A multicultural Nation

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AUSTRALIA A MULTICULTURAL NATION

THE TOP O COUNTRIES FROM WHICH PEOPLE HAVE MIGRATED TO AUSTRALIA, plus THE PERCENTAGE OF THE AUSTRALIAN POPULATION IN JANUARY 188.

England 44% Ireland 17% Scotland 1% Italy 4% Germany 4%

Greece % Netherlands 1.5% China 1.% Croatia 1% Poland 0.8%

Malta 0.8% Lebanon 0.7% Spain 0.6% Sri Lanka 0.6% Vietnam 0.5%

France 0.5% Yugoslavia 0.5% Denmark 0.4% India 0.4% Hungary 0.%

see graph and world map on following pages.

ITALIAN AUSTRALIANS

There are more than 1 million people of Italian background in Australia. Italian Australians are the now the third largest ethic group in Australia.

Italians have been migrating to Australia for 00 years. The largest number came in the years following World War II.

SPECIAL FESTIVALS.

Most Italians are Roman Catholics and many festivals are linked to religious events. Christmas, Easter and Lent are important festivals for Catholics. Lent is 40 days of self-denial with one final indulgence of food and partying, Carnevale. Many Italians are named after saints, and people celebrate their saint's day as well as their birthday's.

The Italians are famous for having very close families. One festival they take very seriously is Festa dei Morti, a day when they pay their respects to any of their relatives who have died

.

Other main events in the Italian community are weddings, christenings and funerals. The celebrations at a wedding included a lavish meal of several courses, with different wines. The tradition was to invite the whole town but costs have become too great.

Farming families would also get together to make wine, salami, pasta and bread. Another custom was to get together to distil a spirit known as grappa.

Thousands of people from Sydney and different parts of New South Wales attend the Brookvale annual festival of Italian song and entertainment.

Every year, an Italian festival is held in Lygon Street, Carlton, Melbourne. Along this street, there are Italian restaurants. A street procession is held , along with all-night pavement parties.

TRADITIONAL FOODS.

Italian immigrants were among the pioneers of irrigation, grape, sugar and tobacco growing and the fishing industry. They are major producers of fruit and vegetables in Australia. They introduced new crops such as olives.

Italian food is very popular in Australia. When Australians eat at a restaurant, the dish they most commonly order is pasta. There are many kinds of pasta, including spaghetti, fettuccine, vermicelli, lasagne and cannelloni. Another famous Italian food is pizza. Pizza originally came from Naples, in the south of Italy. Nearly every town in Australia has a caf that sells pizza.

The Italians brought espresso coffee to Australia. Caf s everywhere serve Italian-style coffees. These include cappuccino, caffe latte and macchiato. Cappuccino is the most popular non-alcoholic drink in Australia.

Gelato is a kind of ice-cream with fruit or nut flavouring. This is another Italian food that is now an Australian food.

MULTICULTURALISM

In Australia, immigration has largely been encouraged as a means of expanding our economy and population. The numbers rise and fall depending on whether or not we think the economy can cope with the increased numbers.

Immigration has been an issue in Australia for many years. It was one of the main reasons put forward in favour of Federation. It was hoped that a federal government would control immigration, so 'undesirable' immigrants could not enter Australia. An 'undesirable immigrant was any person not of the 'British race'. This meant that only white people were welcome in Australia, and that those white people should come from the British Isles or some other British colony or ex-colony.

There were three reasons for this preference. The first was the concern that 'coloured' immigrants would work for lower wages than people in Australia, and so would take all the jobs. Secondly, it was feared that the existence of another large racial group would lead to violence. The third reason was pure racism - prejudice based on the belief that one race of people is superior to another. A hundred years ago it was not considered wrong to think of your own race as superior to others, or to think of other people as inferior simply because of their skin colour. The 'White Australian Policy' was the term used to describe the Australian immigration policy. To be eligible to migrate to Australia people had to pass a language test. Those consider 'undesirable' were given a test in a language they couldn't speak. This term 'White Australia' was used for many years and was not officially abandoned until 174.

In our society today, these ideas are cruel and wrong. Now people of many races, cultures and religions are accepted as Australians.

After wold war II, many refugees and displaced persons migrated to Australia from Europe and other places, where they had endured great hardship and suffering. They, and the migrants who came after them, wanted to make a better life in a new country .

