The Storm in Standardized Testing

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There is raging distress over the current need for and method of testing students in the educational system. Most studies seem to indicate that testing by groups and individuals is necessary to meet state and national mandated standards. This testing includes those exams given to each grade level during the school year to measure educational progress and the California State-mandated exit exam given to high school seniors. The need for testing has arisen out of California's' educational school program. This testing is one of three components that are used to assess what students know, when they should know it and their progress as measured against the state standards. The testing as presently performed does not serve the students, the teachers, or the taxpayers, and sorely overcomplicates an issue that needs a concerted, not divisive effort. It unfairly sets the goal of teaching to pass a test rather than to gain knowledge and skills. The test is error prone, expensive, and requires extensive interpretative skills in order to be of any use.

In California, alarm was raised in the 10s when national tests indicated that fourth grade students were performing near the bottom in reading, when compared to the other states (Digitale ). In addition, "almost half of the first-time freshmen who entered the California State University system in fall 14 required remedial instruction in either English or Math" (Irving 1). In response to the dismal statistics, the State of California launched school accountability programs to quiet public concerns over the failing educational system. The slow decline in student education had been gradual since a standard for testing had not been developed or required until 18 when a landmark report A Nation at Risk was published, warning of "a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a nation and a people" (Digitale 1).

In this state, the rising number of immigrant students and the socioeconomic status of the student body left these groups lagging since the curriculum was geared toward middle class, English-speaking, indigent youth.

The ability of students to graduate with a minimum set of skills necessary to attend higher education or to find meaningful employment and improve their economic situation is severely limited. This stigma further heightens the class distinction between the "haves" and the "have-nots" but also reduces the integration of people from different ethnic backgrounds into a cohesive population and workforce (Betts and Danenberg ).

Every citizen of this state should be concerned, not just with testing, but, also, with what havoc the testing may create. This is a complex problem that has the potential to drive up taxpayer costs, consume education revenue that subtracts from teachers' salaries, and cause a high rate of students to be returned to repeat a grade. If left unattended, this testing could become a vicious, non-ending progression of escalating evils.

This structure of testing is inherently expensive and consumes vital educational dollars that could best be used in sponsoring classroom testing that is guided by the teacher, with the teacher's being responsible for the student progress. Testing is a 5-million dollar industry, with the majority of that money being spent to keep the tests secure and to process the results. Yet, the scoring of these tests takes weeks to months to be completed and renders their value to a teacher useless since those student have now moved on either out of the system or they have progressed further in their education (Walsh ).

If testing results are used on their own merit to indicate the need for more spending, it may develop into a situation where standards are set too high and a further decrease in test results could ensue (Betts and Danenberg ).

The use of testing to determine minimum competency would also imply a level of scoring accuracy that should be above reproach. "The number of human errors identified in standardized test results has risen dramatically in recent years" according to "Galley 1". A recent scoring error by NCS, a national testing company, "erroneously sent ,000 students to summer school", while costing the school district hundreds of thousands of dollars in direct expenses (Discovery )

Testing may also hide the reason for lower scores when California is judged against the country as a whole. In California there is a far higher number of limited English proficiency students than in other states. "If California's educational standards did not take into account variations in the number of LEP students in each school, the system could, in theory, unfairly penalize schools that served unusually large numbers of English learners" (Betts and Danenberg ). It could also decrease federal funding, due to perceived or statistical poor performance.

The testing of students may conceal the teaching abilities or disabilities of a teacher. Teachers without full credentials, inexperienced teachers, and teachers with, at most, a bachelor's degree are distributed highly unequally among schools" (Betts and Danenberg ). Lower test scores at inner schools with children of lower socioeconomic status and greater ethnic mixes tend to have teachers with lower qualifications than those at more affluent segregated schools (Irving 1).

The least consulted group but the one with a large stake in the future of testing, the teachers, have "objected to the raising of standards and requiring tougher standards because that would cause already high dropout rates to increase" (Irving ). Not only would this eat up valuable revenue but it would also overburden already cramped classrooms. Once the student has been removed from the system by dropping out, all chances of educating them would be eliminated. An adult who has been failed by the educational system and the testing methods would find their economic opportunities limited. Their ability to use further education to enhance their situation would produce further economic strain on a state whose budget is already overburdened.

