11.)

- I believe that the motion picture is destined to revolutionize our educational system and that in a few years it will supplant largely, if not entirely, the use of textbooks. (Thomas A. Edison, 1.)

- The wireless music box has no imaginable commercial value. Who would pay for a message sent to nobody in particular? (David Sarnoffs associates in response to his urgings for investment in the radio in the 10s.) (he means the Radio!!)

- I think there is a world market for maybe five computers. (IBM chairman, 14)

II. The Forecasting Business

I would like to mention three things in general education systems that has a big relation with information technology. 1) Acquisition and retention there have been a lot of arguments on how much is people are getting of knowledge over time? Some said its doubled every five years! And some think its less then that. What I am sure is with IT booming it became shorter. ) Understanding the second point in this matter is to understand and to do the right analysis. IT has provided us with easy access to all scientific related fields like the artificial intelligence. ) Active use of knowledge and skills information technology makes it very easy for adult to increase their abilities in solving problems. It takes for now less time to get results, and therefore students will focus their power in developing and creating, leaving the long process of solving to the technology of information (IT).

The current education system is still good system, because it meets the industrial needs, but, are we really living in an industrial stage? The fact is that we are moving toward information stage, but not completely yet. I think we should consider that moving when we deal with any development in any field including our education system.

It is the best time to put down a big serious changing education system plan. This plan should be sourced from President Clinton suggestions. It is hard to change everything later, especially when we talk about a whole nation system. K-1 students are the future builders, and when talk about future we mean many years in further. So in conclusion of this matter, my highest recommendation to all those in charge to take an immediate action toward changing in the current system.

III. Education System Change Overtime

We all agree that most jobs today require at least a minimum level of computer and using programs skills. There are many things can be taught in the K-1 period. Many schools today are offering such programs as elective courses. In my opinion, its the time to make it core basic courses. Beside that, we need to make it updated always due to the high speed changing in the IT field.

The computer is the basic tool that holds all other necessary tools. These tools can be divided into three groups

1- Generic tools these are the main common tools, such as word processing programs, data entry programs, and graphic design programs. Learning how to use these programs is very important for K-1 students, because they will apply it in almost every field.

- Subject-specific tools these are the programs that are used in specific field. For example Microsoft Project has been developed for specific science area. Another example is the AutoCAD, which is used by mechanical and architecture engineers.

- Learner-centered tools these are the programs that require at least some programming skills. Logo environments are an example of these tools.

In the light of these three computer tools, the big question appears. What should students learn? There are three things every student is using today to solve problems, mentally aid (self aid), simple aids (book, papers), and complicated aids (computers, and calculators). It is very important to know the perfect amount of combining these three things in any education plan, because the gap is increasing between the current used tools and the tools are available.

IV. Computer Technology in Education

When we view the human history, we can find four main economic ages 1) Hunter-gatherer Age. ) Agricultural Age. ) Industrial Age. 4) Information Age. The information age began formally 40 years age, when the white collar jobs had more demand than the blue collar jobs.

The main different between the information age and the industrial age is the bits. Everything is getting smaller, computers, processors, monitors, memories, devices, and many other technological types of equipment. This is considered as an advantage to the human. And we talk about education, its easy for K-1 students to hold notebook, in fact its lighter than carrying tons of books. In the industrial age, all necessary sciences are stored in books only. But in the information age it is stored in very small memories. In the mid 0s it moved to be stored in the air through the internet.

The laptop became very important device in colleges today. In our school CTU, many students are holding their laptops with them in the school. At the beginning, they used it to store data and information, then they had to connect it to the internet through wires, today the school is offering a wireless connectivity to all student in the building. Its not that only, when the management of the school was looking for another campus, they didnt care much about the food availability, instead they looked for a place that has been provided with the internet connections, they have looked for information availability.

It is very important to treat K-1 students the same way; we should provide them all the technology resources. They should learn the big technology phrases today; I believe it will become a joke in the nearly future. Every K-1 student should understand the purpose, uses, and benefits of the IT.

V. The Information Age

Besides moving to bits, most devices are moving towards digital age. Everything is getting digitally. Years ago, few people have LCD monitors in their home, today more people prefer LCDs. The same thing with other technologies, digital camera, digital cell phones, digital TVs, etc. most TV providers announced a five year plan to broadcast every single channel digitally.

