Life on the color line Book Review by another author

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Ever since Horatio Alger told his tale, there has been a genre of biography that deals with the American dream, of how a person can rise above poverty and ignorance and become famous through grit, education and maybe a good mentor. A later version of this genre covers lives of people oppressed by race and poverty who make good.Gregory Williams' absorbing Life on the Color Line, subtitled The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black is yet another twist in the litany of the poverty and abuse sub genre. This story reveals how Williams was raised until he was ten years old convinced that he was a white child. His popular and charismatic father Tony, he was told (and never doubted) was Italian; his mother was a tempestuous redhead. After being abandoned by their parents, Gregory and his younger brother were raised by his father's relatives, who were black. This is when Gregory discovers he is part black.


Williams, now the dean of the Ohio State University College of Law, had a childhood that would have wrecked an ordinary mortal; it came close to destroying his younger brother Mike. Williams seems never to have lost his energy and determination to succeed through all the grim and harried years of his youth. His childhood is a constant story of mistreatment, overwork, and betrayal. Gritty poverty and the ensuing hunger and desperation overwhelm him time after time. A boy with very white skin living with black relatives, Williams was the target of rejection from both races. In spite of this, Williams prevailed.


Central to the success of this book is the author's detachment he tells his story as it happens with great drama, humor, and understanding of the people involved but without entering into analysis of what each tumultuous event was doing to his psyche. Despite beatings, being abandoned, being cheated of money, of chances to succeed, and of love, Williams had a strong attachment to his father. Gregory Williams is able to make his disreputable but gregarious alcoholic father come into focus as a man with a great deal of promise, writing talent, political savvy, and a sense of timing with history. Williams does not bewail his father's failure. He just attributes it to the inevitable vicissitudes of drink and uproarious living. The elder Williams is alive in these pages, in a strangely backhanded tribute to what might have been.


Gregory Williams looks back at this ragged, chaotic childhood to find in it the reasons for his perseverance and success. He says, In spite of all of the pain and grief of my early years, I am grateful to have been able to view the world from a place few men or women have stood… I am bound to live out my life in the middle of our society and hope that I can be a bridge between races, shouldering the heavy burden that almost destroyed my youth.


What drove Williams to his eventual success? He says that every time he got discouraged, he would recall the first few months living with his relatives as an outsider. I reminded myself that if I could make it through those days, all other obstacles could be overcome. He pushed on, to a master's, a law degree, then a doctorate. It was never easy, and at the height of his discouragement, he received a letter from Miss Dora, who had raised him, saying But I know you are trying to go to school and trying to work and be a lawyer and I hope I will live to see you make it. He knew he had to persevere.


This is the pattern of the genre, then. A person with seemingly insurmountable odds against him (or her) becomes convinced that an education is his salvation. There is usually a mentor, an older person who believes in him and encourages him. There is usually a little luck along the way. But most of all, there is a burning determination in the heart of the protagonist that he or she will survive, persevere, and succeed. Williams has written an outstanding testament to the power of a persevering heart.


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Political Christmas in the Philippines

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With all the strife of the Philippine government and the downsizing of our economy, Christmas never fails to touch all of us. Touch us, in a way, which never felt redundant. These past years, the political aspect of our country continued to haunt us with such feelings of doubt, instability and insecurity. Nevertheless, it did not hinder us to celebrate Christmas in our own special ways.


With the impeachment trial going on for weeks and the economic instability recurrent, one may ask if there was anymore that could be done to contribute to all these hardships our country has been having. But, hey, people may be wrong into thinking that. Christmas was just 'round the corner the past month, and now, we are starting a New Year.


Politically informed and motivated…those are the few words that would describe most of the followers of the impeachment trial on TV. Critics have then again said that these things would do harm to our country. On the other hand, Christmas speaks about love, peace, and serenity. Just thinking of the holiday seasons that passed; can we truly say that we had a fruitful reflection on what Christmas talks about?


Christmas is the time of year when families get together, spend more for gifts and just have fun. But this year's Christmas was not like the past Christmases we had. This year was different. And the difference??? It is not for me to say but for us to see. We have been so conscientious of our own needs and wants but gladly, now, we know that life is really not a box of chocolates.