Using one test to qualify students and to rank a school system seems foolish. A multi-test structure measuring different facets of the student's education may provide a better analysis of a student's ability. "To put all your marbles into one type of assessment would be a mistake," said Philip Daro, director of assessment in the UC President's office. "If a student does well on a bunch of tests, you can be pretty sure the kid deserves what he gets" (Irving ).

The current test may not be able to detect the content standards of the California school system. This would mean the test could be seeking answers to questions that the students have not been taught as part of the curriculum. Unless the test is adaptive and reflective of the existing teaching system, the results may be meaningless or may require extensive interpretation (Betts and Danenberg 4).

If this current system of a single, flawed, complicated, and expensive test is allowed to continue, there is the real possibility of the education system's creating a segregated caste of students. There will be a school system that provides lower standards for those who are less able or English-challenged and those that possess the money and upbringing to attend higher-ranked schools.

It is also not too difficult to imagine a state, like California, that has economic problems, as it is may actually become bankrupt, without ever achieving the very attainable goal of a solid education for each citizen. The domino or snowball effect of the testing aftermath could flow out to the undergraduate schools, and, eventually, to the workforce. If these students cannot find economically sustainable work, the very economy (housing, retail, service industry) could collapse.

There is a need to measure a student's progress and proficiency. The answer could be to use a flexible and interactive examination tool that constructively re-evaluates a student's progress. This type of testing would drive the students curriculum and could be used by the student and teacher to determine if higher education or vocational trainer would be suitable to meet their needs. It is time to devise a school program that is both academically and vocationally proficient in meeting the needs of their students.

Works Cited

Betts, Julian R. and Danenberg, Anne. "School Accountability in California

An Early Evaluation." The Brookings Institution (00) -4.

Digitale, Robert "Public Education Learning New Set of ABCs." Press Democrat

1 August 00 1-.

Galley, Michelle. "More Errors are Seen in the Scoring of Tests"." Education Week (00) 1

Irving, Carl "Drive for Standardized High School Testing." California Policy Center May 16

1-5.

"Making the Grade Video Examining the Failures of Standardized Testing."

Discovery Times Channel. Sep. 00 http//biz.yahoo.com/prnews/0086/dctu041_1.html.

Walsh, Mark. "Marketing to the Test." Education Week (00) .

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Advertising

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Anashe Abramian

Mass Communication 101

Dr. Mike Eberts

Nov 0,00

Advertising

Advertising is a very powerful tool that can be used for both good and bad. This power can make people to do many things that they normally would not do. Ads can make people to buy a particular thing, that there is no need of having it. They make you to pay a price for something that is not really worth the price. Ads can sell value; success, romance and they tell us how we should be not caring about who are we.

Advertising is about whole different kinds of values. Everybody is affected by ads, even people who believe that they are not influenced. Its just the matter of that they are not aware of it. There are too many ads around us that no one can escape form them. Each ad targets a particular group according to gender, age, race, and income levels with a great psychologically approach. Advertisers are powerful leaders. They actually study reaction of people and then they are able to grab that specific audience by using their emotional lacks. They use our unconscious theory by showing us that the ideal life that we always wanted will become true if we use that particular product, which is being advertised. Basically the advertisers use whatever that is interesting and possibly can grab the attention of the targeted group. For example to sell a product for teenagers, advertisers will try to make you believe that if you buy this object, you will be able to have a great relationship with all your classmates and especially you will be very popular and attractive to your opposite sex. In case of women, according to ……. Women are surrounded by an idol of beauty that is being repeated over and over again in different kinds of ads to sell many different female products. Then women get a scene, that if they don't have the same qualities that the accepted beauty standard has; there is something wrong with them. They see colorful, always happy, attractive, interesting, active young girls that are center of attention; and then think that their ordinary life has to be exactly like that. In the other words their physical appearance becomes the most valuable solution to get the things that they could not ever get, and because females are more sensitive and emotional, they start to feel guilty that they don't have these beauty qualities, which results too many female to be affected by ads more than males.