After the war, Australia needed more workers, for example on the Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Scheme. To provide the workers needed, the government aimed to bring in 70 000 migrants a year, mainly from the United Kingdom and other European counties.

In the 0 years after world war II, Australia's population doubled to 14 million. Immigrants and their children made up much of the increase.

In the 170s, refugees again began coming to Australia, this time from South East Asia. The Vietnam War ended in 175. Between 175 and 18, almost million Indochinese people fled their countries. During these years, almost 65 000 Indochinese refugees arrived in Australia. By 17, the Australian population consisted of about 00 different ethnicities, in addition to the Australian Aboriginal peoples. In that year, the Australian Government officially recognised the contributions made by all the different cultures to Australian society, and began to encourage all Australians to be proud of their origins. This belief that it is good for Australian society to be made up of many different cultures is called multiculturalism.

In the early 10s there was an increased emphasis on immigration and refugees from Asia. There has always been some controversy about accepting refugees. However, it was not until the arrival of 'boat people', refugees from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, and more recently asylum seekers from Afghanistan, that the Australia's refugee program came under the 'national and international eye'. As a member of the United Nations, Australia has an obligation to accept a reasonable number of refugees under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The birthplace of overseas-born residents gives some indication of the diversity of ethnicity of a population. When Australian born residents with one or both parents born overseas are combined with overseas born a fuller picture of cultural diversity emerges.

The following data is derived from the 16 Census.

% of Australians were born overseas.

1.1% of Australians have at least one parent born overseas.

Around 70% of Australian born people with a least one parent born overseas live in NSW and Victoria.

Over 70% of Australian born people had both parents born in Australia.

Over 0% of Australian born people had at least one parent born in a non-English speaking country.

The major birthplaces of the overseas born population in 16 were England, New Zealand, Italy, Vietnam, Scotland, Greece, China, Germany, Philippines, and Netherlands.

The United Kingdom and Ireland account for about 78% of the overseas born population in 111 and only % in 16.

Nearly three quarters of the children of migrants (people born in Australia with one or both immigrant parents) marry people of different cultural background to themselves.

One in six families in Australia involves a marriage between an overseas-born and an Australian-born partner.

Everyone is entitled to an opinion on immigration, but it should be remembered that there are equally good arguments on all sides of debate. What is important is that people's arguments are based on reason and fact, not simply on emotions. I am for the continuation of immigration for those who are unable to live in their country safely.

There is probably no longer a need to increase Australia's population and expand the economy, But there is a humanitarian need to provide a stable home for people who, if they stay in their own homeland will die.

Detention camps are an unsatisfactory way to treat refugees, but I believe something similar is necessary in order to ascertain who is genuine.

Australia is a large country with much open space. We should be able to think globally and creatively to accommodate people in need.

This is a problem that will only get worse with the looming war in Iraq. Many Australians have little idea of life in a war torn country or living in a undemocratic society.

But if we ask ourselves the question, would we want another country to help us if we could no longer live safely in Australia?

Wouldn't our answer be yes!

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Moving experiences

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Speeches

Improving Patient Outcomes The Role of Medicines and the

Innovative Pharmaceutical Industry in An Integrated Health System

Speech by Jean-François Leprince, President, Aventis Pharma, Chairman, Canadas Research-Based Pharmaceutical Companies, (Rx&D)

College papers on Moving experiences

OTTAWA (April 4, 00) Thank you Commissioner Romanow (and members of the Commission?) for allowing us to present our views on the future of health care in Canada. My name is Jean-François Leprince and I am President of Aventis Pharma and Chair of the Board of Directors of Rx&D. With me today is Murray Elston, President of Rx&D, the national association representing over 1,000 employees who work for Canadas 6 research-based pharmaceutical companies.

While several proposals are being put forth on the future of health care in this country, we are of the firm opinion that patient health outcomes should be the paramount consideration in the development of government health policy and the delivery of health services. We also believe that an effective solution to the issues facing our health care system in Canada must include measures to ensure that effective medications are accessible to patients and then used appropriately to achieve optimal health outcomes.

Innovative medications, when used appropriately, have been proven to prevent illness, effectively treat disease, improve quality of life and manage patient care outside of institutional settings. It is often the case that innovative pharmaceuticals help avoid hospital admissions and shorten hospital stays. Once patients are moved out of hospitals, however, their medication costs become an expense to either an insurer or themselves. This interface between hospital and community care can be problematic for patients, from both a clinical and an economic perspective. We believe there should be a seamless continuation of pharmaceutical therapy between these care settings, as unnecessary changes in treatment, often due to drug plan restrictions, can result in adverse health consequences for patients, and avoidable costs for the health care system.