Cheap research paper on Political Christmas in the Philippines


This year's Christmas was celebrated in a much more simple way because of the economic crises we've been having. People cannot spend anymore than they used to because this is a point in our life that we have to save for the rainy days, as the ant in the story "The grasshopper and the Ant". And I'm glad, at the same time melancholy about the truth that this has to portray we finally got the meaning of Christmas but it had to be done in a disguise of an economy and political turmoil.


The next time, Christmas comes around the corner, we have to keep in mind the real meaning of Christmas. Political and economic dissension may vex us as citizens of this country but it will never change our beliefs about the meaning Christmas. That is if we know what it really is.


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The Storm in Standardized Testing

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There is raging distress over the current need for and method of testing students in the educational system. Most studies seem to indicate that testing by groups and individuals is necessary to meet state and national mandated standards. This testing includes those exams given to each grade level during the school year to measure educational progress and the California State-mandated exit exam given to high school seniors. The need for testing has arisen out of California's' educational school program. This testing is one of three components that are used to assess what students know, when they should know it and their progress as measured against the state standards. The testing as presently performed does not serve the students, the teachers, or the taxpayers, and sorely overcomplicates an issue that needs a concerted, not divisive effort. It unfairly sets the goal of teaching to pass a test rather than to gain knowledge and skills. The test is error prone, expensive, and requires extensive interpretative skills in order to be of any use.


In California, alarm was raised in the 10s when national tests indicated that fourth grade students were performing near the bottom in reading, when compared to the other states (Digitale ). In addition, "almost half of the first-time freshmen who entered the California State University system in fall 14 required remedial instruction in either English or Math" (Irving 1). In response to the dismal statistics, the State of California launched school accountability programs to quiet public concerns over the failing educational system. The slow decline in student education had been gradual since a standard for testing had not been developed or required until 18 when a landmark report A Nation at Risk was published, warning of "a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a nation and a people" (Digitale 1).


In this state, the rising number of immigrant students and the socioeconomic status of the student body left these groups lagging since the curriculum was geared toward middle class, English-speaking, indigent youth.


The ability of students to graduate with a minimum set of skills necessary to attend higher education or to find meaningful employment and improve their economic situation is severely limited. This stigma further heightens the class distinction between the "haves" and the "have-nots" but also reduces the integration of people from different ethnic backgrounds into a cohesive population and workforce (Betts and Danenberg ).


Every citizen of this state should be concerned, not just with testing, but, also, with what havoc the testing may create. This is a complex problem that has the potential to drive up taxpayer costs, consume education revenue that subtracts from teachers' salaries, and cause a high rate of students to be returned to repeat a grade. If left unattended, this testing could become a vicious, non-ending progression of escalating evils.


This structure of testing is inherently expensive and consumes vital educational dollars that could best be used in sponsoring classroom testing that is guided by the teacher, with the teacher's being responsible for the student progress. Testing is a 5-million dollar industry, with the majority of that money being spent to keep the tests secure and to process the results. Yet, the scoring of these tests takes weeks to months to be completed and renders their value to a teacher useless since those student have now moved on either out of the system or they have progressed further in their education (Walsh ).


If testing results are used on their own merit to indicate the need for more spending, it may develop into a situation where standards are set too high and a further decrease in test results could ensue (Betts and Danenberg ).


The use of testing to determine minimum competency would also imply a level of scoring accuracy that should be above reproach. "The number of human errors identified in standardized test results has risen dramatically in recent years" according to "Galley 1". A recent scoring error by NCS, a national testing company, "erroneously sent ,000 students to summer school", while costing the school district hundreds of thousands of dollars in direct expenses (Discovery )


Testing may also hide the reason for lower scores when California is judged against the country as a whole. In California there is a far higher number of limited English proficiency students than in other states. "If California's educational standards did not take into account variations in the number of LEP students in each school, the system could, in theory, unfairly penalize schools that served unusually large numbers of English learners" (Betts and Danenberg ). It could also decrease federal funding, due to perceived or statistical poor performance.


