Cockney Slang

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JONATHON KENEDY

English .8

"You can say that again"

Research Report Cockney Rhyming Slang

Introduction

The language area that I have researched is that of Cockney Rhyming Slang. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the origins of this type of slang, uses, effectiveness and also the influence of Rhyming Slang on everyday English language all through a series of questions.

Q.1 What is Cockney Rhyming Slang?

Cockney Rhyming Slang is an amusing, creative and widely underestimated part of the English language. The way it works is that you take a pair of associated words where the second word rhymes with the word you intend to say. For example one of the most famous ones, apples and pears, meaning Stairs follows these rules. Usually however, through the development of the English language, the rhyming slang is abbreviated to just the first word, so in the example above it would become just apples.

This jumbling of words makes a sentence much harder to understand and when a sentence includes more than one element of Rhyming Slang the meaning becomes so obscure that it causes confusion to foreigners to Cockney Rhyming Slang. Which hence is its original purpose, as a form of coded speech, once used by the under world of London.

Q. Where did Cockney Rhyming Slang originate and how did it establish itself in everyday English language?

Cockney Rhyming Slang is one of the most popular slangs around, now heard all throughout the English specking world. It originally developed in the area of inner London, known as the East End. This area, Cockney London, is defined as being that within the sound of Bow Bells, belonging to the Church of St Mary Le Bow.

Slang as defined by www.dictionary.com, as a "kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humour, irreverence, or other effect"

The word Cockney means cock's egg, a small malformed egg that is occasionally laid by young chickens. This term was used by country folk and was applied to town's folk who were considered ignorant of established customs and country ways, in mid 1800's. This term has now however lost its meaning but is still used to refer to anyone from London itself.

Rhyming Slang is believed to begin its life as the tongue of the London street trader, to conceal unlawful practises from the public and illegal activities from the newly established Police force, the Peelers.

Another speculation is how from the being such a localised dialect it gained so much prominence over the world?

In reading an extract of "East Enders, then and now" I learnt that Cockney Rhyming Slang was created by the underworld of London as a type of coded language so Police couldn't understand there conversations. So as a reaction it was necessary for the Police to learn this criminal language, and so they did and with subsequent publications in law enforcement manuals Cockney Rhyming Slang became widely known and used in other countries, along with the normal movement and distribution of the Cockney people.

Q. What Cockney Rhyming Slang terms can be heard in English Language of New Zealand?

Cockney Rhyming Slang is an amusing, creative dialect that is so established in English specking countries, even in New Zealand, that many people unknowingly use it in everyday speech. You would have heard several established terms used in conversations and New Zealand broadcasts audio and visual. In listening to The Edge, a teenage radio station, I heard two famous examples of Rhyming Slang, the first being "I haven't heard a dickie bird about it". In that dickie bird means word. The second example heard was "Scarper Alex, the police are coming" In that scarper is in an abbreviated form of scarper flow meaning go. These examples show that even though Cockney Rhyming Slang originated over 150 years ago in Britain, it has had such a huge influence and popularity that it is being slipped into New Zealand everyday language, becoming accepted and quite alright to use.

Other examples I heard during the holidays were from watching such shows as Mike King at Night and Shortland Street, examples of Cockney Rhyming Slang popped up everywhere, these included

"Are you telling porkies" (porkies = pork pies = lies)

"Fire Truck" (= f k)

"Use your loaf and think next time" (loaf = loaf of bread = head)

"Me old china" (china = china plate = mate)

"You've lost your marbles" (marbles = marbles and conkers = bonkers)

"Mind for a cup of Rosie?" (Rosie = Rosie lee = tea)

These examples of Cockney Rhyming Slang have also been adapted into ordinary New Zealand dialect changing the tone of the speech and making it more interesting and mysterious to the listeners. However, as above, language has morphed and abbreviated the Cockney terms to fit more comfortable in the way we speck not the way British people speck.

Q.4 What influence does Cockney Rhyming Slang have on modern rhyming slang?

Due to the popularity and acceptance of many countries using Cockney Rhyming slang there has been a development of countries own kind of rhyming slang influenced by the original Cockney Rhyming Slang created over 150 years ago. Modern Cockney derived slang is popping up in everyday speech, trying to infiltrate the English language and is usually developed by adolescents, especially young males in an attempt to strengthen their identity.

Examples of this new type of rhyming slang can be heard in school yards all throughout New Zealand, "Your such a dipstick" meaning prick and "Just going to take a Johnny riddle" meaning piddle/ piss.