The really problem is that when companies make studies and researches to forecast the new market trends, they dont focus on education. They usually look where the money is. So, we really cannot rely much on them. The bigger problem is that we dont have a choice but to wait for the government to move on towards this object. The biggest problem is that we have to wait much for that moving due to the lack of money, and the usual slow actions.

In a capitalistic country like the United States, most progresses are driven by companies. The government has no choice but to tight any education plan with private companies. The army of the United States is importing all their materials and weapons from private companies, like Boeing. The government should treat the education system the same way they deal with the defense issues.

Another thing to change in the education system is the way of dealing with students. They student should be more responsible regardless of their age. The current system teaches student the latest sciences, in fact; the new system should show some futures. We are living in a speed age, everything is changing rapidly. So when a students in a K-1 stage learn something about technology now, it could be completely changed when he graduate from his/her high school. Due to that issue, I highly recommend to give the student the chance to explore and to create by themselves.

VI. The Information Technology Industry

One of the steps that have to be taken is to give more power to schools and teachers. Many teachers are not satisfied with the current system, and they would like to make changes, but the problem occurs when they face the current restriction roles. The teachers are the agents of any system, giving them the chance to decide what is the best to is an advantage. The numbers of students who hold mini-computers are increasing, the teachers know that very well, and they wish to deal with student based on information technology communication.

Many schools in Singapore give laptops to the students. The classes there are amazing. Every table is connected to the teacher table. Throw LAN network, the teachers download the information, and the assignments. After going home every student could enter the virtual classroom, and ask any question at a certain time. Yes they still carrying few books, but along with a laptop.

It is important to understand the difficulty of implementing any new system at once. Therefore, the new technology plan should consider a test program. This test will chose one or two schools per state to implement the new program. These schools should be under careful studies to get accurate results. The test program will contain providing all necessary equipments to schools and students home.

There is one more issue that has to be solve before go any further. That is the security. One of the main goals of the education in the United States is to provide both physical and emotional security to all students. The World Wide Web could be used in good things and bad things regardless of our liberty trends. There must be red lines that cannot be crossed. The same thing with respecting values, I cannot ask a Jewish student to do something on Saturday, like sending home works or chatting with him.

VII. Conclusion

As a conclusion of this report, it is important for the government to save some millions to do researches and implementation tests on involving the Information Technology field in the current education system. They should be patient, because it is huge project and historical move.

As a brief to the new program, there are six main steps should take place in any new education plan. These six steps are

1- Evaluate the Situation to do an environmental scan to the current situation.

- Articulate a Vision to draw a future situation vision.

- Decide on a Mission Statement to chose the best technology for the education system.

4- Propose and Select Goals to draw the main goals and objects in order to organize it and schedule it (MPM).

5- Develop a Strategic Implementation Plan who will do what by when (Microsoft project), beside the testing program.

6- Periodic Assessment and Update the new plan should be implemented in pace in order to fix all mistakes properly.

WORKS CITED

1- Moursund, Dave. 17. The Future of Information Technology in Education. ISTE Publication.

- Fullan, Michael G. (11). The new meaning of educational change. New York Teachers College Press.

- Logan, Robert K. (15). The fifth language Learning a living in the computer age. Toronto, Canada Stoddart Publishing Company.

4- Naisbitt, John. (18). Megatrends. The new directions transforming our lives. New York Warner Books, Inc.

5- Negroponte, Nicholas. (15). Being digital. New York Alfred A. Knopf.

6- The Internet

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Maggie: A Girl of the Streets

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Tenement Life and the Effects on the Family

Maggie A Girl of the Streets, by Stephen Crane, gives us a synopsis of life in the tenements and the relationship people had with others. Maggie's family was one of the many families during the 180s that went through crisis. The thesis of my paper is that tenement living deprived people of closed relationships. First by alcoholism, second by abuse, and third by denial.