Given the importance of medications, Rx&D believes that they should be considered a medically necessary component of the health system. There should be adequate coverage programs in place to ensure all Canadians have access to necessary innovative prescription medicines. This access should not be dependent on geographic location, age, gender or wealth. It should be up to health service providers, in discussion with patients and on a case-by-case basis, to determine whether pharmaceutical treatment is medically necessary. It is important to bear in mind that an individuals response to medications is unique in terms of effectiveness, side effects, compliance, and other measures. While it is a fact that large studies are undertaken to demonstrate the relative safety and efficacy of innovative medicines, the real test occurs when the individual is receiving the therapy. For those who do not respond as anticipated, it is imperative that other therapeutic options are available.

Advances in pharmaceutical therapy have a direct and measurable effect on the health of individuals and populations. New medications are approved for use in Canada only once they have been proven safe and efficacious. We must all commit to improving the use of these approved medications in patients that will benefit from them. The over-, or under-use of proven therapies has undesirable health and economic consequences and compromises our ability to achieve their full potential value. We refer you to the compelling examples of asthma and cardiovascular disease cited in our written submission to the Commission. Integrated efforts must be undertaken to promote and assure optimal drug therapy, including the involvement of physicians, pharmacists, other health professionals, payers, innovative pharmaceutical companies and, of course, patients themselves.

Education is a critical component of optimal medication use, as are monitoring systems to provide information and feedback on the effectiveness of treatment. Rx&D believes that to improve decision-making and to achieve an accountable, integrated health system, the government needs to encourage a disease management concept that relies on evidence-based, outcome-oriented performance indicators.

Less attention should be paid to administrative barriers such as reference-based pricing that are implemented solely to control drug plan costs rather than ensure optimal patient care. Evidence from reference-based pricing studies in Europe indicates that such policies do not control pharmaceutical costs over the long term. Norway abandoned the practice after concluding that the cost of running the program exceeded the savings on medicines. We include numerous examples, in our written submission, of peer-reviewed studies on reference-based pricing that clearly state the pressing need for more research to understand the full impact of such programs. To summarize, the effects of reference-based pricing on the use and cost of other health services, the administrative burden to physicians and pharmacists, and most importantly, the health outcomes of patients, have yet to be adequately analyzed. A systematic evaluation of reference-based pricing is therefore essential before such a policy is further endorsed.

Disease management programs have been shown to be effective strategies for optimizing patient care, and hold promise as one of the keys to ensuring the sustainability of our health care system. Such programs take a broad view of health management with a view to improving patient health outcomes while, at the same time, reducing the economic burden on society as a whole. They are centered around multidisciplinary, patient-focused approaches to implement best practices in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, and can result in significant benefits for individual patients and society at large. Such health management programs cannot be successfully approached in a piecemeal fashion, but must include the committed participation of all key stakeholders. We refer you to our written submission for examples of such programs, and studies demonstrating their benefits.

The Commission has seen evidence that medications are a growing portion of total health care costs. However, it is important for the Commission to recognize that patented prescription medicine costs account for less than 6 cents for every dollar spent on national healthcare. And though spending on pharmaceuticals is increasing, it is also important to understand that it is the utilization of medications and the aging of the population that is behind this trend. Provincial governments currently spend two-thirds of their drug budgets on patients over 65 years of age. And the governments own studies have shown that annual price changes of medications do not play a significant role in driving expenditures. In fact, prices of patented medicines have shown an average annual decrease since 188.

We must all recognize the global natures of the economy and health. The innovative pharmaceutical industry operates within a world market, and makes a substantial contribution to both health and the economy. With current Canadian government initiatives focused on both health and innovation, Rx&D is in a key strategic position to contribute to both agendas. The private business sector remains the largest single contributor to health-related research and development investment in Canada. We employ a highly educated workforce and support nearly 5,000 direct academic positions. Our companies invested approximately $1 billion in research and development in Canada in 001.

The Canadian and provincial governments, as well as our citizens, will continue to benefit from the contributions of the pharmaceutical industry so long as government policies take into account the interrelationship between industrial and health policy.