Advertising is not a matter of how good the product is. Most of the ads don't even talk about the product itself; actually ads are approaching you with your emotions without saying a word especially about the product. So one will start to feel guilty that they don't have the product. First thing that the advertisers do is that make you think that you have a problem and you seriously need help. Plus they make you believe that they are the survivors. They make you believe that happiness can be bought, and that product is the key to your happiness. They make our ideas to ideals and make us to believe that life can be so bad and miserable if we don't have that item. This is when having a certain item turns to be a "must-have" for the targeted group.

With purchase of the product we feel relived, thinking that we bought happiness and that big lacking need gives us self-confident for a while. But the truth is when we go back to our ordinary life we figure out that every thing is kind of the same and our real problem has not been really solved by buying that thing, or we discover it does not do what we thought it would do for us. That's why we become influenced by other ads again, and continue the shopping circle.

Commercial has no borders. Power of images is way more than power of words and that's how advertisers win. It doesn't have to be direct; ads can be in movies done by our favorite stars. The believe that an object can instantly change us, reform us, and will magically transform our lives to our great ideal dream, makes us to continue buying stuffs that we don't need or even are not good and healthy for us. Overall, purpose of all ads is to give viewers the desire to buy more and feel helpless, weak, and powerless without the product. That is how advertisers lead people and make success in selling a product.

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Electronic Commerce

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Electronic Commerce

Emerging technologies today are causing continuous changes in all areas of companies including structure, management control systems, and human resources. Technology presents a tremendous impact on changing business functions, they provides a means to improve there operations. Electronic Commerce is one of the newest emerging technologies, it is a web based interactive application that can manage business services. When an organization is introduced to a new technology, they need to examine the level of impact it will have on the company's current IT structures. They need to determine the degree of required change and whether it even needs to be changed and why.

I am going to set the scene with me working in an office furniture and supply sales business, and my associate just recently attended a seminar about electronic commerce and was very excited about possibly reengineering a good portion of the company. The company consists of about 40 employees about 0 of them are in direct sales the other 0 are customer service, or administration. They're sales functions mostly through outsourcing, a catalog, phone order, and walk-in sales. At this point the only type of electronic marketing strategy they have is a Web Page that tells a customer a little bit about the company, and allows them to view there catalog. Electronic commerce would provide another way of marketing and selling there companies products to the world. It would potentially increase sales revenue and attract new customers and give them a more flexible and convenient way to order their products over the web. To implement the new technology the company would have a lot of factors they would need to consider. To begin, a project planning and initiation would need to be assessed, by developing a project scope and feasibility analysis. Feasibility factors include economic, technical, operational, schedule, political, legal and contractual. These six factors validate the reasons for a business to expend their capital of resources on the project. The economic feasibility study identifies the financial benefits and costs that are affiliated with the development of the project. It is important to make a reasonable assessment and identify the potential benefits of the project. A feasibility study can identify both tangible and intangible costs and benefits. It also identifies the one-time costs that refer to the project initiation and development costs, and the recurring costs are the ongoing evolution expenses and use of the system. A break-even analysis needs to be performed to determine the point at which the benefits equal, costs.

The larger projects are riskier than smaller projects but any good project is going to have to have some risk involved in it. A system where the requirements are easily achieved and highly structured will be less risky than one in which the requirements are unstructured. Results of not assessing a projects potential risk could be

1.) Failure to reap anticipated benefits from the project

.) Incorrect cost estimates

.) Project duration estimates inaccurate

4.) System performance levels will not reach potential

5.) The inability to integrate the new system with the existing organizational procedures.

For a company this small this project would be probably be a medium size project to participate in. If the company is familiar with the systems development procedures and applications then this helps reduce risk, but unfortunately the organization has no employees that have any knowledge of electronic commerce. They can also manage potential risk on a project by changing the plan, which will avoid risk factors. They could develop teams to be assigned within the company to manage the uncertain project contingencies. The development of a system should employ a standard technology, which is less risky, rather, then a non-standard technology. The organizations should analyze a project portfolio to determine the level of risk involved, which include high, medium and low risk percentages. A high level percentage of risk is going to cause a project to have difficulty, which a company can not sustain to much of. On the other hand a low-percentage is going to cause a company to be more assertive to discover more innovative uses of the system.

