Colonial period

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At the beginning of the reading, Hawke talked about how people behave. A particular image that is stereotypical concerning behavior would be of pilgrims and Thanksgiving. Although the idea of pilgrims was true, Hawke gives specific details on what early settlers ate. They ate a wide assortment of vegetables and hunted for meat but mostly for fish. Raccoon was even tried. The idea of a feast such as Thanksgiving was quite possible. Settlers learned how to hunt from all sources of food such as water, air, and land. Before they learned, they went through "starving time[s]" and were physically weak, where the mortality rate was very high. In time they planted, hunted, and traded like a successful nation. Hawke supported the stereotype that settlers had wide assortments of food. Hawke felt that understanding the diet furthered one's knowledge upon the lifestyle.

Hawke continues to further the understanding of the early colonial life by showing the behavior of a settler. A person in present time would stereotypically think of a Thomas Jefferson aristocratic religious slave owner as a typical colonial person portrayed in many movies. On the contrary, Hawke specifically states that there was a ranking system so that class lines were defined. Class lines were quite defined, but it was not definite. One could move up in class such as to go from a farmer to a justice of the peace in a matter of time. It did not depend on money, but most of the time money was the issue. Such as to be an aristocrat, one had to dress like one and clothing was rather expensive. So expensive that most were working for wages to survive and clothing was probably the last thing on their minds. Another stereotypical behavior for a settler would be going to attend religious events. Since settlers were religious people, Hawke reassured the fact that settlers were devoted to their religion whether they were solely Quakers or Christians. Evidence that they were devoted could be seen in the ritual attending of Church once a week. It was as much a social event as a religious one. Hawke also allows one to further understand the colonial behavior by detailing the recreation that existed. Hunting for vermin and cockfighting would be what one would do to amuse him/herself. The stereotype would be that settlers worked all the time. Hawke clarified this by showing how settlers did much more than just work.

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Presentations

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News Article Summary/Opinion

S. Korea crackdown on big business

Introduction

This article comes from CNN¡¯s website www.cnn.com in the Asian Business News section on March 4th. The article talks about the South Korean federal government investigation into six of the nation¡¯s biggest chaebol or conglomerates.

Summary

South Korea has said it will investigate the business practices of Samsung and five other big groups, extending a crackdown on the country¡¯s family-run conglomerates.

The Fair Trade Commission will investigate Samsung Group, LG Group, SK Group, Hyundai Motor Group, Hyundai Group and Hyundai Heavy Industries over the next three months.

President Roh, Moo-hyun has said that without reform, the huge companies could start another financial crisis. Business practices such as mutual debt guarantees within conglomerates were blamed for the last crisis in 17 and 18.

The latest investigation comes after the head of top oil refiner SK Corp. was arrested on charges of illegal stock deals last month.

Analysts have warned that a big crackdown on business groups could cause an even more fragile business climate. The stock market fell more than % on Tuesday, pressured by the news of the investigation and concerns over the nuclear crisis in North Korea and a possible war in Iraq.

The companies all said they would willingly cooperate.

One commission official said that it had handed out a combined 10 billion won ($178 million) in fines on five conglomerates since 18 over illegal intra-group transactions.

South Korean conglomerates dominate the economy, Asia¡¯s fourth largest.

Roh has promised to take a tough stance against the chaebol and has been under scrutiny over how he deals with big business.

Opinion

In my opinion, I feel that this investigation into the practices of the chaebol is long overdue. During the financial crisis of 17 and 18, many of the chaebol began to reform but in the last couple of years it seems as if the chaebol leaders are returning to their old habits.

I remember reading in the paper a couple of years ago that many of the chaebol had started their reforms but hadn¡¯t completed them. The report quoted many international as well as Korean economists saying that if the chaebol didn¡¯t fully reform, another financial crisis would occur.