As we move forward, cooperation and partnerships to encourage the development and use of medications that will enhance the lives of Canadians must be sought. The human genome project promises to unlock a myriad of secrets about disease, prevention and treatment, and we should pursue this knowledge in a cooperative venture to ensure the information is used ethically and wisely.

Rx&D is fully prepared to partner with the federal, provincial and territorial governments, as well as other health care stakeholders, to implement the necessary reform and create the best health care system for Canadians. In doing so, we need to be turning our collective attention to supporting the development of new innovative medicines and ensuring their appropriate use to achieve the best possible patient outcomes. Encouraging innovation, removing access barriers to proven therapies, monitoring the outcomes of medication use, and keeping the patient at the focus of all these efforts are all principles worth pursuing in our quest to provide the best health care for the most people at the best cost, and ensure a bright future for health care in Canada.

Thank you Commissioner Romanow and members of the Commission for your attention. We would be pleased to answer any questions you may have.

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Ethanol; A Benefit for All and a Solution to Air Pollution

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Betsy Lungwitz

Economics Per. 4

4//0

Ethanol; A Benefit for All and a Solution to Air Pollution

College papers on Ethanol; A Benefit for All and a Solution to Air Pollution

There are many benefits for production and use of ethanol as an alternative to gasoline in cars. The benefits stretch beyond helping the environment and go all the way to improving the economies of the communities that produce and use ethanol. The United States and many other countries are taking advantage of ethanol, and while the U.S. uses over $1.6 billion gallons a year, some countries such as Brazil have over 40% of the cars on the roads running on 100% ethanol.

The use of gas powered cars is harmful to our environment and air pollution has become a major problem in many larger cities. Cutting down on the use of cars alone is not enough to make a difference. The difference needed to fight air pollution for cars is a cleaner fuel-burning car. Ethanol was developed as an alternative to petroleum and is derived from plants such as corn, and can also be derived from food and beverage wastes, paper sludge, and yard clippings. Ethanol burns cleaner and is very safe for your car. The U.S. uses a blend of 10% Ethanol, and 0% gasoline, and many cars are being developed to sustain burning higher percentages of ethanol. The use of the ethanol blend will help your car start better in cold weather by acting as natural anti-freeze. Ethanol also cleans out your fuel system, and wont leave any waxy deposit build-ups. Although gas mileage is decreased by %, that is only a small price to pay for a better fuel-burning car.

All of the materials involved in producing ethanol are all replenishable and the world will never run out, unlike our limited supply of fossil fuels. The farmers of America will benefit from the use of corn to produce fuel. Using corn increases the value of every bushel of corn by 0 cents. The small number adds up to a net farm income increase by about $4.5 billion.

When burned in a car, ethanol produces byproducts that are good for the environment; carbon dioxide is released instead of carbon monoxide witch is harmful to humans. Burning ethanol reduces other pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and other volatile organic compounds. The use of Ethanol can reduce the carbon monoxide and toxic emissions by up to 0%.

The United States ethanol industry has grown over the past years and the production and use of ethanol has direct and indirect effect on over 00,000 American jobs. This helps our economy greatly by providing personal and business income. Ethanol has contributed to a savings to the federal budget of about $.6 billion annually, by decreasing the need for farm program payments, and an increases tax revenue.

The production and use of ethanol not only creates more American jobs, but it decreases the need for imported oil. The taxes paid on imported oil makes Americans pay much more than the oil is actually worth. With the turmoil occurring between the Middle East and America, the less need for imported oil the better. The use of ethanol would reduce the cost of gasoline for the consumers, and improve the U.S. trade balance by $ billion.

I think that all of the factors involved with using ethanol as an alternative in gas powered cars points to it having a positive impact on our society in terms of the economics, and the environment around us. If we begin to think more on how we can help improve our environment and reduce our air pollution, more solutions can be discovered. Using Ethanol will not solve all of our air pollution problems, but I think that it is a very positive step in the right direction toward bringing awareness to the people and doing something about it. I believe that if we all work together and decide to use better alternatives such as ethanol blended gas to lessen our air pollution, we can and will make a difference.

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Servicescape

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Kissimmee River System Past and Present Thirty years ago, the Army Corps of Engineers in partnership with the State of Florida began construction of a massive flood control project on the Kissimmee River in south central Florida. The flood control solution was the channelization of the riv The ever widening mutual fund scandal took a troublesome turn yesterday when fund giant Putnam announced it would dismiss four money managers who were found to have engaged in short-term trading activity for personal gains in funds that they oversaw or were involved in.