Companies can determine the likelihood that the project will reach its preferred objective by performing an operational feasibility study. The operational study determines the degree to which the proposed system will solve the organization problem or objective. They also need to assess schedule feasibility to determine the time frame and completion date for the project to be met and that meeting these dates will be compatible with the needs of the organization. They also need to assess legal and contractual feasibility, to help the company understand the ramification of legalities. Possible consideration could include labor laws, antitrust legislation, financial reporting standards, contractual obligations, etc. They need to perform a political feasibility, to obtain an understanding of how stakeholders view the designed system through an evaluation process.

The project initiation and planning is a very important part of the design strategy. Once the company has determined the system is feasible, the company will need to perform a study of the current operations to provide information for the system requirements, a detailed analysis of the actual information system activity, and recognize possible improvements of the old systems. The organization has to determine the proposed systems effects on the divisions and business functions. If they implement the new system in the company it would most likely directly effect the sales and customer service division of the company. Potential clients instead of calling up a sales representative or customer service for advice or to order a product could get information and details over the web for potential furniture or supplies to purchase. It would effect the amount of incoming calls. If they were to implement the project they will probably have to hire someone to maintain the new system or transfer someone from one of the departments, and get him/her trained to maintain the system.

The results of evaluating the companies processes and procedures provide the necessary information that is pertinent in the steps involved in the conversion of the additional system. All factors need to be considered when implementing a new technology including Data Storage, Data Transportation, and Data Transformation. The company will need to determine if the data will be stored in a centralized, decentralized, or distributed locations. They need to develop a communication plan by determining the type of equipment and standards they are going to use to transport data, and if any can use any from there current system. The company also has to determine what type of application software, development tools and maintenance will be needed to integrate into their system. Electronic commerce has a lot of alternative solutions for companies to use.

Once the company has reached this point they should have all the facts they need to execute the new information system. At this point they need to come up with a set of alternative design strategies. A Company should always have at least three good design strategies to build their new information system. Three alternatives represent the high end of the spectrum, it goes further than just solving the problem but finding the best solution to the problem. They need a baseline project plan in order to implement the design strategy one that leads to the most desirable outcome. The next thing is what method are they going to implement it through outsourcing, sources of software, or off the shelf software? Electronic commerce has a variety of hardware and software technologies available on the market today. The Office Equipment Company would need to seek a professional help to select the type of software and hardware they need to start their electronic commerce sales system. They would need to come up with the three technical solutions that they would want to implement into their system.

In order for the company to reengineer the business processes an understanding of the current business functions is very important. Business Process Reengineering is a fundamental redesign of the business processes, which the information systems are designed to support. Business transformation is an evolutionary process for all growing corporations in the market today if they want to survive. Information technologies have influenced the transformation of many companies and provide a means for a more flexible and manageable way to accomplish their business objectives. IT provides a widespread connectivity for individuals throughout an organization and beyond an organization boundaries. It helps to manage uncertainty, and is one of the key evolutions of company's continuous process of change.

Please note that this sample paper on Electronic Commerce is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Electronic Commerce, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Electronic Commerce will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

A Street Car Named Sesire

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As soon as Blanche entered the small apartment that Stanley and Stella Kowalski shared, you can sense exactly what Blanche was, or at least what she chose to be. In appearance, she was glamorous, a lady like aristocrat, who was perhaps slightly nervous. She paraded about the house as if she was a regal figure, wearing elegant gowns and delicate jewelry. However, that was merely an act. All that was left was what she had struggled desperately for on the outside.