It seems to me that the chaebol have only a job half-done. They complain that the government is interfering but they are unwilling to fully reform themselves. It¡¯s kind of like a child complaining to a parent that their room is clean when the parent really knows that all of the dirt has only been pushed under the bed. The chaebol need to ¡®get under their bed¡¯ and really clean up their rooms. It may take a little longer to do, but their business environment and the country¡¯s economy will be much cleaner and stronger for taking the extra effort. Somehow I don¡¯t quite believe that the chaebol will ¡®willingly participate¡¯ in the investigation. I have a feeling that the chaebol will be kicking and screaming the whole time.

President Roh is taking a big risk in starting this investigation. Firstly, it is commonly known that many of the top politicians are very ¡®friendly¡¯ with the chaebol leaders. This may lead to problems later when President Roh needs their support for other government issues. These politicians may push President Roh into the position of being an outsider. Secondly, with the country already undergoing economic difficulties, it may cause the nation¡¯s economy to further decline. I hope that President Roh continues with this investigation but does so very carefully and in a transparent manner. Too often like the chaebol, the government starts out with good intentions but fails to finish the job that they started to do. My fear is that the only people to truly be hurt in this are the common people as I think that the politicians and the chaebol owners have little to worry about job security.

Thank you for listening. Now, if anyone has any questions, I would be happy to answer them.

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Activity based costing

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Activity Based Costing

Summary

The study was carried out to provide empirical evidences on the existence of business environment variables in firms, such as production diversity, production complexity, cost structure, Size of firm and the level of competition, which adopt ABC in compare to those who don't adopt ABC.

The evidence was a feed back from a questioner that was received from 10 manufacturing companies.

The characteristics examined are related to the firm characteristics and business environment variables, which are related cost structure, production complexity, production diversity, size of firm and the level of competition.

Previous studies by researchers such as cooper and Kaplan (188), and baker (14) have documented the benefit of using ABC and who should use it.

Those studies shed the light on the characteristics that should be considered before deciding to adopt ABC. These characteristics such as the percentage of overhead cost in total manufacturing costs, firm size, level of competition and degree of complexity and diversity .the classic aim of adopting ABC is to obtain better information about product costs. Therefore, it was considered as a model of cost allocation. Barker (14) and Jenkinson & Hui (14) suggested that companies with more over head costs would feel the necessity of adopting ABC.

Another factor is found by Cooper & Kaplan (188) that is the more complex and diverse is the product lines, the larger the number of departments needed to support its transaction.

Cooper (188), banker and Johnson () suggested that the diversity in production volume, size, complexity, setup and martial costs would increase the distortion of product cost information and therefore, firms, with this kind of characteristics, should use cost drives as a mean of tracing cost product to have useful and effective cost measure and therefore, the use of ABC would be possible.

Another study was done (Estrin, Albert 14) to suggest that the implementation of ABC needs comprehensive and complex process, that is costly and time consuming, which lead to the increase of the company cost. This would imply that large firms would be using and affording ABC.

Additional reason for implementing ABC, as cooper suggested, is companies who are in highly competitive environment should consider ABC as ABC would provide better product cost information.

Five hypotheses were established from previous studies discussion related to issue of adopting ABC.

1. Firms which have a greater proportion of overhead in total manufacturing cost are no more likely to adapt ABC then firms which are smaller proportion of over head in total manufacturing cost

. "Firms which have more production complexity are no more likely to ABC then firms that have less production complexity."

. "Firms which have more production diversity are no more adopt likely to ABC then firms that have less production diversity"

4. Large firms are no more likely to adopt ABC then small firms

5. Firms which operate in highly competitive industries are no more likely to adapt ABC than firms which operate in less competitive industries.

Finally, the outcome of the study indicates that there would be major differences between companies, which adopt ABC, and those not adopting ABC in regard to product complexity and diversity and level of market competition. In turn there would appear to be insignificant difference in relation to the proportion of overheads costs .

Mail questionnaire was sent to 50 Victorian manufacturing companies of which 14 companies responded. The aim of the questionnaire is to collect information from those companies, which adopted and had not adapted ABC. The targeted 50 companies were asked to return it within two weeks. The response rate of 4% .