In a statement, Boston-based Putnam said that some of this short-term trading, which took place in 000, appears to have been market timing. Market timing, defined as making rapid-fire trades in mutual fund shares to take advantage of short-term developments in the news or inefficiencies in fund pricing, isnt illegal. But many fund companies tell shareholders that they prohibit or restrict such behavior, as it ends up costing other shareholders in those funds.

Meanwhile, in a related but separate matter, Massachusetts securities regulators are reportedly on the verge of filing a civil complaint against Putnam, stemming from a different market-timing issue. This one involves allegedly improper trading by a handful of 401(k) participants in plans run by Putnam.

What makes this latest wrinkle in the fund scandal so worrisome isnt just that its Putnam, the nations fifth-largest fund company and one of the most recognizable brands in the industry. Its that fund managers are now being drawn into the scandal.

Up until recently, the vast majority of employees who have been fired or disciplined in this scandal have been brokers or fund executives, not portfolio managers. In fact, before this Putnam news, only one other fund manager was drawn into the scandal. Late last month, Alliance Capital, another large fund company, was forced to suspend a technology-fund manager because of internal investigations into improper trading practices.

In a strange way, this has insulated the industry from the growing scandal. After all, even if some employees were found to have been striking deals with fat-cat investors for special privileges, companies could at least claim that fund managers were still on the side of individual investors. But now, with the Putnam revelation, that argument gets thrown out the window. No longer is it a given that fund managers are looking out for shareholders interest first. If more fund managers are drawn into this scandal, this could be a bigger matter?and a bigger threat to investor trust?than was initially thought.

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The torment of my people

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It all began for me in 1755. There was a large-scale introduction of African slave labor in the Caribbean for sugar production and the New World was rising and was in dire need of cheap labor. I was a mere seventeen at the time, experiencing the wonderful feeling of being a teenager. I had heard of our people being forced to get on big ships and sent to the Americas, but I never thought I would come to face it in my lifetime. I had no worries. Until one night, I was asleep and I heard yelling and shots outside. I went out to see what was going on and before I could resist I was shackled by two big, white men. I was still in a daze from being awoken in the middle of the night, so I had no idea what was going on. I can only remember being thrown into a huge, dark, open space at the very bottom of a ship with more than 00 other men, women, and children. I was scared for my life. I hadn't been on a boat before; I had only seen them on the coast. I got very sick and Closter phobic standing there with people I didn't know. Women were crying, babies and children screamed. No one had any idea of why this was happening or where we were being taken. We all had thoughts in our minds of the stories we heard of slavery, but none wanted to face the reality that it was actually happening to us. I learned later that we were a part of the 'Atlantic Slave Trade;' the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas. I was part of the estimated .5 million Africans that were transported from their homes to become slaves until the trade ended in 1870.

The triangular trade was the trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Slaves, ivory and other goods were brought to the Americas on large vessels. From the Americas; gold, silver, cotton, tobacco, sugar, molasses, and rum were brought to Europe. In exchange for slaves, sometimes the Europeans would give Africa cloth for clothing and weapons such as guns or cannons. Many other manufactured goods were transported throughout this trade route, too many to account for and name. The Middle Passage was the leg of the slave triangle that brought the human cargo from West Africa to North America, South America, and the Caribbean. All I knew was I was a part of this trade, as if I meant nothing to the people who bought and sold me. As if I was an animal or piece of clothing. I was treated so badly in the Middle Passage sometimes I wished I were an animal. Maybe then I wouldn't get such treatment. We had buckets to do our business in, maybe six for the hundred that were in the ship. The smell was too much to bear. We were given close to no food. I had been hungry before, my family didn't have much money, but never in my life did I feel this much pain from starvation. The most awful site about the voyage through the Middle Passage was the deaths. We were locked in the belly of the ship, chained together like animals throughout the long voyage from Africa to unknown destinations. The average voyage took from five to twelve weeks. Millions died from the awful conditions in the bowels of the filthy slave galleys. All suffering as they died. I'd wish myself to die at times, thinking it was the best thing for me. This suffering was too much to handle for many; death was their only option. Diseases spread all through the ship. I was lucky enough to avoid the worst of it. However, as many died, no one cleared the bodies away. The dead were left to rot in front of our eyes. It wasn't rare to find a living person chained together to a dead body, it was horrific and traumatizing to all who witnessed this. I prayed to the Lord that it would all end soon. Yet, I wondered what was in store for me. If this was how they treated us now, what would become of us when we got to our destination? I could have never guessed.