The testing of students may conceal the teaching abilities or disabilities of a teacher. Teachers without full credentials, inexperienced teachers, and teachers with, at most, a bachelor's degree are distributed highly unequally among schools" (Betts and Danenberg ). Lower test scores at inner schools with children of lower socioeconomic status and greater ethnic mixes tend to have teachers with lower qualifications than those at more affluent segregated schools (Irving 1).


The least consulted group but the one with a large stake in the future of testing, the teachers, have "objected to the raising of standards and requiring tougher standards because that would cause already high dropout rates to increase" (Irving ). Not only would this eat up valuable revenue but it would also overburden already cramped classrooms. Once the student has been removed from the system by dropping out, all chances of educating them would be eliminated. An adult who has been failed by the educational system and the testing methods would find their economic opportunities limited. Their ability to use further education to enhance their situation would produce further economic strain on a state whose budget is already overburdened.


Using one test to qualify students and to rank a school system seems foolish. A multi-test structure measuring different facets of the student's education may provide a better analysis of a student's ability. "To put all your marbles into one type of assessment would be a mistake," said Philip Daro, director of assessment in the UC President's office. "If a student does well on a bunch of tests, you can be pretty sure the kid deserves what he gets" (Irving ).


The current test may not be able to detect the content standards of the California school system. This would mean the test could be seeking answers to questions that the students have not been taught as part of the curriculum. Unless the test is adaptive and reflective of the existing teaching system, the results may be meaningless or may require extensive interpretation (Betts and Danenberg 4).


If this current system of a single, flawed, complicated, and expensive test is allowed to continue, there is the real possibility of the education system's creating a segregated caste of students. There will be a school system that provides lower standards for those who are less able or English-challenged and those that possess the money and upbringing to attend higher-ranked schools.


It is also not too difficult to imagine a state, like California, that has economic problems, as it is may actually become bankrupt, without ever achieving the very attainable goal of a solid education for each citizen. The domino or snowball effect of the testing aftermath could flow out to the undergraduate schools, and, eventually, to the workforce. If these students cannot find economically sustainable work, the very economy (housing, retail, service industry) could collapse.


There is a need to measure a student's progress and proficiency. The answer could be to use a flexible and interactive examination tool that constructively re-evaluates a student's progress. This type of testing would drive the students curriculum and could be used by the student and teacher to determine if higher education or vocational trainer would be suitable to meet their needs. It is time to devise a school program that is both academically and vocationally proficient in meeting the needs of their students.


Works Cited


Betts, Julian R. and Danenberg, Anne. "School Accountability in California


An Early Evaluation." The Brookings Institution (00) -4.


Digitale, Robert "Public Education Learning New Set of ABCs." Press Democrat


1 August 00 1-.


Galley, Michelle. "More Errors are Seen in the Scoring of Tests"." Education Week (00) 1


Irving, Carl "Drive for Standardized High School Testing." California Policy Center May 16


1-5.


"Making the Grade Video Examining the Failures of Standardized Testing."


Discovery Times Channel. Sep. 00 http//biz.yahoo.com/prnews/0086/dctu041_1.html.


Walsh, Mark. "Marketing to the Test." Education Week (00) .


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Advertising

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Anashe Abramian


Mass Communication 101


Dr. Mike Eberts


Nov 0,00


Advertising


Advertising is a very powerful tool that can be used for both good and bad. This power can make people to do many things that they normally would not do. Ads can make people to buy a particular thing, that there is no need of having it. They make you to pay a price for something that is not really worth the price. Ads can sell value; success, romance and they tell us how we should be not caring about who are we.