However amusing, these slangs will die as quickly as they appeared, unlike Cockney Rhyming Slang, but they can be used to show the influence that the original Cockney Rhyming Slang has on everyday English language.

Also modern rhyming slang often utilises the name of famous people who through their actions carry the meaning. Two famous examples are Daminon Hill meaning Pill, which is commonly used in the nightclub scene and well known by most teenagers. Also Tony Blair, meaning Flairs of hair, which along with others can be read in many articles on the website www.theonion.com. So it can be seen that the spreading of Cockney Rhyming slang is still not only being used but has also spurred a new type of modern slang used by adolescents in our country.

Conclusion

It can be seen that the Cockney Rhyming Slang has been adapted to other countries out of London very effectively and still is strong within the New Zealand language. It has aided the creation of modern slang adding humour, confusion and mystery to the foreigner of the language. It has been around for more than 150 years and will probably last for a further 150 years being a major influence of the English language.

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Formal vs. Informal English

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Formal and informal language affects us every day. To some people, the differences are very subtle, and the need to use a more formal style or vocabulary is non-existent. As a society, the type of language that is used, whether it is formal or informal, is directly dependant on the culture and customs that are the most prevalent. In the age of television and the Internet, the need to communicate to the audience at its level has degraded the level of formality needed in order to speak effectively. Although the amount of informal language that is used has increased and greatly impacted society's standard language, it has left the professional world virtually unaffected. The art of speaking formally is fading fast. However, it is important to remember that even though it is society's goal to communicate to the masses as easily as possible, there is still a need to hold onto some formality within society's language skills.

When learning a foreign language, one of the first things learned is the difference between speaking to one's peers and elders. In French and Japanese, these formal tones are brought out in the language's verb and noun forms. French has a special form, tu, which is used for dealing with people who are peers on the same professional and age levels. Meanwhile, the vous form is reserved for speaking to authority figures and those who are older than the speaker. The Japanese language is similar to French in that when speaking to familiar people and friends, a special suffix is added to denote the differences in formality. The chan ending is added onto a person's name to point out the familiarity of a relationship. Meanwhile the san suffix is used when speaking to adults and groups of people that should be spoken to politely. The chan form is obviously an informal ending much like English-speaking people use terms of endearment like "honey" or "dear". However, while English-speaking people may not be offended by the use of terms of endearment, to use chan would be very insulting unless the relationship was understood by both people to be on an informal basis. To contrast the level of informality that is used in the United States, in England it is uncommon and possibly offending to use a person's first name until a comfortable relationship has developed between two people.

In past, the formal setting in the education system in the United States greatly resembled that of England. Nowadays, the American education system has become more informal and it is not uncommon to call teachers by nicknames. As an example, in almost every American high school there is at least one teacher that is known by a nickname rather than Mr. or Mrs. Doe. Even though this is acceptable to some teachers and their students, it leaves a residue that can imply that the nicknamed teacher is one of the students and does not require the same amount of respect that other teachers may require or should receive. Therefore, students perceive from an early age that respect is not important in school and also that school is an informal place compared to going to church. If students are learning informality at school for eight hours per school day and at night their parents consistently reinforce it in their attitudes, it is not hard to see why a more informal attitude towards adults has become acceptable. The film and television industry unintentionally compounds this inherent lack of respect by portraying teachers as fools and the almost constant use of derogatory language when a teacher is being spoke of in mainstream entertainment.

Television and the movie industry have directly affected the shift into the use of informal language. Both have goals to communicate to massive numbers of people while attempting to speak in a way that the average person can understand without a large vocabulary or a great amount of education. Due to these goals, not only does society hear informal language constantly, but it also reads it in print everyday. For example, the Minot Daily News is a major newspaper in North Dakota however, it does not take its coverage seriously. On average, a single day's paper contains more than ten spelling errors, at least five grammar errors, and many more that go unseen by the reader's eye. This may seem to be insignificant or even a grammatically clean newspaper, but it only further reinforces the acceptability of informal language in a professional setting. For some unknown reason, while society is bombarded with informal language, the language used in commercial, governmental and medical professions has not deteriorated even though these people are still surrounded and impacted by informal language as much as their blue collar counterparts. This may have something to do with the idea the education received by these professionals is more sophisticated than those people who only have four-year college degrees.