Evaluation

Objectives, Motivation

This paper was another way to explore how several variables like high production diversity, high production complexity, large cost structure, the larger Size of firm and the high level of competition can be an indicator for companies who adopt ABC.

There is no a clear heading on the paper for justification or motivation. However, it is easy to be depicted by reading it. Some previous research were quite beneficial for this research so we can deduce that this research might open the door for future research and certainly will add to the existing literature of ABC. The researchers haven't mentioned clearly if their motivation is to supersede previous studies or to stress or ensure their validity.

Research question

The research question wasn't explicit. It wasn't stated laterally in the beginning of the paper as a question.

Literature review

There are prior literatures for this paper as it was mentioned above.

I believe the literature was quit rational and comprehensive, it seems to indicate that researchers did a lot of studies and review for the topic. The literature review is in chronologically order and is quite supporting to their hypotheses. Most of the recommendation is so clear except the last point mentioned "highly competitive environment " it would be good if researchers have defined what do they mean by highly competitive environment.Article Review

Author Sheilds, M.15

Title An empirical firms' implementation experiences with activity based costing'

The study was based on the theoretical model developed by shields and young (18).

An exploratory research, using a quantitative approach to test 5 prediction concerning firm's variation in the degree of success with activity based costing. Mailed questionnaire was sent to companies and 14 responded. It is not be able to judge the responds rate since we were not told the total number of firms that were initially involved in the survey.

Predictions tested were

· The significant variation in the degree of success firm have with activity based costing

· The relationship between behavioral variables (top management support competitive strategy quality and JIT/speed, etc)

· Technical variable (canned software, custom software) its relationship with activity-based costing

· Activity-based costing implementation variable (behavioral organization & technical used in subset.

The result having been statistically analyzed, were found to be in line with the 5 prediction tested thus it could be said that the study totally support the technical models of ABC implementation developed by shields and Younge 18 and Argyris and Kaplan(14)

The primary objective of ABC system is to provide accurate product cost information. High-level accuracy is beneficial when introducing new products, adopting new markets, developing new product strategies, and making product mix and outsourcing decisions. Companies with homogenous products and labor-intensive operation gain little from ABC (Tatikonda, lakshmi, 00).

Activity based system that aims at reduction of product cost distortions, which is in turn cased by old cost accounting system is its aim.

Conclusion/comments

The paper is well presented and organized. The research topic is very interesting, being an exploratory research; it has created awareness and led the foundation for further research to be done on this topic. An important contribution of this research is to highlight the need for additional research work especially with first hypotheses. Further studies, in different geographic areas, and with applying the test on different industries may well bring all the limitations of this research in ways that would be more agreeable by a wider audience. Finally, the paper did not allow the reader to know whether or not the pilot test was conducted. I would highly recommend this test to be conducted and clearly stated in the paper as well as recommending a face to face interviews with the respondents instead of the questionnaires.

The paper is an exploratory study that tends to provide evidence related to the characteristics of companies who adopt ABC in comparing to those who don't adopt.

These evidences are corresponding to some past research work that gave the impression that companies, which adopt ABC, would have different characteristics in compare to those who don't adopt ABC.

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SHOULDICE HOSPITAL

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Two letter airline code to remind people that an SQ flight is not just an ordinary flight., it's a quality flight.

SQ culture to Protect SIA's culture , which was a hybrid of East and Wast cultures.

Combination of lots of communication and not suffering from a language barrier.

They expect loyalty to the company and the country. They don't give seniority a lot of value. People move up according to performance .Singapore in general operates on meritocracy.

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Staff Training

The Crew remembered the names of Raffles and First class passengers at boarding and learnt to spot who anted to chat and who wanted to be left alone.

They were to be Customer champions.

Profit Sharing Plans A sizeable part of all employees' earnings as much as months pay , came from a profit sharing scheme.

Monitoring customer satisfaction

Addressing complaints from passengers.. Each complaint was investigated and answered in writing.Index movements were carefully studied for early indications of how SIA was meeting customers expectations.

147 Malayan Airlines first flight

SQ

Frist to offer free drinks and headsets as well as a choice of quality meals for eonomy class passengers.