Advertising is about whole different kinds of values. Everybody is affected by ads, even people who believe that they are not influenced. Its just the matter of that they are not aware of it. There are too many ads around us that no one can escape form them. Each ad targets a particular group according to gender, age, race, and income levels with a great psychologically approach. Advertisers are powerful leaders. They actually study reaction of people and then they are able to grab that specific audience by using their emotional lacks. They use our unconscious theory by showing us that the ideal life that we always wanted will become true if we use that particular product, which is being advertised. Basically the advertisers use whatever that is interesting and possibly can grab the attention of the targeted group. For example to sell a product for teenagers, advertisers will try to make you believe that if you buy this object, you will be able to have a great relationship with all your classmates and especially you will be very popular and attractive to your opposite sex. In case of women, according to ……. Women are surrounded by an idol of beauty that is being repeated over and over again in different kinds of ads to sell many different female products. Then women get a scene, that if they don't have the same qualities that the accepted beauty standard has; there is something wrong with them. They see colorful, always happy, attractive, interesting, active young girls that are center of attention; and then think that their ordinary life has to be exactly like that. In the other words their physical appearance becomes the most valuable solution to get the things that they could not ever get, and because females are more sensitive and emotional, they start to feel guilty that they don't have these beauty qualities, which results too many female to be affected by ads more than males.


Advertising is not a matter of how good the product is. Most of the ads don't even talk about the product itself; actually ads are approaching you with your emotions without saying a word especially about the product. So one will start to feel guilty that they don't have the product. First thing that the advertisers do is that make you think that you have a problem and you seriously need help. Plus they make you believe that they are the survivors. They make you believe that happiness can be bought, and that product is the key to your happiness. They make our ideas to ideals and make us to believe that life can be so bad and miserable if we don't have that item. This is when having a certain item turns to be a "must-have" for the targeted group.


With purchase of the product we feel relived, thinking that we bought happiness and that big lacking need gives us self-confident for a while. But the truth is when we go back to our ordinary life we figure out that every thing is kind of the same and our real problem has not been really solved by buying that thing, or we discover it does not do what we thought it would do for us. That's why we become influenced by other ads again, and continue the shopping circle.


Commercial has no borders. Power of images is way more than power of words and that's how advertisers win. It doesn't have to be direct; ads can be in movies done by our favorite stars. The believe that an object can instantly change us, reform us, and will magically transform our lives to our great ideal dream, makes us to continue buying stuffs that we don't need or even are not good and healthy for us. Overall, purpose of all ads is to give viewers the desire to buy more and feel helpless, weak, and powerless without the product. That is how advertisers lead people and make success in selling a product.


Please note that this sample paper on advertising is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on advertising, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on advertising will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!


Electronic Commerce

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Electronic Commerce


Emerging technologies today are causing continuous changes in all areas of companies including structure, management control systems, and human resources. Technology presents a tremendous impact on changing business functions, they provides a means to improve there operations. Electronic Commerce is one of the newest emerging technologies, it is a web based interactive application that can manage business services. When an organization is introduced to a new technology, they need to examine the level of impact it will have on the company's current IT structures. They need to determine the degree of required change and whether it even needs to be changed and why.


I am going to set the scene with me working in an office furniture and supply sales business, and my associate just recently attended a seminar about electronic commerce and was very excited about possibly reengineering a good portion of the company. The company consists of about 40 employees about 0 of them are in direct sales the other 0 are customer service, or administration. They're sales functions mostly through outsourcing, a catalog, phone order, and walk-in sales. At this point the only type of electronic marketing strategy they have is a Web Page that tells a customer a little bit about the company, and allows them to view there catalog. Electronic commerce would provide another way of marketing and selling there companies products to the world. It would potentially increase sales revenue and attract new customers and give them a more flexible and convenient way to order their products over the web. To implement the new technology the company would have a lot of factors they would need to consider. To begin, a project planning and initiation would need to be assessed, by developing a project scope and feasibility analysis. Feasibility factors include economic, technical, operational, schedule, political, legal and contractual. These six factors validate the reasons for a business to expend their capital of resources on the project. The economic feasibility study identifies the financial benefits and costs that are affiliated with the development of the project. It is important to make a reasonable assessment and identify the potential benefits of the project. A feasibility study can identify both tangible and intangible costs and benefits. It also identifies the one-time costs that refer to the project initiation and development costs, and the recurring costs are the ongoing evolution expenses and use of the system. A break-even analysis needs to be performed to determine the point at which the benefits equal, costs.