The children (including Maggie and Jimmie) had easy access to alcohol. Each tenement contained a saloon on the ground level, making the availability to alcohol easy for children. The old woman downstairs states to Jimmie, "Go, now, like a dear an' buy me a can" (Crane 4). In return for buying the "can," Jimmie receives a place to stay for the night. The father assaults Jimmie, stealing his can and taking it for his own. "You've been drinkin', Mary," he said. "You'd better let up on the bot', ol' woman, or you'll git done" (41). After this is said to Mary, her and the father begin to argue and assault one another leaving them both passed out on the floor. "Ol' Johnson's raisin' hell agin," whispers a curious face in the door way of the tenement," after Mr. Johnson returns home from stealing whiskey from Jimmie at the saloon. Crane states, "Her mother drank whiskey all Friday morning. With lurid face and tossing hair she cursed and destroyed furniture all Friday afternoon" (54). Mary continuously drinks which aggravates Maggie, driving her to living with Pete. Mary's alcoholism takes her down the path of rage and abuse towards the others. Her soon rages influences Jimmie and he too soon takes on the violent, abusive personality.

Physical and verbal abuse plays an important role in the Johnson family. The majority of this abuse results from alcoholism. As Mary and Mr. Johnson continue to fight with one another Jimmie feels as though he is not safe in the home and goes downstairs to live with another resident in the tenements. After Mr. Johnson dies, Jimmie soon takes on the role of the "abusive man of the house." He would curse and hit Mary, and pick fights with others. "He developed too a great tendency to climb down from his truck and fight with drivers. He had been in quite a few of miscellaneous fights, and in some general barroom rows that had become known to the police" (4). Jimmie learns this behavior from his mother who is also known by name to the police. Mary quickly leaves this lifestyle to live with Pete, whom she has a romance with, leading Mary and Jimmie to add that "Yer gettin' teh be a reg'lar devil" (54). Jimmie and Mary feel if they degrade Maggie they will feel as that though they have accomplished their plan of cursing her for the sin she has committed. "Yeh've gone teh deh devil, Mag Johnson, yehs knows yehs have gone teh deh devil. Yer a disgrace teh yer people, damn yeh. An' now, git out an' go ahn wid dat doe-faced jude of yours. Go teh hell wid him, damn yeh, an' a good riddancde. Go teh hell an' see how yeh likes it" (65). Mary thinks they have finally driven her away when she goes to live with Pete.

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As Maggie leaves the Johnson tenement, Mary and Jimmie continue to abuse and begin to deny that Maggie is even apart of their family. "She's deh devil's own chil', Jimmie," (67) Mary remarks. As Maggie goes out to the streets, it is considered the most heinous sin, because only the devils' own would do this. Mary and Jimmie believe that no family member of theirs' could possibly do something like that. But if you look back Crane states, "Two women in different parts of the city, and entirely unknown to each other, caused him (Jimmie) considerable annoyance by breaking forth, simultaneously, at fateful intervals, into wailings about marriage and support and infants" (4). So we can see that hypocrisy is something that Jimmie is really getting himself into during this frame of time. He not only curses Maggie for going to the streets, he is hypocritical in that he impregnates two women. Early in the story, Jimmie and Pete argue about Pete and Maggie getting and living together We can begin to understand that Jimmie is dealing with much denial as he hides his impregnating the two woman as he joins Mary in cursing Maggie. Mary continues to say, "Ah, who would tink such a bad girl could grow up in our fambly, Jimmie, me son" (67). If Mary only knew what Jimmie has done himself, she wouldn't be so supportive of him. But in the 10s, men are considered powerful. And as we know, this wouldn't have much of an affect on Jimmie.

Maggie and her family are prime examples of what alcoholism, abuse, and denial can do to a family. As we see, togetherness was not a necessity.

Please note that this sample paper on Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Maggie: A Girl of the Streets will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Blind Obedience - An Indian Perspective

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BLIND OBEDIENCE

1.Examples of cruelty done on Human beings in India under blind obedience -

i) Religious and Cultural domain

eg. Gujarat violence

Graham Staines murder case (religious fanaticism)

Sati pratha

Babri Masjid demolition

ii) Political domain

eg. Fundamentalist terrorist groups in India (ULFA-Assam, Laskar-e-Toiba - Akshardham Temple)

iii) Social domain

Conservative practices in society (female infanticide)

iv) Corporate domain

Exploitation of Laborers in coalmines of Jharkhand-low security measures; Hazardous working conditions-disposal of hazardous wastes (violation of pollution norms).