Most modern fleet of airlines.- Since it frequently brought in the latest models , the average age of SIA's aircraft was 5 years 1 month , well below the industry average of 1 years.

11 SIA introduced Celestel , the world's first international on board telephone service.

It had been the first airline to offer inflight facsimile services.

Technology

Interactive video screens which would enable passengers to access real time news , play computer games , make telephone calls or order items for sale on board.

This would enable passengers to carry on their stock market business or transmit data to their companies on the ground , without leaving their seat.

Outstanding Service on the Ground -

It was to make people's perception of ground service as positive as their perception of in-flight service.. Each Airport unit was given standards in terms of punctuality, baggage handling , speed and friendliness of check-in , efficiency of seat assignment , number of complaints and complaints from customers and professionalism in handling delays and efficiency of transfers.

Majority of SQ's employees were Singaporeans with shared values and concerns and importance was placed on this unity.

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King killa

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A Modest Proposal

written by Jonathan Swift

In his lengthy literary career, Jonathan Swift wrote many stories that used a broad range of voices and were used to make some compelling personal statements. For example, Swifts, A Modest Proposal, is often heralded as his best use of both sarcasm and irony. Yet taking into account the persona of Swift, as well as the period in which it was written, one can prove that through that same use of sarcasm and irony, this proposal is actually written to entertain the upper-class. Therefore the true irony in this story lies not in the analyzation of minute details in the story, but rather in the context of the story as it is written.

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One of the voices that is present throughout the story is that of irony. The story itself is ironic since no one can take Swifts proposal seriously. This irony is clearly demonstrated at the end of the story; Swift makes it clear that this proposal would not affect him since his children were grown and his wife unable to have any more children. It would be rather absurd to think that a rational man would want to both propose this and partake in the eating of another human being. Therefore, before an analyzation can continue, one has to make the assumption that this is strictly a fictional work and Swift had no intention of pursuing his proposal any further.

One of the other voices that is present throughout the entire story is that of sarcasm. In order to understand this further, a reader has to comprehend that Swift, becoming infamous after Gullivers Travels, was a member of the upper-class. Right from the first paragraph Swift attempts to fool his readers by the sarcasm of the dreary scene that Swift presents. For example, he mentions that it is a melancholy sight to see beggars and their children on the street. The sarcastic paradox in this statement is whether it is a melancholy object for him, having to see homeless people every day, or for the beggars lifestyle? Upon first reading this one may be led to believe that Swift is a compassionate writer attempting to feel the pain of the beggars. But as the story continues, a reader can look back and note that he is using a sarcastic tone and the only sad sight that he sees is the fact that people of his status have to deal with commoners. It is a good combination that makes the reader think twice about any other statements, and the voice used, after the first paragraph.

This leads to the underlying statements that appear throughout the story. It is quite clear that Swift has strong feelings of resentment, bordering on hate, for the poor people that wonder the street. For example, he tries to qualify his proposal by saying, it is very well known that they are dying, and rotting , by cold and famine, and filth, and vermin . . . they cannot get work and consequently pine away for want of nourish.. Once a reader understands this, they can see the true purpose of his proposal. He wants to lower the population of beggars in his country, so what better way to do it than by putting an end to the younger generation of beggars? This is also proven since throughout the story he only mentions that the upper-class of society would be able to purchase the sacrificial children. The upper-class would also take the carcasses and use them to, make admirable gloves for ladies summer boots for fine gentlemen.. Also, when he makes his calculations as to how many children would be available for sale, he never takes into account the children from the rich families. In short, Swifts message is that rich children serve a purpose, the advancement of Ireland, while poor children are nothing but a burden to the republic.

A reader has to conclude that a work of this nature, from such a dynamic author, must be read with both some literary awe and criticism. One can spend many hours trying to analyze the words, the sentences and even entire paragraphs to find a deeper hidden meaning in this story. Yet, this story should be viewed as a fictional work and as one of the best demonstrations of dual sarcasm and irony combined.

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