The underlying reason that the standard of formality on the job has remained unchanged may be due to society's image of these people. While a teacher is seen as a person who can be dealt with informally, it is rare that a doctor would be treated with the same respect as a teacher would be. Writers are stereotyped as being very formal and linguistic people even though they still watch the same television programs as the person who works in the textile mill. The difference being is that doctors and writers are perceived by society to perform and communicate at higher standards than society as a whole. This can be because these professionals usually carry more sophisticated degrees of education than the whole of society and that the type of education received is very formal and professional. The formality used in business and medicine is a sign of respect to both parties. When looking at how many problems that society faces, it is a reasonable question to ask how many of th!

em could be solved by using formal language properly in order to show respect.

Overall the increasing use of informal language may not be changed or slowed in the future. However, more emphasis needs to be placed on the need within society to use a more formal language. Everyone is responsible in relaying this message and enforcing it so that as a society the inherent respect that is given when using formal language is not lost. Respect to one's peers is very important in every culture and formal language use is one effective way for it to be given. Therefore, while society is pushed into more generalized sense of being, it needs to realize that in order to function it must impress upon all of its members the importance and rules of formal and informal language.

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Performance improve ment

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Boxing

For the assignment task given out, I have chosen the sport Boxing.

Boxing is a demanding sport and you need to be in top physical condition to achieve your best in it. There have been many famous boxes through the years, such as Muhammed Ali, the greatest boxer of all time.

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(Muhammed Ali throwing the

final punch on Antonio Inoki.)

4 Important Fitness Components

The four most important fitness components in the sport boxing are

Co-ordination

Speed

Agility

Muscular Strength

Co-ordination is used in boxing for performing blows with certain accuracy, using correct feet patterns to improve your blows.

Speed is for hitting your opponent fast enough to drain their strength and being able to block in time with your opponents movements as well as timing your punches correctly.

Agility is for moving with precise movements and trying to avoid your opponent's blows.

Muscular Strength is used for developing tension throughout the muscle and meeting up with your opponent's force.

Training Methods

The predominant training methods used in the sport of boxing are-

Continuous

Fartlek

Skill

Circuit

Continuous will improve muscular strength and speed- through weights and running.

Fartlek will improve agility.

Skill will improve Co-ordination.

Circuit will improve muscular strength.

The sport Boxing, is classified as aerobic. This sport is aerobic because your body is working at high levels and pushing hard nearly all the time. In boxing, you have to be in a highly fit physical condition to keep up with the demands the sport gives. An aerobic workout program will meet up with these demands.

Week Training Program

Week 1

Day 1

1) 50 jumps with heavy skip rope. Helps develop stamina and co-ordination

) 100 straight punches with 10-15 kg dumbbells

) 10 km jog with 4 kg weights. when jogging, use weights, throw punches, run backwards and shuffle from side-to-side.

Day

1) 50 minutes using rowing machine

) ) 50 cross uppercuts with 5-10 kg dumbbells

Day

1) 75 (10kg) medicine ball chest passes to partner

) 0 minutes skipping with heavy rope

) 60 minutes of weight training

Day 4

1) 0 minutes of crunches

) 60 minutes of speed bag. Helps develop timing of punches and speed

) 1km jog with 4 kg weights

Day 5 (warm down day)

1) 5km jog with 4 kg weights

) 0 minute weight session

The athlete will then have a day break period to rejuvenate energy and rest up for next weeks training.

Week

Day 1

1) 0 minutes of shadow boxing. Boxing into air

) Duck Walk- crouching down low and walking around in circles. Improves stamina and leg muscles.

) 40 minute session of burpees, squats and jumping jacks.

4) 8km jog with 4 kg weights

Day

1) 10 km swim

) 60 minutes on rowing machine

) 0 minutes skipping

4) 15 minutes speed ball

Day

1) 75 cross uppercuts with 5-10 kg dumbbells

) 50 jumps with heavy skip rope

) 1 km jog with 5 kg weights

Day 4

1) 0 minutes of speed ball

) 0 minutes punching bag

) 100 (1kg) medicine ball passes

Day 5

1) 150 straight punches with 1-15 kg dumbbells

) 15 km jog with 5kg weights

) 1km swim

4) 0 minutes punching bag

Through the use of this training program, the athlete will improve their skills in boxing. Through the different aspects of the training program, different areas of the athletes body will be upgraded to perform highly in boxing. This is an effective program because the body will get a full aerobic workout and it will give the athlete enhanced performance abilities.