.Reasons behind this phenomenon -

i) Social Structure

ii) Economic Constituents

iii) Illiteracy

iv) Political exploitation

4. Lessons for Corporate executives -

-Consequences of deviating from standard policy should not be set so high, that people are afraid of using their own ethical values in arriving at a judgment.

-In situations of dilemma, executives should give preferences for their logical reasoning and values, over a stringent blind following of corporate policies.

-Corporate executives should analyze any situation using a balanced and holistic view taking into account its short run and long run merits and demerits.

-Corporate executives should not analyze any situation from the organization perspective alone but also taking into account the benefit of society as a whole.

. Development Process Behind Blind Obedience

a) The development of an appealing objective

-In NAZI campaign

-The Schutzstafflen whose job was to actually exterminate Jews.

"The SS as an exterminator of 'inferior' races"

b) Indoctrination of members

-Principles reiterated over and over again so that new entrants are thoroughly sleeped in them.

-Just to quote one of the principles used by the SS

"We have only one task-to stand firm and carry on the racial struggle without mercy"

c) The obligation of obedience

-Seeks to establish unconditional obedience in the minds of the new entrants

-In the SS, the members had to carry out tasks, however distasteful, illegal or human.

-"One who passionately believes in the principles must himself subject himself voluntarily to obligation to obey"

Stanley Milgrams's obedience experiments are also relevant in this respect. The subject was a teacher who was supposed to give electric shocks to a student (the co-subjects) for every wrong answer. The intensity of electric shocks was increased with each wrong answer. An astonishing 60-70% of the subjects chose to administer shock to their co-subjects. The study shows that a substantial proportion of people subdue their conscience to the command of a legitimated authority.

Please note that this sample paper on Blind Obedience - An Indian Perspective is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Blind Obedience - An Indian Perspective, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Blind Obedience - An Indian Perspective will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

THE FEDERAL ELECTION

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The federal election, which will be held on November 27th, has become a major focus for me. I have looked up every party¡¯s platform, and decided to vote for the Progressive Conservatives for many reasons, including health care, tax cuts, and immigration. Since I am from Korea, the immigration issue is extremely important to me. Also, as a Canadian citizen, health care and tax cuts are essential to my life in Canada. I think the Progressive Conservative Party has the best platform for these issues.

First of all, in this election the health care system has been one of the most popular issues, and the Progressive Conservatives have the best platform for it. The Progressive Conservatives have promised that they will raise the health care funding up to 1993~94 levels, and guarantee long term funding as well. In the Past, the present government used the health care funding in some other ways. According to the PC policy, the present government has had a scandal in the Human Resource Department. They have used health taxes for their party administration. They just chose to keep funding levels below 1994 levels. As a result, their investment in the health care system is less now than in the past. If the health care funding goes up to 1993 levels, and is maintained long-term, many hospitals can promote research and development in medical studies. Also, the Progressive Conservatives promise to work with private sectors to make national standards strong. This is the best way to dissolve the privatization problem. We cannot deny there is a "2 tier-health care system" because it is happening in Alberta now! It is impossible to just ignore it. If the national standards and private sectors work together, the whole health care system will be stronger. Since the Progressive Conservatives will try to put more money into the health care system, Canadians will benefit.

Secondly, the Progressive Conservative Party has a really good policy for tax cuts. The "average" Canadian loses about 47 percent of his income to taxes, so Canadians are suffering from high taxes. The present government chose $500 million in tax cuts for the six big banks, but only $350 for a single mother who earns only $15000 per year. The Progressive Conservative Party promises to assist Canadian families by increasing the spousal and equivalent-to-spousal tax exemption from the current level of $7231 to $12000 by 2005. This will make an easier life for most Canadians. Also, the Progressive Conservatives are introducing a child tax credit of $1176 per child, which is equal to a $200 tax cut. I think this will give families more opportunities to use childcare services and meet other family needs.