Stanley was a very straightforward and honest character, who posed a threat towards Blanche. She sort of created a glass cube around herself for protection, and with her luck Stanley threatens to shatter that glass cube by discovering her secrets. During the course of the play, Blanche mentions her young husband who committed suicide. After his suicide she began her descent into madness. After realizing that she would never have all the things she dreamed of as a young girl, love a husband and a house, she began to create them out of herself. She fabricated lies so complex she soon began to believe them. Soon Mitch, Stanley's friend, walked into Blanche's life and turned everything upside down. It looked like her dreams were going to come true. Suddenly Stanley discovers her past life a s a prostitute and a child molester and warns his friend.

Everything began to fall around Blanche as fast as she had built. It was now that Blanche's lies completely unraveled. In the end, she truly was a tragic figure. All she ever desired was a good clean life. All she acquired was pain, illusion, and a barrel of complex enigmas buried in the deepest crevices of her soul.

Oedipus the King was a tragic play in which we discussed the tragic discovery of Oedipus' crime. The crime of killing his father and marrying his mother. Oedipus was the embodiment of every Athenian. He was self confident, intelligent, and strong willed. Ironically, those were the traits that brought his downfall upon him. Oedipus' intelligence was ultimately his flaw. Sophocles used this to characterize Oedipus as a tragic man for he came about his tragic discovery not b/c of an evil act but b/c of the person he was.

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Both plays had tragedy as a similar theme and portrayed it in similar ways but the characters brought their destinies upon themselves differently. Blanche sought her fate by illusion and ignorance while Oedipus found his by intelligence and determination.

Please note that this sample paper on A Street Car Named Sesire is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Street Car Named Sesire, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on A Street Car Named Sesire will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

A rant on electronic surviellance

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Electronic surveillance has progressed to the point of infringing on the rights of everyone on the planet. The thought of privacy is a vanishing notion. There are government agencies and private individuals that have the technology to decipher what is being typed right now on this paper. There are cases in the court system at this moment that addresses the issue of vanishing privacy. Some of the areas of concern are the way the worlds governments and individuals have been spying on the worlds population, the need for some kind of regulation on this technology, and the moral dilemma as to who is going to be the guardian of our privacy.

Has electronic surveillance gone too far? Some people would answer a resounding yes. Others, on the other hand, would say no. There should be a point that we can assign to the right amount of watchfulness. There is not a point that we can define at this moment in time. The interception of communications has been one of most powerful tools in fighting crime. In fact this type of crime detection goes back as far as the seventeenth century in the colonial United States. In 1640, Governor Bradford of the Plymouth Colony boarded a supply ship headed for England. Once he was on the ship he opened a letter from one of the inhabitants of the new colony. He returned to Plymouth with the letters in hand and made a public accusation of the person that wrote the letters. Bradford stated that he was justified in searching out and opening the letters. He was quoted as saying that it was "to prevent the mischief and ruin that this conspiracy and plot of theirs would bring on this poor colony." 1 The interception of information has risen to what is almost an art form, and has many uses in today's technological societies. One way in which the privacy of the world's citizenry has been affected comes from the United States government's guardian of secrecy, The National Security Agency, or NSA as it is normally referred to.

The NSA has a listening system in place called Echelon. Echelon can almost listen to every telecommunication transmission on the planet. Think about that for a second, a system that can hear close to every transmission made 47, 65 days a year. That is a very, very, ominous threat to the private lives of everyone. Echelon is not supposed to be used against any U.S. citizen no matter if they are on the continent or any place else on earth. To help the NSA in their efforts to analyze virtually every phone call, fax, email and telex message anywhere in the world the NSA has some mighty allies. The NSA controls ECHELON but it is run in conjunction with the General Communications Head Quarters (GCHQ) of England, the Communications Security Establishment (CSE) of Canada, the Australian Defense Security Directorate (DSD), and the General Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) of New Zealand. These organizations are bound together under a secret 148 agreement, UKUSA, whose terms and text remain under wraps even today. The NSA will not explain exactly what Echelon is fully, or what it is capable of even to the senate sub-committees that have been looking into it.

Speaking about the government looking into one of it's agencies practices brings us to the FBI and their newest "Diagnostic Tool". Or at least that is what Donald M. Kerr, the Assistant Director of the Laboratory Division of the FBI, said in a report to the House of Representatives about the use of CARNIVORE. The report was titled "Internet and Data Interception Capabilities Developed by FBI", and was dated, July 4, 000".