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Terrorism

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The 0th century witnessed great changes in the use and practice of terrorism. Technological advances such as automotive weapons and electrically made explosives gave terrorist a new mobility to publicize their demand and goals to the public. However, the public does not deserve terrorist act since it is injustice for innocent people and cause many disadvantages over humankind.

Terrorism is a cruel as people become victims because it has been used to overthrow the existing political institutions. Thus, people who are not guilty become the victims especially the children. As an example, thousands of innocent lives are lost on September 11 incident. Many are crippled in various ways due to side effects of terrorism. Terrorism doesn't stops as the United States are revenging back the Islamic countries where guiltless people being the victims again and again. Thus, terrorism should not be used for own purpose and people's safety had to be considered.

Besides that, terrorism could make significant economic and political downfall. When a country is attacked by terrorist, havoc and chaos arises therefore, the nations do not feel safe or well protected. The government instead of focusing country's development has to spend time and money campaigning anti-terrorism. The tourism industry faces a very sharp decline in profits. Thus, after the September 11 tragedy, many flight agencies were facing bankruptcy due to terrorist attack. In matter of time these countries will be fully terrorist's rule and neighbouring countries will be threatened by this.

As a final point, terrorism as well has given a rise to crime rate. When terrorism takes place in a country which, the economic conditions are considerably poor, crimes such shoplifting, murder and other crimes will often occur. Consequently, jobs don't function very smoothly. These consequences make terrorists easier to rule the country as the citizens are not responsible for their country.

In short, terrorism is destroying a countries economy, politic, and the most important they are wiping out the human race. Terrorism is unfair and unlawful use of fear or force to achieve self-centered objectives. In order to prevent this from prevailing, the collaboration of citizens of the world is very essential and vital to relish a harmonious life.

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Narrative life of frederick douglass

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The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

In "The Battle with Mr. Covey", by Frederick Douglass, Douglass is a slave who was beaten constantly by his master, Mr. Covey. One day, after getting severely beaten by Mr. Covey, Douglass tries to get help from Master Thomas, Douglass' former master. When Master Thomas fails to assist Douglass, he decides to fight back or die trying. After a two-hour duel with Mr. Covey, Douglass comes out with the conviction that anyone who attempts to hit him again will face retaliation. In Frederick Douglass's quote, he states, "He only can understand the deep satisfaction which I experienced, who has himself repelled by force the bloody arm of slavery" (Douglass, 40). Douglass's quote means that only he can understand what it feels like to be a slave. Douglass' experiences as a slave can relate to other former slave's experiences because they went through similar ordeals; however, their experiences as slaves could have been different, but they resulted in the same satisfaction from non-violent rebellion.

This satisfaction that Douglass received from fighting back Mr. Covey was something that made him appreciate himself as a free man. He states in his quote that people that have been through what he has been through could understand his fulfillment. For example, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man forty years ago on December 1, 155. She received her satisfaction knowing that she was about to make a change by sitting in the front of the bus. Parks' experience connects to Douglass because they both were tired of being put down by those around them. They stood up for themselves and refused to take any more abuse. Their experiences relate because they went through the same racial difficulty, rose above them as changed people, and at the same time felt enormous satisfaction. In some ways Douglass' statement about slavery is true because in order to understand what someone else went through you would have to have gone through the same situation. Only then can one truly understand another's feelings and actions.

Although in many cases someone does not have to have experienced the same situation in order to understand what a person is feeling. In this case, Douglass' statement in some ways is false. For example, a person who may have seen or witnessed first hand Douglass' situation would understand the experience without having the feelings, thoughts, and experience fully communicated in an objectively open manner. A person who may have been a slave in a marriage or an abusive relationship could understand and sympathize with Douglass' experience as a slave. It may not necessarily be the same suffering but similar satisfaction to over come that triumph is the same. Also Douglass's approach towards Mr. Covey was violent, but in the cases of Rosa Parks and a woman in an abusive marriage did not have violent outcome. This goes to show that to achieve satisfaction Douglass did one does not need to be violent.

College papers on narrative life of frederick douglass

Douglass's tactic for standing up to Mr. Covey was in an aggressive manner compare to what non-violent revolt in Park's, and the woman's experience. In addition, Douglass' statement about slavery and his satisfaction are true and false. Furthermore his feelings can be empathized by other people to an extent and others actions do not have to be violent to accomplish the same contentment.

Please note that this sample paper on narrative life of frederick douglass is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on narrative life of frederick douglass, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on narrative life of frederick douglass will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!