Thirdly, I am concerned about immigration. As everyone knows, Canada is a multicultural country. The government of Canada respects and provides for immigrants when they arrive here, but still there are some problems that immigrants have, such as discrimination in the Immigration Law and lack of job opportunities. The Progressive Conservative Party guarantees they will focus on the immigration applicants who want to get jobs and contribute to the development of Canadian society. For example, immigrants will bring their knowledge and skills from their country. This will help to develop Canada. This will give many opportunities to those immigrants all over the world who really want to work in Canada. Also, the Progressive Conservative Party promises that it will speed up the process for foreign students who are studying in Canada to apply for immigration. The international students have to pay more than Canadians do, which is something they do not want to do. If they immigrate to Canada, they will not have to pay as much, and will stay in Canada to study for Canada. Personally, I am concerned about this issue because I am an immigrant, and I am sure that the Progressive Conservatives will help us.

College papers on THE FEDERAL ELECTION

In this election, every party has a lot of policies on many issues. For me, the most important issues are health care, tax cuts, and immigration. They are very important in an advanced country like Canada. Everyone wants health care that is better than the present health care system. Also, tax cuts are directly related to our lives. More tax cuts bring an easier life. As well, immigration is one of the hottest issues. Many immigrants who are coming to Canada do not want to have a hard life with discrimination in their new home and lack of job opportunities. The Canadian government should help them. The Progressive Conservative Party has the solutions for all these problems. I strongly recommend to people who have not decided which party to support that they join me in voting for the Progressive Conservative Party because they want Canada to be a better country.

Please note that this sample paper on THE FEDERAL ELECTION is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on THE FEDERAL ELECTION, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on THE FEDERAL ELECTION will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Breast Cancer

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Breast Cancer. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Breast Cancer paper right on time.

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According to the National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations (NABCO, 00), breast cancer is the second most common form of cancer in women in the United States, falling only behind skin cancers. This is why it is such an important disease to understand. Throughout this paper there will be information about various issues which deal with breast cancer, in an attempt to give better insight to the disease. First there will be a brief discussion on the normal and altered physiology of the breast followed by the etiology and possible causative factors. Next there will be signs and symptoms which result from these alterations. Finally, the paper will be ended with some complications and the prognosis of this disease.

Although breast cancer occurs in both men and women the prevalence is low in men. Out of every 100 women who are diagnosed with breast cancer only one man is which is why this paper will concentrate on the disease process in women. (ACS)

(American Cancer Society [ACS], 00)

Please refer to the illustration above for help in understanding the structure of a normal breast. The female breast is primarily made up of lobules, ducts, and stroma. Lobules are milk producing glands, ducts are the milk passages that connect the lobules to the nipple and stroma is fatty and connective tissue that surrounds the ducts, lobules, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessels carry lymph, a clear fluid containing waste products and immune cells. There are also lymph nodes along the lymphatic vessels; these nodes are bean-shaped collections of immune cells. Most lymphatic vessels of the breast connect to axillary lymph nodes which can be found in the armpit. Other nodes, such as internal mammary nodes and supra/infraclavicular nodes can also be found inside the chest or above and below the collarbone. (ACS, 00)

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According to NABCO cancer is a group of more than 100 different diseases and occurs when cells become abnormal and are without control or order. The cells then continue to divide if when new ones are not needed. During the change from a normal cell to a cancerous cell, however, the cells requires many different gene alterations. Eventually these altered genes form a tumor which may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). A benign tumor can damage local tissue but fortunately will not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors on the other hand spread to other areas of the body damaging and destroying healthy tissue. (NABCO, 00)

A gene that is commonly found in breast cancer patients which have a high incidence of familial causes is the BRCA gene. Unfortunately inherited breast cancer only accounts for 10 % of the approximately 00,000 cases which are diagnosed each year. Molecular biologist, Masaaki Hamaguchi, of Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory has developed a theory that may give insight to the other 0% of breast cancer cases. While comparing healthy and cancerous cells of 00 women diagnosed with the disease his team noticed that a gene called DBC had been completely deleted in the cancerous cells of seven women. The team then looked at 56 more cancerous and 1 more healthy tissue samples for messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA showed up in all of the healthy cells while the mRNA was missing in 58% of the breast cancer tissue. This recent discovery may aid in the detection of the underlying causes of breast cancer. (Beckman, 00)