Despite the miserable conditions, inadequate space and food, deadly diseases, and the violence we received from the crewmembers of the ship, millions of African captives survived, demonstrating their strength and implacable will. I myself was sold to a widely known plantation owner and his wife, along with 50 other of my people. They already had over 100 slaves on their cotton plantation, but business was booming and they needed much more labor. For my social class, I was educated well. Many didn't know how to read or write. I had the basic learning abilities. I could talk in complete sentences and write letters or read simple articles, so I understood when the white man called us names and talked about how uneducated and stupid we all were. I wanted badly to speak up and let them know I wasn't dumb, but I was too afraid. The Adam's plantation was huge. The house must have had 1,000 rooms. I had never seen anything of this sort in my eighteen years of living. I was strong and young so I was told to do many of the hard labor jobs. Some mornings, I was so weak that I could barely walk. We were forced to sleep on the hard, wooden floors of the old farmhouse. We were given scraps for food. Many of the slaves went through the garbage of the family to find more food. They were beaten if found. I didn't receive many beatings. Once I was carrying the groceries from town into the house. I was on the plantation for many months before I had the luxury of seeing the inside of the mansion. I never again was never again able to witness the beauty, for I made eye contact and smiled at the plantation owner's young wife. He immediately grabbed me be the arm, making me drop the bags and beat me as I'd never been beaten before. Right there in front of the misses. He told me I was to never look at any white folk in the eyes again. He told me that I was nothing, that I wasn't a person. After he whipped me, I was brought to the side of the house by his two sons and beaten again. I wasn't able to walk for weeks. I had to hide so I wouldn't be beaten again for not working. I will never forget that, and I was never touched by a white man again. I made sure I did was I was told and kept my head down.

I was complimented by the other women slaves and told that I was a handsome man. I had never had a companion to love. When I began to watch the mistress in the garden, I felt things I never had before. I was 0 that year. I remember celebrating my man hood one summer night. A couple guys stole liquor from the master's bar. The bottle of liquor tasted revolting to me, but I made me feel good, so I continued to drink the entire bottle on my own. I had never drunk before. And after that night, never again. I woke up feeling the worst I had felt since my beating. That taught me to stay away from alcohol, just as the beating taught me to respect the whites. I learned the mistress' name late that year. May Adams. She was the most beautiful white woman I had ever seen, and much younger than the master. She was his fifth wife, and was not very happy. I was hauling barrels filled with water the first time we spoke. She said hello to me. I didn't acknowledge her, I was very afraid. I didn't want the master or his sons to see me with her. I did the only thing I could do; run. I avoided her the next weeks. She found me in the tomato patch one early evening. She told me to meet her behind the barn after the lights were turned out. I did what I was told. When I got there, she was wearing her nightgown. The moon shone on her and made her look like and angel. I was confused, for I never had been paid this much attention to by a white person. She immediately pulled me close to her and put her lips on mine. I was terrified. I pushed her away, into the side of the barn. She looked at me as if I had put a knife through her heart. She began to cry. I didn't know what to do. I put my arms around her and tried to comfort her. She wouldn't stop crying, her cries became loud. She was mumbling words, saying no one loved her, that she was ugly. I tried to soothe her, until I heard men calling her name. I ran to hide. I watched from the woods as they found her and brought her into the house. We never spoke again.

As time went on, it was painful to force myself back into the agonizing past. I will never forget what happened to me and my people. We were tortured and beaten, treated worse than animals. I've seen the worst that man can do to man. I've seen true hatred. And as I look ahead to the years beyond my life, I see much more hate and pain suffered by those whose family went through the slave trade. I see those searching for relief, only to find the same things in different forms happening in the present, in America, the richest country in the world. Hurt is felt, suffering occurs, racism and ignorance is directed towards those different from you. Slavery brought all this and more to our future. It ruined our destiny to have a perfect world, be a perfect country. Greed, the need to be better than someone else, it will occur in years to come. Slavery will never be erased or forgotten. The lives lost and the suffering of our ancestors will forever be a part of us and will shape our lives to make us who we are. Nothing will ever change that; nothing will ever make it better.

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