The larger projects are riskier than smaller projects but any good project is going to have to have some risk involved in it. A system where the requirements are easily achieved and highly structured will be less risky than one in which the requirements are unstructured. Results of not assessing a projects potential risk could be


1.) Failure to reap anticipated benefits from the project


.) Incorrect cost estimates


.) Project duration estimates inaccurate


4.) System performance levels will not reach potential


5.) The inability to integrate the new system with the existing organizational procedures.


For a company this small this project would be probably be a medium size project to participate in. If the company is familiar with the systems development procedures and applications then this helps reduce risk, but unfortunately the organization has no employees that have any knowledge of electronic commerce. They can also manage potential risk on a project by changing the plan, which will avoid risk factors. They could develop teams to be assigned within the company to manage the uncertain project contingencies. The development of a system should employ a standard technology, which is less risky, rather, then a non-standard technology. The organizations should analyze a project portfolio to determine the level of risk involved, which include high, medium and low risk percentages. A high level percentage of risk is going to cause a project to have difficulty, which a company can not sustain to much of. On the other hand a low-percentage is going to cause a company to be more assertive to discover more innovative uses of the system.


Companies can determine the likelihood that the project will reach its preferred objective by performing an operational feasibility study. The operational study determines the degree to which the proposed system will solve the organization problem or objective. They also need to assess schedule feasibility to determine the time frame and completion date for the project to be met and that meeting these dates will be compatible with the needs of the organization. They also need to assess legal and contractual feasibility, to help the company understand the ramification of legalities. Possible consideration could include labor laws, antitrust legislation, financial reporting standards, contractual obligations, etc. They need to perform a political feasibility, to obtain an understanding of how stakeholders view the designed system through an evaluation process.


The project initiation and planning is a very important part of the design strategy. Once the company has determined the system is feasible, the company will need to perform a study of the current operations to provide information for the system requirements, a detailed analysis of the actual information system activity, and recognize possible improvements of the old systems. The organization has to determine the proposed systems effects on the divisions and business functions. If they implement the new system in the company it would most likely directly effect the sales and customer service division of the company. Potential clients instead of calling up a sales representative or customer service for advice or to order a product could get information and details over the web for potential furniture or supplies to purchase. It would effect the amount of incoming calls. If they were to implement the project they will probably have to hire someone to maintain the new system or transfer someone from one of the departments, and get him/her trained to maintain the system.


The results of evaluating the companies processes and procedures provide the necessary information that is pertinent in the steps involved in the conversion of the additional system. All factors need to be considered when implementing a new technology including Data Storage, Data Transportation, and Data Transformation. The company will need to determine if the data will be stored in a centralized, decentralized, or distributed locations. They need to develop a communication plan by determining the type of equipment and standards they are going to use to transport data, and if any can use any from there current system. The company also has to determine what type of application software, development tools and maintenance will be needed to integrate into their system. Electronic commerce has a lot of alternative solutions for companies to use.


Once the company has reached this point they should have all the facts they need to execute the new information system. At this point they need to come up with a set of alternative design strategies. A Company should always have at least three good design strategies to build their new information system. Three alternatives represent the high end of the spectrum, it goes further than just solving the problem but finding the best solution to the problem. They need a baseline project plan in order to implement the design strategy one that leads to the most desirable outcome. The next thing is what method are they going to implement it through outsourcing, sources of software, or off the shelf software? Electronic commerce has a variety of hardware and software technologies available on the market today. The Office Equipment Company would need to seek a professional help to select the type of software and hardware they need to start their electronic commerce sales system. They would need to come up with the three technical solutions that they would want to implement into their system.


In order for the company to reengineer the business processes an understanding of the current business functions is very important. Business Process Reengineering is a fundamental redesign of the business processes, which the information systems are designed to support. Business transformation is an evolutionary process for all growing corporations in the market today if they want to survive. Information technologies have influenced the transformation of many companies and provide a means for a more flexible and manageable way to accomplish their business objectives. IT provides a widespread connectivity for individuals throughout an organization and beyond an organization boundaries. It helps to manage uncertainty, and is one of the key evolutions of company's continuous process of change.


Please note that this sample paper on Electronic Commerce is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Electronic Commerce, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Electronic Commerce will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!