As stated earlier the gene which causes inherited breast cancer is better understood. BRCA is a tumor suppressor gene. This gene is normally programmed to slow down cell division or cause cells to die at the right time. In the case of breast cancer DNA mutations cause the BRCA gene to "turn off" allowing cancer cells to multiply. (ACS, 00)

There are believed to be many risk factors of this disease, unfortunately, the reasons for the many of the risks are often unclear. The most validated reason for breast cancer is estradiol exposure. For this reason, being a woman is the greatest risk factor of all. Women have many more breast cells which are constantly being exposed to growth hormones. White women are also higher risk than their black counterparts, though the reason for this is not known. (Apantaku, 000) (ACS, 00)

Due to estradiol, an early onset of menses or the late development of menopause puts a woman at greater risk because there are an increased number of menstrual cycles leading to extra estradiol production. For this same reason, women whose cycles are shorter than 5 days; women who have used conventional animal estrogens or synthetic hormone for more than five years; and those women who used birth control before their first pregnancy, before 0, or for more than five years before 5 double and possibly triple the risk for developing breast cancer. (Samet)

Hereditary, dietary and lifestyle factors are also contributors to beast cancer risk. Women whose mothers had breast cancer are at twice the risk for developing this disease, generally the younger the mother is at the time of diagnosis the greater the risk. If a sister has breast cancer or a brother has prostate the risk can increase even more. Diets high in fat are also linked to this illness; because more fat cells produce more estrogen, high fats promote early onset of menstrual cycle, and there are hydrogenated fats from trans-fatty acids found in margarine which are considered cacogenic. Increased alcohol consumption also promotes increased estrogen levels. Lack of regular, physical exercise can also be a risk factor, because exercise directly decreases estradiol absorption and improves immune response. (Samet)

Now that some of the risk factors are known, can breast cancer be prevented? While it is not possible to completely prevent the disease it is possible to reduce the risk with a hormone called Tamoxifen. Tamoxifen is an antiestrogen drug which is most often taken in pill form for approximately five years. This hormone is not only used as a preventive treatment for development of cancer in those people who have not had it , but it is also used to prevent a second episode of the disease and to prevent further tumor development during the actual disease process. After taking the hormone for five years 4% fewer women were found to havebreast cancer than women with the same risk factors who did not take the hormone. Unfortunately, this therapy does not come without side effects. The use of this drug increases the risk for developing uterine carcinoma, a rare and potentially serious condition. Other side effects include weight gain, mood swings, hot flashes, blood clots and cataracts. Because of these serious side effects it is important for a patient to weigh their options, but more often then not the benefits prevail. (ACS, 00)

Symptoms found with breast cancer are masses, pain, erythema, nipple drainage, and enlarged lymph nodes. The most common complaint which causes women to seek medical attention is a breast mass. Approximately 0% off all masses found are due to benign lesions. Masses that are smooth and rubbery are usually a result of fibroadenoma and occur in the 0s or 0s while cysts are what are commonly found in women in their 0's and 40's. The etiology for fibroadenoma is unknown, but the pathogenesis is a clonal stromal component. There is proliferation of both the ducts and the stroma, numerous fibroblasts of the stroma can be seen along with a pale eosinophilic cytoplasm. The typical duct epithelium often lines the glandular spaces which may lead to compression because of this fibrous proliferation. (National Breast Cancer Foundation [NBCF]), (Sanders)

There are two types of breast pain, cyclic and non-cyclic. Cyclic pain is related to a woman's cycle. Non-cyclic pain however, is often only experienced in certain area of the breast. This pain may sometimes be caused by injury or trauma to the breast such as after a breast biopsy. It is associated with both pre and post menopausal women and is most common in 40 to 50 year old. Although these pains often subside after a couple of years and are not usually associated with breast cancer the possibility still exists and therefore should be discussed with a physician. (Imaginis, 001)

Another symptom is erythema, an abnormal redness of the skin. There is dilation of the superficial capillaries of the skin which then leads to inflammation and redness. The tumor or cyst may cause this hypersensitive, inflammatory reaction, although it is not known for sure.