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The United States Government and its partners have set up a network of surveillance that pale any network preceding it.

There is a landmark case in the U.S. courts right now. It involves an alleged mobster by the name of Nick Scarfo. The FBI was watching Mr. Scarfo and they were using a new technology to record the keystrokes on Mr. Scarfo's computer. The method the FBI used was so effective that it led to an indictment from the Grand Jury. The case is a cause for alarm on both sides of the surveillance issue. The new technology is supposedly a combination of a monitoring software and a power output booster. This of course is mostly conjecture because the FBI has not released any of the data about what they are using sighting that it could affect ongoing operations. The attorneys for Mr.Scarfo are having a field day with the fact that the FBI will not release the source of its data. The keystroke monitoring software would have had to been installed on Mr.Scarfo's computer to be effective, the power booster would not. The power booster works as a controlled, continuous, power spike that makes it possible to tell what character was being typed on the suspects computer at all times. Once the character is typed, the monitoring agents then record the ASCII character that corresponds to the keystroke. Once the data is gathered and then transferred back into English, the total contents of the computer being monitored would be theirs, the FBI's, for the taking. The software version of the surveillance operation is supposed to send an email to the FBI of all transactions on the given computer. The use of this software is what the attorneys for Mr. Scarfo are arguing is un-constitutional. The attorneys are saying that the FBI stepped out of their bounds by using this new technology to violate Mr.Scarfo's rights. Never mind the close to 5 people that the alleged mobster has killed rights. This is a hot issue to say the least. The fact that the Justice Department has over 0 such cases that they are willing to talk about says that. There must be at least twice that many that they are not willing to talk about. The president and CEO of the Who, What, When, Corporation has stated that this is not ground breaking technology and that his company has been marketing a version of this very same software for years. They, the company, have been selling the same software to intelligence gathering organizations as their main source of income for approximately 5 years.

Imagine if you will, that you want to sell someone a time-share property in the North Cape area of the former Soviet Union or even in the Northern part of Arkansas. You would like to know if the person you are calling has the means to pay for the ends that you propose to them. A couple of keystrokes and you have all the information that you require. Used to be that getting information on an individual in the United States was a difficult thing to do. This is not the case anymore; as a matter of fact it is getting increasingly easier to do. With banks doing over 50% of their business over the Internet it is getting harder and harder to remain anonymous as a citizen of the world. Even if the bank says that their servers are 100% secure, there is no such animal. The idea of a 100% secure server is almost unheard of in the IT community. There are far too many variables to go into in an article with this narrow a scope to explain what it would take to make a 100% safe serve on the Internet. The best way to stay safe on the Internet, sadly, is to not use it. If a person buys something over the net there are devices known as cookies sent to that persons computer. These are small programs that release information about the individual buying practices of that individual. These little programs, I say little because they are very small and live on the host persons hard drive, connect to any sight that asks for advice as to what to send to the individual. Kind of cool, but in a way it is also very scary to think that a network of computers know what we are thinking about and wanting to buy once online. That is in effect what is happening, a group of computers decide what we want to see and sends those items to use us for financial gain.

Echelon is perhaps the most powerful intelligence gathering organization in the world. Several credible reports suggest that this global electronic communications surveillance system presents an extreme threat to the privacy of people all over the world. According to these reports, ECHELON attempts to capture staggering volumes of satellite, microwave, cellular and fiber-optic traffic, including communications to and from North America. This vast quantity of voice and data communications are then processed through sophisticated filtering technologies.

This massive surveillance system apparently operates with little oversight. Moreover, the agencies that purportedly run ECHELON have provided few details as to the legal guidelines for the project. Because of this, there is no way of knowing if ECHELON is being used illegally to spy on private citizens.

This site is designed to encourage public discussion of this potential threat to civil liberties, and to urge the governments of the world to protect our rights.

Please note that this sample paper on A rant on electronic surviellance is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A rant on electronic surviellance, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on A rant on electronic surviellance will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!