Yet another symptom related to breast cancer can be nipple discharge. The majority of nipple discharges are associated with non-malignant changes and are often caused by hormonal changes. Discharge is a concern when it is bloody, sticky and clear, brown or black, is spontaneous, or unilateral. About 0% of bloody discharges are the cause of papilloma or infection; a papilloma is a non-cancerous tumor that has a branch or stalk which reaches into the breast duct. This tumor is also malignant almost 10% of the time occurring unilaterally, so further diagnostic testing should be preformed. (Imaginis, 000)

Finally, discussion of the last symptom of breast cancer is enlarged lymph nodes. The enlargement is due to the production of additional white blood cells which helps ward off infection. The infections that cause this inflammation are often benign, but can be caused by the presence of cancer cells. Unfortunately, the only way to find out whether the cause of the swelling is cancerous or non-cancerous is to perform a biopsy. However, some signs are more associated with being benign, such as, a node that is less than one centimeter in size, and is soft, rubbery and tender. (Imaginis, 001)

Lymph nodes are also the key factors in staging breast cancer and determining the prognosis of a patient. Stage one show a tumor which is less than cm in size with no lymph node involvement or metastasis. In stage four the tumor size is not applicable, nor is lymph node involvement, but there is metastasis of other tissues. In stage one there is a 8% five year survival rate while in stage four there is only a 16% five year survival rate. For this reason it is important to perform self breast exams and receive yearly mammograms after the age of 40. The sooner the cancer is detected the quicker treatment can be started, and early treatment dramatically increases chances of survival. (NBCF, 00)

Complications of this disease of course include death, but also fatigue which is usually associated with the treatment of the disease. Death caused by rapidly metastasizing cancerous agent is nearly unavoidable in later stages of the disease which again is why early detection is so critical. Fatigue related to treatment, which is due to the loss of so many cells and important energy producing agents can be helped. A recent study showed that exercise during treatment dramatically improved the energy levels of the patients, both physically and mentally. (NBCF, 00)

As one may see from the above information of etiology, signs and symptoms, and potential complications of this disease, breast cancer is a serious disease that should not be taken lightly. In order to prevent complications, it is important for women to perform self exams, get regular mammograms, and maintain a healthy lifestyle, so that if the disease does occur there is optimal prognosis.

Case Study

Mrs. M is born 11//51. Past history Scarlatina at age ; hepatitis A at 1; tubal ligation at5; Valley fever at ; two normal vaginal deliveries.

Personal history therapist married with two children 1 and . no smoker, no alcohol or meds, take vitamin and mineral supplements. No known drug allergies, allergic to wheat and dairy.

Physical Examination 5'4", 110 pounds; BP 100/64; P 80; Temp 7.4; 46 year old female that looks older than stated age, facies pale, c/o weakness, right breast pain, and weight loss of 5 lbs. Head and neck HEENT normal, no palpable nodes or thyroid. Trachea is midline. Respiratory Clear percussion and asscultation in all fields. Cardiovascular normal PMI, normal S1 and S, no murmurs, or extra sounds, peripheral pulses present. Breasts Firm tender mass x cm in upper outer quad of right breast, mass is fixed, no gross inflammatory response, no nipple discharge, left breast is normal

History of present illness It was first discovered in 16 when she noticed changes in the contour of her right breast. A mammogram and breast ultrasound indicated discrete lesions in the retroareolar area which were consistent with fibrocystic disease. NO biopsy was done. Within the next few months she became fatigued to the point were she could not walk or perform ADL's without resting. She also noticed cracking of the nails and a change in hair growth over her temples. Over the next year her condition continued to worsen, she began having night sweats and nightmares; she also developed pain in her left hip and lower back. In July of 17 she noticed a thickening and hardening of her right breast, extending to her clavicle. She also began to feel episodic pain in the breast mass with radiation up the right side of her neck into her ear. On August 8 she had another mammogram and breast ultrasound, followed by and excisional biopsy of the breast on September 4. The mass was not completely excised, because the patient insisted that only the amount of tissue needed for a diagnosis should be taken out. Diagnosis was ductal adenocarcinoma. She refused treatments that would cause physical and bodily damage and chose Insulin Potentiation Therapy.

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